5. Economic and social consequences of industrialization.

Positive

Achieving economic independence.

Transformation of the USSR into a powerful industrial-agrarian power.

Strengthening the country's defense capability, creating a powerful military-industrial complex.

Creation of a technical base Agriculture.

Development of new industries, construction of new factories and factories.

Negative

Formation of a command-administrative economy.

Creating opportunities for the military-political expansion of the USSR, militarization of the economy.

Slowdown in the development of production of consumer goods.

Complete collectivization of agriculture.

Stimulating extensive economic development, moving toward environmental disaster.

In general, the accelerated industrialization of Ukraine did not lead to an increase in the living standards of the people.

The economic power of the state was aimed not at satisfying the immediate needs of people, but at strengthening the totalitarian regime and establishing the ideological dogmas of Bolshevism in people’s minds, creating military-economic resources for “exporting the revolution.”

The policy of complete collectivization and de-peasantization of Ukraine. Its socio-economic consequences.

1. The essence of collectivization.

The collectivization of agriculture was one of the important directions in creating the Stalinist model of socialist society.

Cooperation is a voluntary association of people who contribute material resources for joint economic activity.

Collectivization is a repressive policy of the Stalinist regime in the 30s, which consisted of the forcible unification of peasants into collective farms and the liquidation of independent peasant farms.

The 1st Five-Year Plan envisaged uniting 18-20% of peasant farms into collective farms, and in Ukraine - 30%. However, soon there were calls for forced collectivization. One of its initiators was the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b)U S. Kosior, who in November 1929 spoke out in favor of carrying out collectivization within a year. The objectives of collectivization were:

Accelerating the industrialization process by plundering the countryside;

Providing industry with cheap labor;

Solving the country's grain problem;

Elimination of the wealthy peasantry - the “enemy” of Soviet power.

2. The progress of collectivization in Ukraine.

The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) dated January 6, 1930 intended to complete collectivization in Ukraine in the spring of 1932. Through violence, threats, and false promises, by the beginning of March 1930, 62.8% of peasant farms in Ukraine were covered by collective farms. Collective farms took all the property of the peasants, which gave rise to resistance, in some places even armed. But it was suppressed. Out of desperation, peasants began to sell or slaughter livestock and damage equipment. This led to disorganization of agricultural production; urgent measures were needed to correct the situation.

On March 13, 1930, Stalin appeared in Pravda with an article “Dizziness from Success,” in which he condemned the “excesses” in collective farm construction. The Soviet leader placed all the blame for the repressive methods of collectivization on local leaders. Peasants were allowed to leave collective farms. But the outflow of peasants turned out to be so massive that at the end of 1930 the leadership decided to stop it. During collectivization, the question arose about the fate of the wealthy peasantry. At Stalin's proposal, it was determined strategic objective- liquidate the kulaks as a class. The fight against the kulaks was especially active in the first months of 1930. Not only wealthy peasants who used hired labor (kulaks), but also those who did not agree to join the collective farm were subject to “dekulakization.” They were declared “subkulak members.” Thus, the elimination of the kulaks as a “class” was a form of repression against the entire peasantry. By the end of 1931, the leadership of the USSR planned to complete, basically, collectivization in Ukraine. In 1931, the liquidation of wealthy farms and the confiscation of the property of those who did not want to join collective farms continued. In total, during the period of collectivization, 200 thousand peasant farms were expropriated, which affected about 1.2-1.4 million people. Most of them were deported to Siberia and the North. These people were called “special settlers” and were used for hard work. Many of the dispossessed died.

3. Socio-economic consequences of collectivization.

Forced collectivization and the Holodomor led to the destruction of productive forces in the countryside, which caused deep crisis in agriculture. This forced a change in government policy to a certain extent: to move from coercion and repression to the establishment of firm grain procurement plans, the partial restoration of market relations, the organizational and material and technical strengthening of collective farms, as well as the strengthening of the repressive apparatus. For at least a quarter of a century after collectivization, including during periods of peaceful development, the volume of agricultural production did not exceed or was lower than the volumes achieved during the NEP years.

Only the number of livestock decreased by half during collectivization - from 60 million in 1928 to 33 million in 1933-34. By 1953 it had risen to 58 million, but never reached the pre-collective farm level. The main objectives of collectivization were achieved: the peasantry was actually enslaved, free sources were provided for the development of industry and the military-industrial complex. Collectivization was an economic and social disaster, some of the consequences of which have not been overcome to this day.

"War Communism"

Formation of the USSR: Adoption by the 1st Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 30, 1924 of the Declaration on the creation of the USSR and the draft Union Treaty. Formation on December 30, 1924 of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, consisting of 371 members and 138 candidates, as well as 4 chairmen (from Ukraine - G.I. Petrovsky). Letter from V.I. Lenin dated December 31, 1922 “On the issue of nationalities or “autonomization” with a proposal to preserve the union of Soviet...

Unsustainable grain procurements led to famine. And Skrypnik, not expecting the inevitable arrest, shot himself. Define the following terms and concepts Sloboda Ukraine SLOBODA UKRAINE is a historical region that was part of the Russian state in the 17th and 18th centuries (the territory of modern Kharkov and parts of Sumy, Donetsk, Lugansk regions of Ukraine, as well as Belgorod, Kursk and...

The creation of the USSR and the adoption of the Union Constitution made significant changes to the structure of government and administration of the Ukrainian SSR. 3. Restructuring of the highest bodies of state power and administration of Ukraine in connection with the creation of the USSR The structure of government bodies in the early 20s was determined by the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR of 1919. The highest bodies of power and administration included the All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee, ...

... “ascension”, subsequently had a hand in discrediting his activities. While rightly criticizing the style and methods of his work, they often crossed out the positive things that were in it. V. Khrushchev’s activities in Ukraine in the post-war years Despite the fact that during the war and fascist occupation the national economy of Ukraine suffered enormous damage, already at the end of 1948 the industrial...

What is industrialization? This term refers to the process in which most of the state's resources are spent on industrial development. First of all, there is an accelerated development of industries that are designed to produce means of production. In this process, the agricultural economy is transformed into an industrial one.

Story

Scientific and technological progress served as a prerequisite for industrialization in Europe. A significant leap in the development of industry occurred thanks to major discoveries in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology.

In order to understand what industrialization is, it is necessary to highlight the main features that a state possesses that has overcome the economic transition to a more developed level:

urbanization;
class antagonism;
transfer of power into the hands of owners;
little social mobility;
representative democracy.

A society in which the above characteristics are present refers to a state in which the industrialization process has been successful.

Industrial revolutions

Pre-industrial technologies did not allow the economy to develop, as a result of which people were forced to live on the brink of physical survival. The majority of the European population in the Middle Ages was involved in agriculture. Under such conditions, famine in cities was common.

The people of Great Britain were the first to learn about what industrialization is. In the 18th century, the industrial revolution occurred, as a result of which it was possible to significantly increase the level of agricultural productivity. The first transformations were based on the introduction of innovative methods in the production of steam parts and cast iron, textiles, and the spread of railways. This leap in development was caused by a number of inventions. The second industrial revolution occurred at the beginning of the 20th century. The prerequisites for it were already serious achievements in the field of science.

USSR

What is industrialization? own experience every Soviet person felt it. The main feature of this process was the sharp deterioration in the general standard of living of citizens. In domestic economic science there is such a term as Stalinist industrialization. It is understood as an extremely rapid increase in the industrial potential of the state. In order to understand the reasons that necessitated this process, one should consider the history economic development in Russia in a broader aspect.

Since the second half of the 19th century, the country was in need of modernization. IN Tsarist Russia it was customary to accumulate resources in order to make the ruble a convertible currency. The main goal in economic policy was foreign investment. When the Bolsheviks came to power, the issue of modernization was still relevant. But the new government decided it differently.

In the thirties, a decision was made at the top to raise Soviet society to the level of industrial short time. The main condition for achieving this goal was the absolute denial of the market and democracy. Stalin's industrialization presupposed the implementation of Lenin's plan for the construction of socialism, the result of which was to be the creation of heavy industry.

Five Year Plan

During the so-called five-year plans, significant results were achieved in modernizing the state, which, according to many researchers, ensured victory in the Great Patriotic War. The industrialization of industry in the thirties was part of Soviet ideology and the most important achievement of the USSR. However, the scale and historical meaning This process was revised in the eighties and even became the subject of continuous debate. A few words should be said about what preceded such an economic phenomenon as industrialization in the young Soviet state.

Lenin

The Soviet revolutionary paid great attention to economic development. During the Civil War, the government began to develop a long-term plan for the electrification of the country. According to the plan, within fifteen years it was necessary to build 30 power stations. At the same time, the transport system was reconstructed.

The industrialization of a country is a process in which the main task is the development of modern industry and agriculture using scientific achievements. Electricity production in the thirties increased almost seven times compared to 1913 levels. Consequently, the process of industrialization began during the reign of Lenin.

Positive consequences

The peculiarities of industrialization in the USSR lie in the fact that all funds were spent on the development of heavy industry, while in other countries preference was given to light industry in this economic process. Western countries sought to draw resources from outside. In the USSR, internal reserves were used, which had an extremely negative impact on the standard of living ordinary people. But there were still positive aspects:

construction of new enterprises;
development of new industries;
transformation from an agricultural power to an industrial one;
strengthening the country's defense capability;
eliminating unemployment.

Negative consequences

During industrialization, basic economic laws were ignored, which led to rather negative consequences:

centralization of industrial management;
undermining the development of light and food industries;
unproductive deployment of production force;
riots and accidents that occurred as a result of ultra-high rates;
isolation of the country's economy from the world economy;
lack of a material principle for stimulating labor.

Industrialization and society

Since this process was an important component of Soviet ideology, it could not help but affect not only the economic sphere, but also life ordinary people. Ten years after the communists came to power, the country reached a level corresponding to the pre-war period. It was necessary to move on, but there were no resources. External investment was impossible for the Soviet government. The way out of the situation was collectivization. The consequences of this harsh event are hunger, homelessness, increased mortality...

It was possible to create heavy industry in a few years, but this had to be done at the expense of the overwhelming majority of the population.

To implement grandiose plans for industrialization, professional personnel were also required, most of whom were in prisons and camps in the thirties. 1926-1927 was the time of a show trial where the fate of Donbass engineers accused of sabotage was decided. Then other high-profile cases followed, after which there were no personnel left. And the Soviet government decided to train new ones. This happened so quickly that the level of “professionals” left much to be desired. It is not surprising that Soviet factories and factories produced so many low-quality and defective products.

The USSR became an industrial power. However, this happened through a tremendous decline in the material and spiritual standard of living of ordinary citizens.

Industrialization is the process of creating large-scale machine production and, on this basis, the transition from an agricultural to an industrial society. IN THE USSR industrialization was carried out by the totalitarian regime with forced, violent methods, due to the sharp limitation of the standard of living of the majority of the population and the exploitation of the peasantry.

Goals of industrialization in the USSR

1) elimination of technical and economic backwardness;

2) achieving economic independence;

3) providing a technical base for backward agriculture;

4) development of new industries;

5) creation of a powerful military-industrial complex.

1) the main source of accumulation of funds for industrialization was carried out through the “pumping” of funds from the countryside, as well as the exploitation of people’s labor enthusiasm;

2) development of the production of means of production to the detriment of the production of consumer goods;

3) militarization of the economy;

4) ultra-high rates of industrialization, “assault”.

1st Five Year Plan

The process of industrialization in Ukraine began in the late 20s.

Back in December 1925, the XIV Congress of the CPSU (b) proclaimed a course towards industrialization. In 1928, the 1st Five-Year Plan began. Its main task was... to “catch up and overtake Western countries” in economically. The development of heavy industry was put at the forefront; the plan provided for its growth by 330%. Ukraine, where there were qualified personnel and the necessary infrastructure, received 1/5 of all investments. Of the 1,500 enterprises that were planned to be built in the USSR, 400 were supposed to be built in Ukraine. To increase the enthusiasm of workers, various methods were used. Among them is mass “socialist competition,” which was especially instilled after the publication of Lenin’s article “How to Organize Competition” in Pravda (January 1929). Also in 1929, at the plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a decision was made “to accelerate the development of mechanical engineering and other branches of heavy industry at any cost.” In 1928-1929 The volume of gross output of Ukrainian industry increased by 20%. At this time, the economy was still feeling the impulses of the NEP, which ensured high growth rates. Successes of the first year of the five-year plan against the backdrop of deep economic crisis, which swept the capitalist world in 1929, gave the leadership of the USSR the illusion of the possibility of a sharp leap from economic backwardness into the ranks of industrialized states. Stalin said in 1931: “We are 50-100 years behind advanced countries. We must cover this distance in 10 years. Either we do this or we will be crushed.” Such a breakthrough required extreme effort, but it was believed that a well-fed and prosperous future was worth several years of hard work and complete self-restraint. The November plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1929 made the decision “at any cost” to accelerate the development of mechanical engineering and other branches of large industry. Plans for 1930-1931 a 45% increase in industry was envisaged, which meant “storming”. It was an adventure doomed to failure. It was quite natural that the first five-year plan would not be fulfilled. Therefore, when its results were summed up, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks prohibited all departments from publishing statistical data on this matter. Ukraine was offered generalized figures formulated by Stalin regarding gross output, on the basis of which it was concluded that the five-year plan was completed in four years and three months. In fact, the rate of industrial development fell from 23.7% in 1929 to 5% in 1933. The “storming” policy failed, but certain successes in industrial development were achieved. So, in May 1932, the Dnieper Hydroelectric Power Station gave current, and the Krivoy Rog, Kiev and Kharkov power plants operated. In the Donbass, 53 new mines were put into operation, and 12 blast furnaces and 24 open-hearth furnaces were built at metallurgical plants in Ukraine. The Dneprospetsstal plant in Zaporozhye and the Kharkov Tractor Plant (KhTZ) were put into operation. At the same time, the standard of living fell sharply - there were queues, food cards, a shortage of basic necessities, and life in barracks.

Industrialization in the 30s

In such conditions, the second five-year plan (1933-1937) began. Her plan was more balanced; it was envisaged that annual industrial growth would be 16.5%. More funds were supposed to be invested in light industry. But again the focus was on heavy industry.

The authorities declared the second five-year plan, like the first, “fulfilled ahead of schedule.” But this was not true. In reality, the second five-year plan was fulfilled by 70-77%. The Third Five-Year Plan was also not completed, since it was interrupted by the war in 1941. Despite these circumstances, during the years of the pre-war five-year plans, the extremely difficult conditions of the totalitarian regime, the working people of Ukraine created a powerful industrial base, which, according to certain indicators, brought Ukraine to the level of economic developed countries peace. Metallurgy giants began to produce industrial products: Zaporizhstal,

Azovstal and Krivorozhstal. Kramatorsk was put into operation

mechanical engineering. Lugansk locomotive building. Makeevsky, Dneprodzerzhinsky and other metallurgical plants.

Economic and social consequences of industrialization

Positive

* Achieving economic independence.

* Transformation of the USSR into a powerful industrial-agrarian power.

* Strengthening the country's defense capability, creating a powerful military-industrial complex.

* Creation of a technical base for agriculture.

* Development of new industries, construction of new factories and factories.

Negative

* Formation of a command-administrative economy.

* Creating opportunities for the military-political expansion of the USSR, militarization of the economy.

* Slowdown in the development of production of consumer goods.

* Complete collectivization of agriculture.

* Stimulating extensive economic development, moving toward environmental disaster.

In general, the accelerated industrialization of Ukraine did not lead to an increase in the living standards of the people.

The economic power of the state was aimed not at satisfying the immediate needs of the people, but at strengthening the totalitarian regime and establishing the ideological dogma of Bolshevism in the minds of people, creating military-economic resources for “exporting the revolution.” Industrialization was carried out at the expense of the peasants and was accompanied by mass repressions.

In general, the accelerated industrialization of Ukraine did not lead to an increase in the living standards of the people. In the 1930s Huge queues, food cards, and a shortage of basic necessities appeared again. Urbanization has led to a significant increase in the complexity of housing and food problems.

During industrialization, the centralization of industrial management increased and command-administrative methods of management were established; a course was taken towards the militarization of industry. The state abandoned the NEP and began to exploit the peasants through coercive means. additional funds to speed up industrialization. The material principle of stimulating labor has virtually disappeared. The labor of workers was stimulated by non-economic means and, above all, by the development of “socialist competition”.

In the first five-year plan, the emphasis was placed on monopoly enterprises (the Zaporozhye Kommunar plant, which produced grain harvesters, the Lugansk locomotive building plant, etc.), which subsequently virtually crushed the entire economy of the country.

The industrial potential of Ukraine (as well as the entire USSR) was formed disproportionately: traditional industrial regions - Donbass and the Dnieper region - strengthened and expanded, while the industry of the rather densely populated Right Bank region noticeably lagged behind in the pace of development.

Conclusion

In discussing this topic, I came to the following conclusion:

Industrialization is a system of measures aimed at creating large-scale machine production and accelerated development of industry for the purpose of technical re-equipment and strengthening the country's defense capability.

The forms and methods of industrial management that emerged in the 20-30s became part of the economic mechanism that persisted for a long time. It was characterized by excessive centralization, directive command and suppression of local initiative. The functions of economic and party bodies, which interfered in all aspects of the activities of industrial enterprises, were not clearly delineated.

The main reasons for industrialization were: the departure from the New economic policy, general industrialization of the USSR, course towards “accelerated socialist construction”, Stalin’s course of the “great turning point”

One of the features of industrialization in Ukraine was a significant lag in the modernization of light and food industries from heavy industry due to the smaller scale capital construction and insufficient raw material base

In 1937, in terms of absolute volumes of industrial production, the USSR took second place in the world after the United States. The import of non-ferrous metals, rail rolling mills, excavators, turbines, steam locomotives and other types of industrial products from abroad ceased. Ukraine became an industrialized republic of the USSR. It took second place in Europe (after Germany) in iron smelting, third in steel production (after Germany and Great Britain), and fourth in the world in coal production. The technical and economic independence of the USSR from Western countries was ensured.

Russian history

Topic No. 12

USSR in the 30se years

industrialization in the USSR

Industrialization- This accelerated industrial development country, which is based on the establishment of large-scale machine production, i.e. heavy industry.

The decision on the need for industrialization in the USSR was made back in December 1925 on XIVCongress of the CPSU(b). Since the same congress advocated the continuation of the NEP, the main funds for industrialization were planned to be received in the form of taxes from the private sector of the economy, primarily from income from the development of agriculture, light and food industries, as well as the service sector. The funds received were planned gradually direct for development state heavy industry, But not to the detriment of other sectors of the economy.

From 1921 to 1927, the country hosted annual industrial financial plans(industrial and financial plans), which became legislative framework for the development of the domestic economy. IN 1927 year, it was decided to move to five year plans economic development of the country.

Plan Ifive-year plans(on 1928–1932 years) was approved back under the NEP (in 1927) and was based on accurate economic calculations, as it was developed by Gosplan specialists. IN May 1929 years when the NEP was liquidated and its supporters were declared followers of the “right deviation”, when the private sector of the economy was ending its existence and market relations between city and countryside were destroyed, at the XVI Party Conference, at the suggestion of Stalin, they were approved new, excessively inflated figures for planned targets I five-year plans, which were determined arbitrarily, without any economic justification.

Task No. 1. What Stalin wanted to show by arbitrarily inflating the planned targets I five-year plans?

IN 1929 year the slogan was proclaimed “Five-year plan - at 4 years old!”, which was destined to be realized in any case. Therefore in 1931 year it was announced "triumphant conclusion" I five-year plan. However, according to most key indicators overestimated planned targets were not met:

Indicators	Revised 1929 Plans	Real implementation of the plan in 1931
National income
Agricultural production

In IIfive-year plan (1933–1937 years) the planned indicators for the growth of national income and agricultural production were again not achieved. Most the state invested funds in the development of heavy industry (People's Commissar of Heavy Industry - Georgy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze), so production industrial products of group "A" exceeded the planned indicators. The implementation of plans was also facilitated by the use of cheap prison labor in the most difficult work in the procurement of raw materials and mining.

The production of group B goods decreased sharply, and a stable shortage of light industry products and consumer goods began to form in the country.

IIIfive year plan (1938–1942 years) due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War stayed unfinished. The trends of the first two five-year plans continued, but within group “A” there was a sharp increase arms production And defense products.

During the Second Five-Year Plan, the slogan was put forward: “Personnel who have mastered technology decide everything”. The country needed official record-breaking heroes, which were to become symbols of the achievements of socialism and an example for the Soviet people. Official propaganda worked hard to create images of heroes: they were supposed to show the advantages of socialist personnel policy.

The first Soviet female tractor driver was Praskovya Nikitichna Angelina(Pasha Angelina). In 1935, at the Central - Irmino mine in the Donbass, miner Alexey Stakhanov in one shift fulfilled 14 standards, cutting down 102 tons of coal, after which movement of record-breaking drummers began to be called "Stakhanovsky". However, the shock work was not supported by any material incentives.

During the years of the first five-year plans prices for many consumer goods grew up 5–6 times, therefore, despite some increase in wages, real incomes of the majority of the population have decreased. In addition, workers were forced to sign up for government domestic loans for industrialization– give part of your salary in exchange for loan bonds. Formally, these were debt obligations of the state to citizens, but in fact these debts were never repaid.

In the early 30s there was canceled partmaximum- a provision introduced under Lenin, according to which not a single released party worker could have an income greater than the average salary of a skilled worker. As a result, in the 1930s the level of income of party and Soviet workers increased sharply - a layer began to form party-state elite Soviet society.

Industrialization carried both positive and negative features:

Positive features of industrialization

Negative features of industrialization

1. Were built industrial giants, including the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (Magnitka), the Ural Machine-Building Plant (Uralmash), the Gorky Automobile Plant (GAZ), the Stalingrad, Kharkov and Chelyabinsk Tractor Plants. The largest hydroelectric power station is Dneproges in Ukraine.

Total built 9 thousand large and medium-sized industrial enterprises.

1. Economic development was disproportionate: fixed assets were directed to heavy industry, and the production of consumer goods was carried out on a residual basis. The population's needs for many types of products were not satisfied.

The state established production plans for collective farms various types agricultural products and almost completely bought them at fixed government prices. Sometimes collective farms were even deprived of the opportunity to give part of their production to collective farmers as payment in kind for workdays. Collective farms were also deprived of the opportunity to sell products at their own discretion and at market prices.

Another way of putting pressure on collective farms from the state was the concentration of all equipment in state-owned machine and tractor stations (MTS), on which the timing, quantity and quality of tractors and agricultural machines provided to collective farms depended. As payment in kind for processing fields, MTS had the right to take the remains of agricultural products from collective farms.

The implementation of complete collectivization was led by Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov- Stalin's comrade-in-arms, who replaced him in 1930 Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. They were sent to carry out complete collectivization "twenty-five thousanders"- 25,000 industrial workers sent by the party to the countryside to establish socialist social relations there. Stalin's leadership hoped that workers, collectivist psychology which formed on large industrial enterprises, will strive to socialize peasant property, considering collective ownership the only correct form of ownership. However, the workers sincerely did not understand that for peasants characteristic private property psychology and that the peasants will perceive the socialization of property as the confiscation of property acquired by their labor.

Those who refused to join the collective farm were declared kulaks or “sub-kulaks,” and their property was subject to confiscation in favor of the collective farms. In a number of places, armed clashes occurred between peasants and twenty-five thousand workers. In some cases, peasants organized mass slaughter of livestock to prevent their socialization.

IN March 1930 Stalin published an article in Pravda "Dizziness from success", in which he placed all the blame for the shortcomings and “excesses” during collectivization on local zealous party and Soviet workers, who were “dizzy” from the successes achieved in the collectivization process, and they hastened to complete collectivization by violent methods, without bothering to explain to the peasants all its advantages.

The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, issued after the article, “On the fight against distortions of the party line in the collective farm movement” allowed dissatisfied peasants leaving the collective farms and sale of some agricultural products on the market.

Stalin’s article and the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, on the one hand, allowed reduce the wave of peasant discontent and revived the peasants’ hope for justice, which the state would restore; on the other hand, there were convinced opponents of the collective farm system have been identified, who were subsequently subjected to repression and “dekulakization.”

IN 1933 year Stalin announced intensification of class struggle as we move towards socialism: the closer the triumph of socialist relations is, the more actively the previously disguised enemies begin to manifest themselves. This statement became the basis for mass arrests of peasants who expressed dissatisfaction with the collective farm system, and the “dekulakization” of individual peasants, who, together with their families, were evicted to poorly developed areas of Siberia, Altai and Northern Kazakhstan, and their property was transferred free of charge to collective farms. By the beginning of the 30s kulaks was 3% of the total number of peasants, and 20% of peasants were “dispossessed” who acquired wealth with their own labor, did not use hired labor, but also did not want to share their wealth with their neighbors. Each district had to fulfill a plan for the number of “dispossessed” people.

Collectivization led to ruin of the peasantry. From the late 20s until 1935, food and essential goods in the USSR were distributed using ration cards. Peasants sought to move to cities and became unskilled labor there. In order to stop the outflow of peasants from villages and bring population movements in the country under state control, 1932 was introduced in the USSR passport system with mandatory registration. Collective farmers did not receive passports in their hands and were actually attached to their village council. Western historians characterized this situation as “the second edition of serfdom in Russia.”

IN 1932 was adopted law on the protection of socialist property, which introduced for the theft of collective farm property execution with confiscation of all property, and in extenuating circumstances - imprisonment for a term of at least 10 years with confiscation of property. This law was popularly called "law of five ears of corn"– that’s exactly how much the court needed to pass a verdict

The volume of agricultural production in the USSR fell sharply in the 30s, because peasants ceased to be the real owners of land and products and were not interested in increasing their production. To fulfill mandatory grain procurement plans, agricultural areas were surrounded armed barrage detachments. The cordon remained until all the grain was removed from the area. As a result, in 1932–1933 years in the USSR was provoked hunger, covering the Volga region, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and North Caucasus. According to various estimates, from 3 to 8 million people died of starvation.

Task No. 2. Could Stalin, instead of collectivization, have implemented Lenin’s plan of cooperation in the USSR? Why?

socio-political life in the USSR

In 1929, the design was completed cult of personality. The cult of personality means unjustified exaltation personality of the leader, attributing to him outstanding achievements and defining influence on the course of historical development countries, recognition for him highest authority in all areas of science and culture.

The cult of the leader’s personality was strongly supported by his closest circle – Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov, Kliment Efremovich Voroshilov, Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan, Valerian Vladimirovich Kuibyshev and others. As Stalin's power strengthened, their own position was strengthened, their powers of power increased and their authority increased.

Numerous party and Soviet local managers installed their own cults in cities, districts and regions in the image and likeness of Stalin, which made their authority at the local level indisputable.

Already at the end of the 20s, some bourgeois specialists who went over to the side of the Soviet government, professional economists, scientists and cultural figures saw that Stalin’s policy was short-sighted and did not contribute to further development country and improving the standard of living of the people, expressed disagreement with the established command-administrative system of economic management and political life countries. All who were dissatisfied with the actions of the party and state leadership were declared saboteurs and accomplices of the world bourgeoisie.

At the end of the 20s passed first political trials, in which prominent scientists and economists appeared as defendants. These processes were supposed to show what awaited those who expressed dissatisfaction or doubted the correctness of the policies pursued by the Soviet government.

IN 1928 was sorted out for a year "Shakhty case"(city of Shakhty, Rostov region): the cause of accidents in Donbass coal mines was recognized not as the incompetence of the new management or the deterioration of equipment, but as the sabotage activities of mining engineers, “carrying out the task of the world bourgeoisie to destroy the economic potential of the USSR.”

IN 1930 year, “three large counter-revolutionary organizations” were exposed - "Industrial Party", "Labor Peasant Party" And "Union Menshevik Bureau", which allegedly had a common goal: the overthrow of Soviet power and the restoration of capitalism with the help of foreign intervention. In reality, these parties never existed, but during the trials of their “members,” the method of reprisal against dissidents used in the 30s was tested. The evidence base for the prosecution in all trials was completely falsified.

The leader of the “Industrial Party” was named a professor who, according to the scenario of the prosecutor’s office and the OGPU-NKVD, slandered many innocent people. It was announced that about two thousand engineers of the country gravitated towards this party. All defendants were sentenced to various prison terms.

Economists were named leaders of the Labor Peasant Party A. V. Chayanov and, who advocated the preservation of market relations between city and countryside, for the proportional development of all sectors of the economy and against forced collectivization. They were sentenced to imprisonment and then shot.

Starting from the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), held in 1930, all party congresses followed a script drawn up in advance by the party apparatus, so there was not a single opposition speech. At the XVIII Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1939, it was decided to consider the report delivered by Stalin as a resolution of the congress without any changes or additions, since the report represents the “concentrated wisdom of the party.”

In the 30s, there were no open attempts to remove Stalin from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, but not all communists put up with the cult of personality and the rejection of the Leninist principle of collective leadership of the party.

IN 1931–1932 years, a group of communists led by Martemyan Nikitich Ryutin, seeing how Stalin turned the party into an instrument for achieving absolute personal power, and the idea of socialism into an unchanging dogma, formed "Union of Marxists-Leninists" to deprive Stalin of power in the party and return to the principle of direct democracy. The “Union of Marxists-Leninists” was crushed by the forces of the OGPU-NKVD, Ryutin was arrested and executed in 1937.

IN February 1934 years when XVIICongress of the CPSU(b) elected members of the Central Committee of the party, during the secret ballot 292 votes were cast against Stalin, while against Sergei Mironovich Kirov, who from 1927 was the first secretary Leningradsky provincial committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and replaced the Leningrad communists as leader, only 3 votes were cast. In fact this meant that a new potential party leader has emerged, who enjoys the authority and trust of the majority of communists. The counting commission of the congress, which he headed, falsified the voting results, announcing that 3 votes were cast against both Stalin and Kirov.

In the 1930s, the country developed atmosphere of fear and suspicion. Stalin's thesis about the intensification of the class struggle as we move towards socialism meant that any person could be suspected of sabotage and turn out to be a hidden enemy who had been masking his essence for a long time. Managers were afraid to take responsibility for making decisions: any initiative could be regarded as sabotage, especially if it did not immediately lead to visible positive results.

Responsibility for “counter-revolutionary crimes” came according to Article 58 Criminal Code of the RSFSR, adopted in 1926. Article 58 consisted of 14 points, which provided for liability for actions aimed at weakening Soviet power, an attempt at an armed uprising and seizure of power, assistance to foreign states and the international bourgeoisie, espionage (including suspicion of espionage, unproven espionage, communications leading to suspicion of espionage), terror (including terrorist intentions), sabotage, anti-Soviet propaganda and agitation, sabotage. Almost any person could be convicted under Article 58 - if not for actions (real or imaginary), then at least for intentions. The punishment was execution or imprisonment for a term of up to 10 years (later the maximum term of imprisonment was increased to 25 years). The wording “10 years without the right of correspondence” meant execution, which was carried out immediately, but kept secret.

Cases of sabotage were considered not only in court, but also in out of court – Special meetings(OSO), or "in threes", which included representatives of local party bodies, Soviet authorities and departments of the OGPU-NKVD.

After the murder, cases of terrorist acts, most of which were invented by investigators, began to be considered in expedited order, i.e. without a lawyer and without the right to appeal the verdict. Since 1937, this rule has been extended to all cases under Article 58. Many cases were considered not personally, but lists, which were formed both at the level of senior management and at the local level. Stalin personally signed 383 lists, authorizing the execution.

IN 1937 Stalin, in a letter to employees of the internal affairs bodies, officially authorized the conduct of inquiry using physical methods of influence, citing the fact that “humanity towards agents of the world bourgeoisie is unacceptable.” In fact, torture was legalized, with the help of which investigators of the OGPU-NKVD agencies sought the confession of the accused who preferred self-incrimination to systematic torture. Prosecutor of the USSR Andrey Yanuaryevich Vyshinsky announced confession accused "queen of evidence": if the accused confesses to the crimes charged against him, then there is no need to look for other evidence of his guilt.

Several million victims of the repressions of the 30s are not only political opponents and personal enemies of Stalin and his entourage. Totalitarian the regime established in the USSR needed a permanent suppression systems rights and interests of citizens, before which not a single person could feel safe. Only in this way could the political regime ensure its stable existence. Terror in the country was necessary to destroy any opposition, even potential, to eliminate disloyal attitudes towards the authorities, to suppress people’s ability to think independently.

The main instrument in the hands of the authorities, with the help of which mass repressions were carried out, were the organs OGPU–NKVD. After the sudden death in 1934 of comrade Vyacheslav Rudolfovich Menzhinsky People's Commissars of Internal Affairs were Genrikh Grigorievich (Girshevich) Yagoda(from 1934 to 1936, executed in 1938), Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov(from 1936 to 1938, executed in 1940), Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria(from 1938 to 1953, executed in 1953 less than a year after Stalin's death).

The peak of mass repressions occurred in the years when the OGPU-NKVD bodies were headed: propaganda spoke of the “iron grips” that the enemies of the people would fall into. According to official statistics, from 1936 to 1938, 2,547,045 convicts arrived in the NKVD camps. The next peak of repression occurred in the pre-war years, when 2,502,065 people ended up in camps in 1940–1941. These figures do not take into account those executed, exiled settlers, dispossessed kulaks, and family members of “enemies of the people.”

The OGPU camp administration was created in 1930; in 1931 it was transformed into the Main Directorate of Camps ( GULAG). In 1934, the OGPU and the NKVD merged, and the GULAG began to stand for the Main Directorate of Corrective Labor Camps, Labor Settlements and Places of Detention. By 1940, the Gulag system included 53 camps, 425 correctional labor colonies, and 50 juvenile colonies.

IN 1935–1938 years passed in the USSR political trials, on which as accused prominent people appeared party and state figures, many authoritative Bolsheviks who represented the process of building socialism differently than Stalin, the best Soviet military leaders, former participants in various oppositions of the 20s.

1935 year - process "Kremlin Center". Despite the fact that L. B. Kamenev was restored to the CPSU (b) in 1930, at the 17th Party Congress in 1934 they swore allegiance to Stalin and glorified his wisdom, after the murder of Kirov they were again expelled from the party and sentenced to 10 years in prison: their guilt was that they were morally responsible for the fact that their former comrade-in-arms shot at Kirov.

1936 year - process "Trotskyist-Zinoviev Center". Zinoviev, Kamenev and some of their comrades in the “new” and “united” oppositions were accused of directly organizing the murder of Kirov and were sentenced to death.

1937 year - process "Anti-Soviet Trotskyist Center". The remaining most prominent members of the “left”, “new” and “united” oppositions were shot.

1937 year - process "Anti-Soviet Trotskyist conspiracy in the Red Army". 8 presenters were shot Soviet military leaders, including Marshal, who advocated the modernization of the army and the creation of powerful armored corps. Stalin feared military leaders, since only they, relying on the army, could prevent his undivided dominance in the party and state. Stalin was supported by the marshal, who argued that “it’s time to put an end to the sabotage talk about the dying out role of the horse in the coming war.” In addition, German intelligence, interested in seeing the Red Army beheaded, planted false documents on Stalin stating that Tukhachevsky and a number of other Soviet military leaders were collaborating with the German military command.

IN 1938 year, a marshal died in the dungeons of the NKVD, in 1939 year the marshal was shot. Thus, of the 5 marshals of the Soviet Union, by the end of the 30s, only two remained alive - personally loyal to Stalin and K.E. Voroshilov.

1938 year - process "Right-Trotskyist bloc". Those Bolshevik leaders who disagreed with Stalin in any way on issues of building socialism (N. I. Bukharin and others) were shot. The process of physical destruction of political figures who could at least in some way resist Stalin was completed.

The main enemy of the Soviet Union, an accomplice of fascism and the organizer of a counter-revolutionary network on the territory of the USSR was named, who after 1929 was abroad and was the only one who could open the eyes of the whole world to the essence of Stalin’s policies. OGPU-NKVD agents hunted Trotsky all over the world, and in the summer of 1940 he was killed at his villa in Coyoacan, a suburb of the capital of Mexico.

December 5, 1936 a new one was adopted Constitution of the USSR, named "Stalin", although he was the author of its text. The Constitution declared that socialism in the USSR mainly built. In words, the Constitution of the USSR was the most democratic in the world: broad rights and freedoms of citizens were declared, personal inviolability, freedom of speech, the impossibility of punishment without trial, etc. were declared. But in fact, none of these provisions were implemented in practice.

According to the Constitution, the new highest body of legislative power became Supreme Soviet of the USSR, of which he remained Chairman of the Presidium. But in conditions of concentration of real political power in party committees, the Soviets turned into government bodies that carried out secondary organizational and economic functions.

Formation of a cult of personality Stalin, which predetermined the development of the USSR in the 30s and subsequent years, was objectively determined by a number of reasons: national tradition strong one-man power taking responsibility for decisions made, leader psychology people who preferred to be led to a “bright future”, and lack of civil society, which involves people making independent decisions while respecting the rights, freedoms and responsibilities established by law.

Products of group “A” are the production of means of production, i.e. machines, machine tools and other equipment.

Products of group “B” – production of light and food industry goods.

On the one hand, the standards were certainly too low. On the other hand, during the establishment of the record, Stakhanov was exempt from performing such mandatory actions as loading coal into trolleys, installing fasteners in the mine, etc.

A totalitarian regime is an extreme form of an anti-democratic political regime, which provides for total (complete, comprehensive) control of state power over all aspects of society, restriction of the rights and freedoms of citizens.

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History of the Fatherland - political and social experience of Russia: content, functions, methodology, principles and sources of study Domestic history - Russia at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries History of Russia 20th century - autocracy on the way to ashes History of Russia in the 19th century - socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century