Hello dears.
Last week, you and I started a new series of posts: , and I must say that you showed some interest. So, let's try to continue :-)
Well, since last time we talked about a pencil, today we’ll discuss the eraser a little. For one thing often follows another.
By the way, it was the American Hein Lipman who first combined these two things in one in 1858. It was he who invented the pencil with an eraser at the end.
In general, an eraser is a much more necessary and convenient thing, which played a much more noticeable role in the history of civilization than is commonly thought. Well, let's say, before the advent of erasers, they used... bread crumbs to erase traces of black lead pencils.
Traditionally, I will not talk about the creation and development of erasers, but I will give you a couple of interesting (I hope) facts.
Like everyone else in childhood, I was interested in the question - how does it work. And why? Here we have physics... The eraser erases graphite due to the static electricity generated during friction. In this case, electrified graphite particles are attracted to the eraser.
If you think that erasers are rubber objects, then I want to disappoint you. Most modern erasers do not contain rubber at all, neither natural nor synthetic, but are completely polymer. Polymer erasers are no worse, because... Modern elastomers have properties in no way inferior to rubber. At the same time, they have additional useful properties.
Although, in principle, sometimes what a modern eraser is made of can be determined by its color. Red-blue or gray are made using natural rubber. Such erasers are very elastic, they can twist and stretch without deforming, but most often they do not wash very well. But pure white or multi-colored erasers are made from synthetic polymers, have good abrasiveness and are pleasant to the touch.
True, the process of their production is very labor-intensive and its violation leads to the production of erasers that are of little use for erasing, which we can often experience on own experience. Although most often, of course, the color palette is associated primarily with the dyes included in it. For example, iron oxide or antimony sulfide is used for a red eraser, lithopone or zinc is used for a white eraser, and so on :-)
In general, the degree of softness or abrasiveness of an eraser is determined by the proportions of sulfur and additives in the rubber production process. Additional substances are added to erasers to improve erasing performance. For example, a mandatory additive is a plasticizer based on animal or vegetable oils, which is the very substance that ensures the quality of erasing.
Now modern erasers can erase felt-tip pen, ink, ink, and anything else, not just pencil. But these are modern erasers, created using modern technologies. These rubber bands contain microcapsules with a solvent. Friction with paper destroys the capsule shell, activating the solvent. The released solvent weakens the dyes, and traces of ink treated with it become discolored, “disappearing” both from paper and from tracing paper or plastic.
But one of the main legends of our childhood had no basis. Remember this “eraser”:
It was believed that the red end erased the pencil, and the blue end erased the ink of the pen. This is bullshit. Those who believed in this legend rubbed notebooks and diaries to holes :-) In fact, different ends were used for different types paper - blue for thicker paper.
If you remember the erasers that I loved, then they are probably Czech ones from the same company Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth
The Elephant logo is one of the oldest registered trademarks in the world. The famous elephant erasers have been produced using natural rubber since 1896 to this day.
Well, in the end, I want to say that in our country several settlements are named after Eraser. 
And on April 15, the international unofficial holiday is Eraser Day.
That's it :-)
To be continued...
Have a nice time of day.
An eraser or eraser is a stationery accessory for removing pencil (and sometimes ink) writing from paper and other writing surfaces.
It is a soft piece of unvulcanized rubber, sometimes attached to the back of a pencil.
Where did it all start?
When Columbus sailed on his ship to open a new route to India, on one of the islands he was met by aborigines playing with a miracle ball that bounced off the ground to a great height. Of course, he became interested in what it was and what it was made of. And the good Indians led him into the jungle, where beautiful trees grew. The Indians cut the tree and yelled “coo-choo.” Columbus translated this as “tears of the rubber tree” and, of course, took it with him. In Europe, this material began to be called “Indian rubber” or Gummi, in honor of the tree that “cries”.
The first deposits of graphite were discovered in England in 1654. Until 1775, when the Frenchman Nicolas Jacques Conté came up with a new luxury item in the form of a graphite rod encased in silver or gold cases, they were wrapped in paper and used mainly by artists. They erased the lines they obtained with bread crumbs. On April 15, 1770, Joseph Priestley wrote in his diary that he had found material that erased pencil writing. At the same time, having confused a piece of rubber with a crumb of bread, the Englishman Edward Naim discovered that “kau-choo” or Gummy erases tears much better than bread. Naim did not keep diaries, so his name was not included in the ranks of inventors. However, he was an excellent businessman and instantly created a business for trading “Indian rubber”, which turned out to be very profitable, especially after pencils first became a luxury item and then found their way into every home. Erasers took the position of accompanying goods, where they remain to this day.
But natural rubber is short-lived, as it has the property of softening in the summer, emitting an unpleasant odor, and hardening in the winter, becoming brittle. The quality of erasers was improved with the discovery of the rubber vulcanization process by Charles Goodyear in 1839. After this, the popularity of rubber erasers increased dramatically. So at the end of the nineteenth century, the first factories for the production of office erasers appeared in Germany and America.
In the history of the eraser, natural rubber was for a long time the only material from which it was made. This lasted until the mid-twentieth century, when synthetic rubber was invented. And in the nineties, erasers began to be made from PVC and other polymers.
Modern erasers have different shapes and are made from a variety of various materials of different qualities and their various combinations.
Rubber erasers
Rubber erasers become harder over time. The hardening process is accelerated if the product is left outdoors or in the sun, so it is recommended to store rubber erasers in their packaging. If storage conditions are met, erasers retain their quality for many years.
There are two main types of erasers made from rubber:
1. Erasers for removing lines left by pencils
Erasers designed to remove lines left by black graphite or colored pencils.
These erasers should be soft and slightly crumbly so that small fragments of the eraser come off as you erase. Then its erasing surface will constantly change and be updated. And since small fragments of such an eraser have an adhesive structure, they easily “glue” to themselves the particles of stylus that formed the line and remove them from the working surface.
If the eraser is correctly matched to the paper and lead used, then the working surface remains without or with minimal damage.
The degree of softness or abrasiveness of an eraser is determined by the proportions of sulfur and additives in the rubber production process.
Read the rest of the article at
The first associations that arise with the word “eraser” are elastic, stretchable material. But these properties are not of this type. This is a cotton fabric with a smooth silky structure, obtained by satin weaving of threads. Does not stretch, has all the properties of cotton fabric, can be plain or with a printed pattern. It is particularly durable, which is why it got the name “eraser”, which is translated from English as “lasting” (durable). This perfect option for sewing bedding sets, tablecloths, accessories, children's clothing.
Features and characteristics of eraser fabric, what it consists of
The raw material for production is mercerized cotton, its main advantage is improved strength and visual characteristics. The technology of chemical processing of yarn was developed in 1844 in Great Britain by John Mercer.
Cotton fibers were kept in a solution of sodium hydroxide; during the swelling process, the threads decreased in length, but the area increased, they became more durable and easily dyed. Read where hemp fabric is used.
The mercerization process was improved by Horace Lowe; during the processing process, cotton fibers, unlike cotton fibers, were stretched and fleeced, as a result of which the fibers acquired shine and smoothness.
Properties
The satin weave technique is used in the production of the leaf. Its main difference is the presence of long overlapping threads. Materials processed in this way have the following properties:
- Strength, durability. If washing recommendations are followed, they retain their strength characteristics for a long time.
- Hygroscopicity.
- Air permeability – the body “breathes” in the products.
- Softness. Pleasant to the touch; items made from eraser can be sewn without lining.
- Opacity. You can sew shade curtains.
- Ability to drape. This property allows you to design products with folds that flow softly, beautifully reflecting light.
- No electrification. Cotton does not accumulate static stress and products do not stick.
- Does not fade or shrink when washed at low temperatures.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber
Mercerized cotton is difficult to stretch or tear, but at the same time the material is soft and pliable. Among the advantages are resistance to fading in the sun and preservation of the original color.
Fabric made from mercerized fiber is hygroscopic; you can walk in the products for a long time without experiencing any inconvenience.
Disadvantages include shrinkage of products after washing at high temperatures, as well as long drying times. Find out about the characteristics of twill fabric.
It does not stretch, this should be taken into account when modeling clothes, combinations with other fabrics, such as twill.
Production and fabrication of material
They appeared in China, their production was too expensive, the raw material was natural silk. At the end of the 18th century, the production of satin weave cotton fibers was patented. Satin shine is obtained from twisting the threads; the tighter the fiber is twisted, the more shine will appear. Satin weave is formed from two systems. The warp threads running along the fabric and the wefts are arranged in a certain order. The warp threads are superimposed on the transverse fibers in such a way that they cover several transverse threads at once. With this weave, the spinning density is high, and the face of the fabric is smoother and shiny. Denim will tell you about the texture and density of the fabric.
Scope of application: what is sewn from fabric
It is in demand for tailoring; shirts, shirts, home sets, tracksuits, dresses, skirts, and trousers are made from it. Plain dyed fabric is used to make children's items and additional clothing items (cuffs, collars, trims). The material makes a high-quality lining for outerwear (coats, jackets, raincoats). Linen is widely used in home textiles; bedding sets, curtains, bedspreads, tablecloths, and napkins are made from it. He will tell you about the properties of canvas fabric.
To prevent things from becoming deformed or fading, you must adhere to the following recommendations:
- things are washed by hand or in washing machine at average temperatures;
- withstands any mode, it is still recommended to set the delicate mode;
- dyed items should not be washed with chlorine bleach;
- the products can be twisted and should be dried flat to avoid creases;
- It is better to iron in the “cotton” mode, you can use steaming;
- Due to the high hygroscopicity, eraser products must be stored in well-ventilated packages; do not use plastic bags.
Read what satin jacquard fabric looks like in.
Video
This video will tell you about cotton fabrics:
conclusions
- Eraser is a cotton fabric with a satin weave that has all the properties of cotton.
- Mercerized cotton fiber is used for production.
- It is used, as in sewing clothes, lining clothes, and is used in the production of home textiles, theater costumes, and scarves.
- The fabric is durable, wear-resistant, does not stretch, does not deform.
- Caring for eraser products is the same as for regular cotton ones.
Eraser
"Erasable rubber" packaging, 19th century
Modern erasing rubber
Rubber (eraser, erasing rubber, eraser, eraser,sterashka) - a stationery tool for removing pencil (and sometimes ink) writing from paper and other writing surfaces. It is a soft piece of unvulcanized rubber, sometimes attached to the back end of a pencil. Can be of different colors and different densities. The softer the elastic, the more pleasant and convenient it is to use. There are special handles that can be erased with an eraser.
Principle of operation
When rubber rubs against paper with inscription, pieces of graphite are erased from the paper and stick to the surface of the rubber, which in turn is abraded (in small pieces). As a result, both the surface with the inscription (from the inscription) and the surface of the gum from the used layer are cleaned. Dried and low-quality rubber bands (in which the used layer is not erased) stain the paper, since the graphite that adheres (and does not come off with the rubber layer) is smeared on the paper.
see also
Links
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:- Luster Georgia
- Eraser-Klyachka
See what “Eraser” is in other dictionaries:
eraser- ah, m. gomme élastique. 1. Gumilastik, rubber, caoutchouc. Dahl. Eraser, also known as Gumilastik, rubber, caoutchouc. Berezin 1875. Nerves, like an eraser, must gradually stretch to a certain limit. Stanislavsky From zap. books 1 143. How many styles,... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
ERASER- (French). 1) gum, rubber, caoutchouc. 2) smooth keeper fabric, satin on the front side; a type of paper atlas. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. ERASER 1) fabric similar to satin; 2) tires... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
eraser- groom, bald, elastic Dictionary of Russian synonyms. eraser see eraser Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011… Synonym dictionary
eraser- 1. ERASER, a; m. [from English. lasting durable] Cotton fabric with a shiny front side, usually used for lining. Coat on eraser. ◁ Eraser, oh, oh. Lying shirt. L o production. 2. ERASER, a; m. [from Greek. lastos... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
ERASER- dense thin cotton fabric with a smooth shiny front side. Produced mainly plain-painted. A type of eraser is a double fabric eraser of increased weight. Eraser width 78.5 cm. Applies chap. arr. how special... ... Concise Encyclopedia of Housekeeping
ERASER- (from the English lasting letters. durable), light, silky cotton fabric for linings, sewing shirts and dresses... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ERASER- 1. ERASER1, eraser, male. (English lasting, lit. durable). Cheap grade of paper material, used. preim. on the lining. Coat on eraser. 2. ERASER2, eraser, male. (from Latin elasticus elastic, elastic) (special). 1. Rubber, rubber (technical). ||… … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Can be of different colors and different densities. The softer the elastic, the more pleasant and convenient it is to use. There are special handles that can be erased with an eraser. When rubber rubs against paper with inscription, pieces of graphite are erased from the paper and stick to the surface of the rubber, which in turn is abraded (in small pieces). As a result, both the surface with the inscription (from the inscription) and the surface of the gum from the used layer are cleaned. Dried and low-quality rubber bands (in which the used layer is not erased) stain the paper, since the graphite that adheres (and does not come off with the rubber layer) is smeared on the paper.
Story.
English chemist Joseph Priestley made an amazing discovery at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It turned out that natural raw rubber could erase pencil or graphite marks better than the pieces of bread that were used for this in those days. Now “rubber” is a synonym for the word “rubber band” or “eraser”. Its first official name is eraser. Also, the name "rubber" defines the properties of raw materials (synthetic or natural rubber) used in industry for the production of rubber products, from tires to erasers.
Classification of erasers.
Rubber erasers.
There are several types of rubber-based erasers:
Erasers with a minimal content of abrasive fillers and fillers that make the eraser material more elastic; They are light in color and are designed for quick and high-quality removal of traces of graphite from the working surface. The principle of removing written lines is that the graphite sticks to the eraser and at the same time cleanses the latter by rubbing against the surface.
Erasers with a lower content of softening fillers and a small proportion of abrasives, as well as a higher percentage of other fillers and dyes. These erasers are designed for everyday use and remove marks from regular office writing supplies.
Relatively hard erasers with a large proportion of abrasives. Emery or pumice (crushed volcanic glass) is used as abrasives. The main reason for using these materials is their ability to remove by friction the top layer of paper along with the line written in ink or ballpoint pen paste, at the same time the surface of the eraser is partially erased. These erasers must be used carefully; When erasing on low-quality paper, they can wear it down to holes.
Special erasers, consisting only of rubber and a large amount vegetable oil, without abrasives and other fillers. Vulcanization during their production is relatively small. The result is a very sticky and easily deformed eraser. Due to the strong adhesiveness of the eraser, the weakly adherent top layer of the working surface sticks well to it. This property is used when drawing with charcoal or dry crayons.
Rubber erasers become harder over time. The hardening process is accelerated if the product is left outdoors or in the sun, so it is recommended to store rubber erasers in their packaging. If storage conditions are met, erasers retain their properties for many years.
Synthetic erasers.
This group includes erasers made of synthetic rubber, vinyl or plastic. They are sometimes called "plastic" or "plastic". They, as a rule, have a decorative shape, are available in various colors and are distinguished by the pattern printed on them - a picture.
These erasers cause virtually no static electricity, which significantly reduces the adhesion of eraser particles to the working surface. Usually, when erasing, wide, long particles separate from vinyl erasers, which reduces the number of movements, and the particles themselves are easily brushed off the work surface. Unlike rubber erasers, vinyl erasers do not deteriorate over the years.
Some types of vinyl erasers contain microcapsules with solvents, which burst during the erasing process, and the released solvent acts on the line, weakening the ink. In combination with the erasing properties of vinyl material, the solvent provides quick, clean erasing without damaging the working surface.
Mechanical erasers.
Mechanical erasers are used to permanently remove lines and marks from a working surface by using abrasives and scrapers. In such cases, it is necessary to remember that not only the lines are removed, but also part of the surface. A mechanical fiberglass eraser has a cluster of narrow glass fibers at the end, which are arranged parallel inside a sleeve that provides their rigidity. When the fibers wear out, the moving mechanism feeds a new part of the fibers. The working part of the fibers of this type of eraser should be short. This eraser is suitable for removing ink lines (of any age) and even rust stains from a car. Very abrasive and requires careful use.
2) In sewing production - dense thin cotton fabric of satin weave with a smooth shiny surface. It is used mainly for sewing women's dresses. In the past, this was the name given to lining fabric made of wool with hemp, pure wool, or silk with hemp.