How are shoulder hyperthyroidism related? Health, medicine, healthy lifestyle. The reasons for the development of hypothyroidism

I.V. Kudryavtseva, A.A. Dolgaleva - Russian Medical Server - www.rusmedserv.com

In recent years, modern endocrinology has made significant advances in understanding the diverse manifestations of the influence of hormones on the vital processes of the body. A special role is given to the endocrine system in the mechanisms of reproduction, information exchange, and immunological control. The endocrine system has a complex effect on the structure and function of the musculoskeletal tissues. Any dysfunctions of individual endocrine glands can sooner or later lead to the development of pathology of bones and joints, muscles, internal organs. Often in the clinical picture of endocrine disease, symptoms of damage to the musculoskeletal system or the cardiovascular system come to the fore. Such patients from a therapist come to a consultation with a rheumatologist with preliminary diagnoses - deforming osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatism, etc. In this situation, it is important to avoid the temptation to operate with well-known nosologies, into the framework of which, with a superficial attitude, you can squeeze clinical manifestations of endocrine arthropathy. It is necessary to pay attention to the general symptoms - weakness, fatigue, a change in the patient's appearance, a change in weight, the presence of polyuria, polydepsy, muscle weakness, convulsive syndrome. If there is a suspicion of the presence of endocrine pathology, further issues of diagnosis and treatment are resolved in conjunction with an endocrinologist. It should be remembered that with adequate and long-term compensation of endocrine disorders, changes in the musculoskeletal system and the cardiovascular system can partially or completely regress.

The next section is devoted to the description of arthropathies, osteopathies in various endocrine diseases and treatment tactics for such patients.

Diabetes - the most common endocrinopathy. Sugar morbidity
diabetes among children and adolescents ranges from 0.1-0.3%, taking into account undiagnosed forms. Its prevalence in some countries reaches\u003e 6%. Annually, the number of newly diagnosed cases is 6-10% of the total number of patients, which leads to a doubling of the number of patients every 10-15 years. According to age characteristics, the group of patients with diabetes is distributed as follows - 5% - up to 15 years; over 40 years old - about 80%, and over 65 years old - 40% of the total contingent of patients.

Changes in the musculoskeletal system with diabetes:

The catabolic orientation of metabolism in this disease leads to a violation of the protein matrix of the skeleton, leaching of calcium and the development of osteoporosis. However, diffuse osteoporosis rarely reaches clinically significant severity, manifesting itself only in slowing the healing of fractures.

A more striking syndrome is diabetic osteoarthropathythat occurs in severe forms of diabetes, often in young people (25-30 years old). Many authors believe that diabetic arthropathy can develop 5-8 years after the onset of the disease, if no systematic treatment of diabetes has been carried out before. The joints of the lower extremities are more often affected, usually ankle (10% of patients), tarsus - metatarsal (60%), metatarsus - phalangeal (30%); less often - knee, hip.

The process, as a rule, is one-sided, in 20% of cases it can be two-sided. The clinical picture consists of pain in the area of \u200b\u200bthe affected joints, joint deformity, sometimes with swelling. Pain syndrome is often weak or absent, despite pronounced radiological changes. It is associated with concomitant neuropathy and sensory disorders.

X-ray changes are expressed in varying degrees: from moderate epiphyseal osteoporosis, subchondral sclerosis with marginal osteophytes to pathological bone remodeling resembling a fracture, up to the development of osteolysis, sequestration. Histologically, areas of bone resorption, proliferation of connective tissue, aseptic necrosis are revealed. Most often, these changes are localized in the metatarsal bones. Due to the violation of deep sensitivity, sprains of the ligaments easily occur, the instability of the arch of the foot, which, simultaneously with lysis of the phalanges, leads to deformation of the foot and its shortening. Against the background of successful diabetes treatment, the c-we data may regress.

A characteristic symptom complex of various disorders in the feet in diabetes mellitus is called - \\ "diabetic foot \\"... This complication develops more often in older people. Distinguish \\ "neuropathic foot \\", which includes:

• neuropathic ulcers;
• diabetic osteoarthropathy of the foot (often with the formation of a Charcot joint);
• neuropathic edema of the foot;

and \\ "ischemic foot \\" with the development of limb gangrene.

Let's take a closer look at the formation charcot joint with SD.
The disease begins with redness, swelling of the foot, sometimes with pain. Often there is a connection with previous trauma, DM decompensation. In the initial stage, there are no radiological changes. Further on radiographs, fractures of the foot bones, osteolysis phenomena, fragmentation of bones with reparative processes are found. Disorganization of the joints of the foot is typical; the foot takes the form of a "bag filled with bones" (as described by English authors).

Bone changes progress within a few months after the first symptoms appear. Flattening of the foot, pathological movements in the joints are clinically determined. Pain in the later stages is absent due to severe neuropathy. It is interesting that these changes are similar to those developing during transection of sensitive stems (i.e., during deafferentation). The prognosis worsens with the addition of trophic ulcers and infection, with the development of phlegmon and osteomyelitis.

In recent years, it has been actively studied joint limitation syndrome with CD - \\ "LIMITED JOINT MOBILITY \\". Hand stiffness syndrome (MAINS RAIDES) was first described in 4 patients with
long-term current insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In 1971 G. Lung and co-authors first used the term - \\ "diabetic hand \\" (\\ "main diabetique \\"), while, in the occurrence of rheumatic disorders of the upper limb, they emphasized the importance of concomitant diabetic neuropathy.

Clinically, stiffness syndrome is manifested by painless limitation of joint mobility, more often - proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal. Damage to the wrist, elbow, shoulder, ankle joints is possible. Often there is a combination with other rheumatic disorders - flexion contracture of the hand, Dupuytren's contracture, flexor tenosynovitis, primary osteoarthritis (Heberden's and Bouchard's nodules), carpal tunnel syndrome, algodystrophy, shoulder-scapular periarthritis. This gave rise to the selection of the term \\ "diabetic arthropathy of the upper limb \\"
According to the criteria of A.L. Rosenblum and co-authors, the following degrees are distinguished
manifestations of the syndrome of limitation of mobility:

• mild: disrupted extension of the proximal interphalangeal joints with normal mobility of the metacarpophalangeal joints;
• medium: with restriction of extension of the proximal interphalangeal joints, as well as, metacarpophalangeal;
• severe: if the limitation of extension is determined not only of the listed joints, but also of the large joints of the limb.

Painless limitation of extension of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints is often combined with changes in the skin of the hands. The skin becomes shiny, waxy. Sometimes skin changes predominate. In these cases, they talk about pseudosclerodermic lesions in diabetes mellitus.

The pathogenesis of stiffness syndrome is debated. An assumption is made about the effect of vascular ischemia on the structure and synthesis of collagen. There is no doubt that neuropathies are involved in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.
Taking into account the widespread immunocomplex concept of the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathies, it is impossible to exclude the influence of immune disorders on the development of arthropathies in diabetes.

A significant combination of joint stiffness syndrome with retinopathy is noted in young patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
The presence of this s-ma allows predicting the development of nephropathy.

Treatment patients with diabetic osteoarthropathy are carried out in conjunction with an endocrinologist. Good and long-term compensation of diabetes is the key to successful treatment of such patients. In complex therapy, agents that improve the rheological properties of blood are necessarily used - angioprotectors (prodectin), antiplatelet agents (tiklid, trental). It is useful to combine pills with intravenous infusions of low molecular weight dextrans (reopolyglucin), agapurin, trental.

The use of polyunsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandin - E1 (vazaprostan - 20 - 40 mg in 250 ml of isotonic solution intravenously - 5 - 20 infusions) is promising. Shown the appointment of hyperbaric
oxygenation. In the absence of contraindications, a positive effect can be achieved from the use of laser therapy. Anti-inflammatory therapy is carried out according to the usual schemes.

Changes in the musculoskeletal system and cardiovascular system in diseases of the thyroid gland.

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) is a hypermetabolic syndrome that develops with an excess of thyroid hormones in the body. It is detected in the framework of three diseases - diffuse toxic goiter, nodular toxic goiter and thyrotoxic adenoma. The most common nosology is diffuse toxic goiter. The disease is more common among the urban population between the ages of 20 and 50, mainly in women. Currently, the pathogenesis of the development of diffuse toxic goiter (DTG) is associated with the production of thyroid-stimulating antibodies.

Elevated level of thyroid hormones leads to a negative mineral balance with a loss of calcium, which is manifested by increased bone resorption and decreased intestinal absorption of this mineral. In patients with hyperthyroidism, low levels of the metabolite of vitamin D-1,25 (OH) 2D, sometimes hypercalcemia, and decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels are found. Clinically, all these disorders lead to the development of diffuse osteoporosis. Possible bone pain, pathological fractures, collapse
vertebrae, kyphosis formation.

Arthropathy in thyrotoxicosis rarely develops, as hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with thickening of the phalanges of the fingers and periosteal reactions. Describe thyroid acral syndrome(exophthalmos, pretibial mexidema, marked thickening of the fingers, and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy), which occurs in patients receiving treatment for thyrotoxicosis. More often than arthropathy, myopathy is observed with the development of muscle weakness, sometimes myalgias.

The most striking manifestation of thyrotoxicosis is the defeat of the cardiovascular system, which, with a slight increase in the thyroid gland, the absence of eye symptoms in combination with subfibrillation, general weakness, osteomyalgia, weight loss, makes differential treatment necessary. diagnosis with acute rheumatic fever, diffuse connective tissue diseases.

The pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders in thyrotoxicosis consists of increased myocardial sensitivity to catecholamines and the direct effect of excess thyroxine on the myocardium. All this leads to the formation of a hyperkinetic type of hemodynamics. Due to the increased oxygen consumption and the inability of the body to compensate for these costs, the heart muscle begins to work under conditions of hypoxia. Severe metabolic-dystrophic myocardial damage develops - thyrotoxic myocardial dystrophy... Clinical manifestations of the disease are cardialgia and various rhythm disturbances in the form of supraventricular tachycardia, extrasystoles and atrial fibrillation, with the formation of circulatory failure. In thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation, the risk of thromboembolism is as high as in rheumatic mitral stenosis. The possibility of atrial fibrillation in subclinical hyperthyroidism complicates the diagnosis. A feature of atrial fibrillation in thyrotoxicosis is its refractoriness to the usual therapeutic doses of cardiac glycosides and the good efficacy of b-blockers and drugs that reduce the concentration of thyroxine. Of course, ultrasound examination of the myocardium helps to dispel many doubts. Endocardial damage with the formation of valvular defects is absolutely not typical for thyrotoxic myocardial dystrophy. The situation is more complicated with intact valves and the presence of diffuse changes in the myocardium when differential is performed. diagnosis
between rheumatic heart disease, myocarditis and thyrotoxic myocardial dystrophy. In this case, anamnestic and clinical data are carefully evaluated. The connection with a streptococcal or viral infection, an increased level of anti-streptococcal antibodies, an increase in acute phase indicators, on the one hand, the presence of an enlarged thyroid gland and the level of thyroid hormones, on the other, makes it possible to formulate a diagnosis.

Hypothyroidism - a condition characterized by a decrease in the level of thyroid hormones in the serum. Distinguish between primary hypothyroidism, which is a syndrome of the following diseases:

1. anomalies in the development of the thyroid gland (dysgenesis and ectopia);
2. endemic goiter and cretinism;
3. subacute thyroiditis;
4. autoimmune thyroiditis;
5. thyroidectomy;
6. thyrostatic drug therapy;
7. riedel's thyroiditis;
8. thyroid cancer.

Secondary hypothyroidism is a consequence of TSH deficiency (congenital or acquired) and, more often, hypopituitarism. Tertiary hypothyroidism is associated with damage to the hypothalamic centers secreting thyroliberin. Peripheral hypothyroidism is distinguished into a separate group, when the concentration of thyroid hormones in the serum is normal, but tissue resistance to these hormones is increased, due to a decrease in the number of receptors and the synthesis of antibodies to thyroid hormones. The clinical picture of hypothyroidism can develop with low T3 syndrome, when the conversion of T4 to T3 is impaired.

An insufficient level of thyroid hormones in organs and tissues leads to a decrease in oxidative processes and thermogenesis, the accumulation of metabolic products, which leads to severe functional disorders of the central nervous system, the development of tissue dystrophy with the formation of a kind of mucous edema (myxedema) due to tissue impregnation with mucopolysaccharides.

Quite often, with this pathology, rheumatological syndromes develop, in particular arthropathy and myopathy.

Clinically, hypothyroid myopathy is manifested by muscle weakness with myalgias. A decrease in muscle strength without visible atrophy is characteristic, on the contrary, pseudohypertrophy of muscles is sometimes observed due to impregnation with mucoproteins. The muscle mass increases, the muscles become dense, stiff, well contoured (Hoffmann's syndrome). The proximal extremities are more often affected. Convulsions, delayed relaxation may occur. The severity of myopathy is proportional to the severity of hypothyroidism.

Arthropathy develops in 20-25% of patients with myxidema. Manifested by mild joint pain, swelling of soft tissues, articular stiffness, and sometimes the appearance of non-inflammatory effusion in the joint cavity. In a number of patients, crystals of calcium pyrophosphate or urates are found in the synovial fluid, which do not cause a clear inflammatory reaction, which is explained in such patients by a decrease in the functional activity of neutrophilic leukocytes. The knee, ankle and small joints of the hands are usually affected.

and radiographs reveal periarticular osteoporosis. There are reports of destructive arthropathy with damage to the knee joints (Bland et al., 1979), although progressive destruction, the formation of erosions is uncommon.

Laboratory signs of inflammation are usually not pronounced. Patients with arthropathy may have a slight increase in ESR. In patients with primary myxidema with clear myopathy, the level of muscle enzymes in the blood serum can sometimes be increased. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia may occur.

When treating with thyroid hormones, the manifestations of myopathy and arthropathy decrease in parallel with the signs of myxedema. The absence of arthropathy against the background of drug euthyroidism for 1 year or more confirms the diagnosis.

The influence of hypothyroidism on skeletal development is clearly demonstrated by the description of patients with thyroid insufficiency and cretinism. These people are small (about 1 meter) and disproportionately shortened limbs. The effects of hypothyroidism in a growing child are manifested in the late onset and slow growth of postnatal centers of ossification. Radiographically, postnatal centers of ossification show an incorrect indication in the form of "punctate epiphyses".

This "epiphyseal dysgenesis" was observed in 23 of 25 children with hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy can lead to the actual disappearance of the epiphyseal changes within 2 years (P.A. Revell, 1993).

In adults with hypothyroidism, there is a decrease in cellular activity in the bones. Moderate osteoporosis develops only with prolonged and severe course.

It should be noted that 30-80% of patients with hypothyroidism have fluid in the pericardium. In combination with other manifestations of hypothyroid serositis (hydrothorax, ascites), this can cause difficulties in making a diagnosis and the need to exclude diffuse connective tissue diseases. Pericardial effusion accumulates slowly, its volume is from 10-30 to 100-150 ml. Cardiac tamponade is very rare. When examining the exudate, its non-inflammatory nature is revealed. In contrast to autoimmune diseases, when the phenomena of polyserositis occur with high inflammatory activity,
laboratory changes in hypothyroid polyserositis are minimal.

Specifically, myocardial damage in hypothyroidism with the development of edema, swelling of myofibrils, tonogenic dilatation of the heart cavities, which leads to an increase in the size of the heart on radiographs and the expansion of the boundaries of cardiac dullness percussion. Effective thyroid hormone replacement therapy leads to a regression of these symptoms.

Changes in the musculoskeletal system in diseases of the parathyroid glands:

The parathyroid glands (two pairs - upper and lower), produce parathyroid hormone, which affects phosphorus-calcium metabolism. PTH targets the kidneys and bones. PTH enhances bone resorption processes, increases the activity of osteoblasts, which is manifested by an osteolytic effect. At the same time, the content of calcium and phosphates in the serum increases.

Hyperparathyroidism - increased serum parathyroid hormone. Distinguish between primary hyperparathyroidism, which develops with adenoma, or carcinoma of the thyroid glands. Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a reactive overproduction of PTH by hyperfunctioning glands in response to a decrease in serum calcium in CRF, impaired intestinal absorption, etc. Tertiary HPT develops with long-term secondary HPT according to the principle of "hyperfunction - hyperplasia - tumor". The incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism is 1/4000. More often women are ill (3: 1) aged 40 to 60 years. In 50% of cases, the disease is diagnosed by accidental detection of hypercalcemia. In other cases, 70% of patients had symptoms of urolithiasis.

Clinical picture primary hyperparathyroidism consists of the syndrome of hypercalcemia, which is manifested by nausea, vomiting, general weakness, malaise, myalgia, muscle weakness, polyuria, polydepsy, and calcification. All of these changes correlate roughly with serum calcium levels.

Depending on the predominant lesion of a particular system, several clinical forms of primary hyperparathyroidism are distinguished: bone, renal, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, etc.
The defeat of the skeletal system occurs in the form generalized fibrocystic osteodystrophy (Recklinghausen's disease).

Clinical manifestations are bone pain, pain on palpation, sometimes bone deformation, pathological fractures. Bones are often affected chest and the spine with the formation of deformities: the thoracic kyphosis increases, the sternoclavicular, sternocostal joints are deformed.

Recently, the number of asymptomatic forms has increased, when changes in the bones are an X-ray finding.

X-ray picture: Characterized by widespread osteoporosis, with uniform granularity, shallow miliary pattern. With its progression, the cortical layer of bones sharply becomes thinner, the X-ray pattern of the bone structure is lost, bone cysts appear, which, increasing, deform the bone, causing local swelling, protrusions (pseudo-osteoporotic form).
There are cysts with multiple bridges (such as soap bubbles). Such formations are very similar to giant cell tumors - osteoblastomas. Histological examination reveals giant cell or fibroreticular tissue, sometimes impregnated with hemosiderin ("brown" tumors). The likelihood of hyperparathyroidism should always be borne in mind when making a diagnosis - osteoblastoma. To exclude it, it is necessary to conduct an x-ray examination of the skeleton and determine the level of calcium and parathyroid hormone in the blood. Localization of the lesion can also help: with hyperparathyroidism, a "brown" tumor usually develops in the diaphysis of long tubular bones, in the ribs, lower jaw, and skull bones.

Whereas the detection of giant cells at the distal end of the bone near the knee joint in 20-30 year old patients speaks in favor of osteoclastoma.

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe cranial vault against the background of osteoporosis, there are sometimes areas of restructuring with spotted sclerosis ("pagetoid type").

The characteristic localization of pathological fractures is tubular bones, ribs, vertebrae.

Arthropathy in hyperparathyroidism is a consequence of damage to the subchondral bone. Cystal remodeling of the epiphyses resembles changes in osteoarthritis. The phenomena of subperiosteal resorption of bone substance are very characteristic, most often in the terminal phalanges of the hands, less often in the region of the acromial end of the clavicle, the upper edges of the ribs.

The process of bone remodeling leads to the formation of foci of calcification in the cartilage, which is the cause of varus or valgus deformities of the limbs. Very often, with this disease, the phenomena of chondrocalcinosis (pyrophosphate arthropathy) are found, with the development of acute pseudogoutic attacks.

On radiographs in the projection of the joint space, shadows of chondrocalcinosis are revealed, repeating the contour of the articular surface of the bone.

Myopathy develops in all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Clinically, it is manifested by myalgias, progressive muscle weakness. The proximal muscle groups are more affected, especially the lower limbs. Difficulties arise when walking, patients stumble, fall, have difficulty getting into transport. Develops a "duck gait" and looseness in the joints, flat feet are formed due to muscle relaxation. The phenomena of muscle hypotension are caused by a decrease in neuromuscular excitability due to hypercalcemia. Patients, due to severe weakness, are sometimes bedridden even before the appearance of pathological fractures. This muscle symptomatology requires differential. d for DBST, first of all - polymyalgia rheumatica and dermatomyositis.

Diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism is carried out in two stages: 1) Detection of hypercalcemia (proven normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism is rare); 2) Exclusion of other causes of hypercalcemia such as multiple myeloma, sarcoidosis, vitamin D overdose, metastases of malignant tumors, etc.

In contrast to other conditions accompanied by hypercalcemia, in primary hyperparathyroidism, a high concentration of chlorides and a low level of bicarbonates in plasma are detected, as well as an increased or normal level of parathyroid hormone. With hypercalcemia of another genesis, the ratio of chlorides and bicarbonates is reversed, and the level of parathyroid hormone is always reduced.

With normal serum calcium in patients with hyperparathyroidism, administration of hypothiazide at a dose of 1 g per day leads to an increase in calcium, while in healthy individuals this does not happen.

The appointment of hydrocortisone (100-200 mg / day -10 days) or NSAIDs does not lead to a change in the calcium level in patients with hyperparathyroidism, but in sarcoidosis, myeloma, vitamin D overdose, metastases
hypercalcemia is reduced.

In the presence of clinical and laboratory data for primary hyperparathyroidism, an active search for adenoma of the parathyroid glands using computed tomography, NMR is necessary. Surgical removal of the tumor leads to the disappearance of clinical symptoms and the reverse development of bone changes. From conservative methods of treatment, it is possible to prescribe non-thiazide diuretics (furosemide, etc.). Shown are preparations of calcitonin, in particular - \\ "Myocalcic \\", which is prescribed at 5-10 IU per kg of body weight per day in / m or 100-200 IU per day in the form of a nasal spray.

The defeat of the musculoskeletal system in diseases of the pituitary gland.

Acromegaly. The disease is relatively rare. It is based on increased synthesis of growth hormone (STH), usually due to pituitary adenoma. Growth hormone enhances the proliferation of cartilage and bone. Growth of hands, feet, and lower jaw is observed. Several syndromes are distinguished in the clinical picture:

1. articular (acromegalic osteoarthropathy);
2. neurological (temporal hemianopsia);
3. metabolic (hyperglycemia, hyperphosphatemia).

Arthropathy is manifested by symptoms of severe osteoarthritis of small and medium joints with unusual crepitus during movement. Radiographs reveal pronounced periosteal formations of bone tissue, alternating with foci of osteoporosis. Unlike inflammatory arthropathies, with externally deformed joints, the joint spaces are not changed, and sometimes they can even expand. With acromegalic arthropathy, there is never ankylosis, often hypermobility.

Enlarged bursae, cartilage proliferation, and periarticular thickening can simulate the presence of joint effusion.

Chondrocalcinosis is not uncommon. Often found with -m carpal tunnel.

The characteristic lesion of the spine in acromegaly is described as Erdheim's spondylosis. It is characterized by a highly located cervicothoracic kyphosis with compensatory lumbar lordosis. Pain syndrome, as a rule, is not expressed, range of motion is preserved. On radiographs - the expansion of the vertebral bodies, the concavity of the vertebral bodies, on the profile pictures there is a picture of a continuous strip along the anterior edge of the vertebrae.

Similar changes are observed in senile ankylosing hyperostosis. Sometimes you have to carry out a differential. diagnosis with ankylosing spondylitis. Diagnosis is usually not difficult, given the characteristic appearance of such patients.

Treatment consists of surgically removing the pituitary adenoma or using radiation therapy. From medications, dopamine antagonists (1-dopa, parlodel) are used. If it is possible to reduce the concentration of somatostatin, then the clinical manifestations of acromegaly, including changes in the joints, bones, undergo a reverse development.

Literature:

1. P.A. Revell \\ "Bone pathology \\" - M. \\ "Medicine \\" 1993;
2. H.L.F. Carrey \\ "Clinical Rheumatology \\" - M. \\ "Medicine \\" 1990;
3. V.A. Nasonova \\ "Clinical Rheumatology \\" - M. \\ "Medicine \\" 1989;
4. F.I. Komarov \\ "Diagnostics and treatment of internal diseases \\" - M. \\ "Medicine \\" - 1991;
5. IN Shutsyan \\ "Clinic and treatment of rheumatic diseases \\" - Bucharest 1988;
6. R. Nestor \\ "Diagnosis of rheumatic diseases \\" - Bucharest 1975

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Injury to the knee meniscus, according to official statistics, occupies one of the leading places among injuries of the joint of the same name.

Most often, it is a consequence of a fall on the straightened lower limbs or other sports injury, as well as a degenerative process that has arisen against the background of repeated damage to cartilage tissue, metabolic disorders, rheumatism, and chronic intoxication.

Symptoms and treatment of injuries of the knee meniscus have their own characteristic features, therefore, they need a thorough diagnosis and a professional approach. Only competent therapy of the disease will allow a person to completely restore a sore knee without serious consequences for its normal functioning.

Causes of damage

As you know, menisci are a paired organ consisting of cartilage cells and located in the cavity of the bone articulation. They are designed to provide protection and additional cushioning during movements, as well as to reduce excess mobility and reduce the intensity of friction in it.

The main cause of damage to the meniscus is an unexpected, sharp blow to the calyx with a slip, a fall in this area on steps or other ribbed surface, which are accompanied by a sudden turn of the lower leg outward, as well as inward.

The pathological condition is often diagnosed in representatives of sports professions, in particular, football players.

Such damage often affects persons who spend a lot of time standing.

A rupture or partial tear of the cartilaginous lining is sometimes the result of its degenerative degeneration, provoked by a number of factors, including:

• chronic intoxication;
• rheumatoid process;
• frequent microtrauma of the menisci;
• gouty affection of the knee joint.

Degenerative damage to the meniscus is a long process. As it progresses, the person's articular surfaces are slowly eroded, and the functioning of the knee joint is disrupted. Such changes without adequate therapy lead to inevitable disability and a complete loss of the ability to perform full movements in the joint.

Classification of the disease

The choice of tactics for further treatment of the disease depends on the severity of the disorders.

Modern traumatologists decide on the appropriateness of using a particular type of therapy, based on the classification of meniscus damage according to Stoller.

According to this classification, there are four main degrees of pathological changes in the cartilage tissue of the knee:

• 0 degree - the absence of any changes, indicating the normal state of the menisci;
• 1 degree - the presence of a local focal signal with increased intensity without reaching the surface of the cartilaginous structure;
• 2 degree - the presence of a linear horizontal signal of increased intensity with a partial violation of the integrity of the cartilage, which also does not reach its surface (damage to the meniscus of the 2 degree according to Stoller does not imply a violation of its general anatomical structure);
• Grade 3 - the presence of a linear signal with a high level of intensity reaching the surface of the cartilage (Grade 3 meniscus damage according to Stoller is also characterized by complete detachment of the cartilaginous lining or its partial displacement relative to the normal location).

Depending on the damage to the anatomical structures, the following types of meniscus damage are distinguished in traumatology:

• detachment at the site of attachment, namely in the region of the anterior or posterior horn, as well as the body located directly near the joint capsule;
• rupture of the inner part of the body, which is located away from the capsule of the knee joint;
• a combination of pericapsular detachment and internal rupture of the cartilaginous plate;
• chondropathy of the meniscus caused by its degeneration;
• cystic transformation of the cartilage tissue of the meniscus.

In medical practice, there are also longitudinal and transverse injuries, complete and incomplete tears, flap-like and fragmented meniscus tears.

Features of the clinical picture

On initial stages diseases symptoms of damage to the meniscus of the knee joint are very similar to the signs of other ailments of the specified anatomical structure.

As the reactive inflammatory manifestations subside, other pathological signs begin to come to the fore, more accurately characterizing the nature of the disease:

• severe diffuse pain in the knee area;
• enlargement of the joint in size;
• increase in local temperature;
• violation of trophism of muscle tissue in the affected area;
• the inability to play sports due to the appearance of sharp pain sensations;
• difficulty climbing or descending stairs
• the appearance of a characteristic click when bending the knee joint.

You will learn more about how to determine damage to the meniscus from the video:

Signs of damage to the knee meniscus are rarely specific and can also be observed with bruises of the joint, arthritic changes and sprains.

In this regard, the disease needs a thorough diagnosis, which will allow to establish the true nature of the disorders and help determine their degree.

Diagnostic highlights

How to identify damage to the meniscus? Currently, there are many instrumental techniques to confirm such a diagnosis.

In the process of diagnosing a disease, doctors prescribe the following examinations to the patient:

• MRI, which allows you to accurately determine the localization of the pathological process, its severity and the presence of complications;
• x-ray examination of the knee joint in several projections, which is relatively informative;
• ultrasound diagnostics with tissue visualization, which allows you to determine the signs of the inflammatory process and assess the amount of synovial fluid;
• arthroscopy, which makes it possible not only to diagnose violations, but also to correct them.

Read more about hardware methods for diagnosing joint pathologies in this article ...

Modern approach to treatment

How is a meniscus injury treated? Pathology is one of the ailments that require an integrated approach to therapy. Before treating damage to the menisci of the knee joint, the doctor prescribes a series of studies for the patient aimed at diagnosing the disease itself and its severity.

1st degree

Treatment of injuries of the meniscus of the knee joint of the 1st degree is carried out conservatively.
In this case, only medicinal products are used, including:

• chondroprotectors to stimulate the restoration of cartilage tissue and improve intra-articular metabolism;
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
• pain relievers.

During the period of subsiding of the general clinical symptoms, patients are recommended physiotherapeutic treatment using electrophoresis, UHF therapy, electric current, as well as spa treatment, which significantly shortens the period of rehabilitation after illness.

2nd degree

Degenerative changes in the functionality of the cartilage of the 2nd degree do not require surgical correction. Treatment of injuries of the knee joint meniscus without surgery is performed by prescribing intra-articular injections to the patient, as well as drugs from the group of chondroprotectors, NSAIDs, drugs that promote rapid regeneration of cartilage tissue.

With the traumatic nature of the development of disorders, sick people are shown arthroscopic surgery, after which a course of antibiotics and restorative drugs is recommended.

Grade 3

After the establishment of the 3rd degree of the disease, the patient must undergo an operation with the removal of part of the meniscus and its prosthetics. More often, similar therapeutic measures are used in relation to damage to the internal meniscus of the knee joint.

Other indications for surgical treatment of injuries of the medial meniscus of the knee joint are:

• displacement of the meniscus or its rupture;
• complete separation of the body of the cartilaginous structure together with the horns;
• hemorrhage in the joint cavity.

Thanks to modern equipment, doctors manage to save even a completely torn meniscus.

Naturally, this is facilitated by young age and the absence of gross metabolic disorders.

It is important to remember that the complete restoration of the function of the damaged cartilage depends on a number of factors, including timely seeking medical help, competent and comprehensive diagnostics, as well as adequate treatment, maximally aimed at preserving the anatomical integrity of the joint.

Hyperarthrosis: symptoms and treatment of knee joints

Hypertarthrosis means a disease in the form of progressive destruction of articular cartilage.

This disease provokes the appearance of pain, restricts mobility and often leads to complete immobility of the joints.

The causes of the disease

Articular cartilage is destroyed due to excessive stress and lack of natural lubrication in the joints. Slipping worsens with metabolic disorders, which leads to a lack or loss of quality of synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant.

Thus, the primary causes of the development of hyperarthrosis are:

• Metabolic disorders in the body;
• Violation of the circulatory system, as a result of which the nutrition of the joint tissues worsens;
• Decrease in collagen production with insufficient liver function;
• Decreased blood circulation in the knees, ankles and other joints with impaired renal function;
• The presence of inflammatory processes in the joints.

Disease types

The problem can spread to different parts of the body. The most common form is arthrosis of the knee joints, which manifests itself in the form of pain and crunching when moving up the stairs. With the development of the disease, pain and stiffness increase.

The second most common is arthrosis of the hip joint, which is accompanied by pain and crunching in the joints, lameness, and shortening of the lower limb.

Arthrosis of the 1st degree of the shoulder joint is characterized by pain in the shoulder area, which can be aggravated by lifting, pushing behind the back and other hand movements. If treatment is not started on time, the disease can lead to disability, and the patient will not be able to fully serve himself in a domestic environment.

Also, the disease has several stages, depending on the severity of the disease.

1. The first stage of the disease manifests itself in the form of pain during movement. If the patient is at rest, the pain syndrome gradually disappears.
2. In the second stage of the disease, the patient experiences more persistent and intense joint pain, which usually does not disappear even after prolonged rest.
3. The third stage is characterized by significant destruction of the hyaline cartilage, which causes limitation of movement and complete loss of joint mobility.

Treatment of the disease

Treatment of joints can be effective if the disease is diagnosed in time and the necessary measures are taken immediately to eliminate the symptoms. On early stage therapy is primarily aimed at eliminating the causes of the onset of the disease, eliminating inflammatory processes and restoring previously lost functions.

It is important that the treatment is comprehensive and regular. The doctor prescribes the use of medicinal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs. Also, the patient is directed to physiotherapy procedures that help get rid of pain and stop inflammation. Additionally, we recommend spa treatment with mineral waters and mud therapy.

During treatment, the patient must follow certain rules so that the joints heal faster.

• It is necessary to avoid excessive stress on the affected joints, and during the period of treatment it is best to completely abandon heavy physical activity.
• The patient must follow a specific regimen that is prescribed by the doctor.
• Every day you should devote time to physical therapy.
• The complex of treatment should include visiting laser and shock wave therapy, electrotherapy, magnetotherapy.
• Once a year, you need to undergo a course of treatment in a sanatorium-resort institution.
• It is important to regularly administer intra-articular oxygen therapy so that the joints receive the required oxygen dosage.
• The main method of treatment is the reception drugsprescribed by a doctor.
• Additionally, it is recommended to carry out intraosseous blockade and decompression of the metaepiphysis.
• During treatment, it is required to follow a certain therapeutic diet and rationally approach the issues of proper nutrition.

Use of medicines

Diseases of any stage are treated primarily with anti-inflammatory drugs, which can slow down the development of the disease and alleviate the patient's condition. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs relieve pain and eliminate inflammation in the joints.

Injections that are administered intravenously or intramuscularly have the greatest effect. Also, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are available in the form of ointments, but they are not able to be completely absorbed, for this reason they are used only in emergency cases to quickly and temporarily relieve symptoms.

With an exacerbation of the disease, the doctor prescribes the use of hormonal corticosteroids, which are injected into the joint cavity. Among the most famous such drugs are Diprospan injection and Hydrocortisone. Additionally, to alleviate the condition, special pepper patches, ointments or tinctures are used.

Chondroprotectors allow restoring cartilage tissue and improving the quality of synovial fluid. The most famous and common drug is Don, which contains glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. These substances not only relieve the symptoms of the disease, but also slow down the development of the disease. As a result, the patient feels much better without the need for surgery temporarily.

Diacerein is used to stop the destruction of cartilage tissue. However, this method of treatment requires regularity and duration. The first positive results from therapy can be seen only two to three weeks after starting to use the drug.

Additional treatments

1. To consolidate the result and accelerate recovery, it is important to use physiotherapy, which increases the effectiveness of treatment and prolongs the therapeutic effect for as long as possible. The doctor can prescribe manual therapy, applications, shock wave therapy.
2. Therapeutic acupressure and acupuncture increase the supply of blood to the joint tissues. Moxibustion is also a popular method, which heats up the joint tissues and provides blood flow to the affected joints. This method allows you to get rid of pain, improves metabolism. The treatment uses the effect on biologically active points with the help of a wormwood cigar and smoldering cones.
3. Due to the effect on the joints, the area of \u200b\u200bthe liver and kidneys, an additional therapeutic effect is provided. Improved kidney function enables the microcirculation of blood in the lower extremities to be activated, which promotes an early recovery. When exposed to the liver, an increased production of collagen occurs - this substance is necessary for the full functioning of the joint tissues. By activating the production of collagen, the healing process of the affected joints is accelerated.

The role of physical activity in hyperarthrosis

A joint is a movable joint of bones. The area where the joints touch each other is covered with cartilage. Cartilage, in turn, allows bones to glide smoothly and acts as a shock absorber, relieving pressure on joints during movement. Due to these features, healthy joints are able to withstand significant stress.

During the disease, the cartilage tissue is gradually destroyed, the synovial fluid loses its quality. If the joints are not relieved of stress in time, the disease progresses rapidly. In this regard, the first thing doctors recommend during treatment is to abandon any increased physical activity.

During the treatment period, one should not lift weights, run, jump, squat and be in a bent position for a long time. Additionally, it is recommended to use a cane while walking.

However, this does not mean that the patient should completely abandon any movement. On the contrary, in order for the damaged cartilage to receive increased nutrition, certain physical activity is required. Only in this case, the lesion can be fully supplied with blood.

In this regard, it is necessary to do special therapeutic exercises every day, walk regularly, and visit the pool. You need to spend about 40 minutes on physical activity per day.

It is important to bear in mind that exercise can only be done during remission, when the disease subsides.

Maintaining the correct weight

With hyperarthrosis, overweight patients are advised to lose weight. Excess weight causes additional stress on the joints, not only at the time of movement, but also at rest. In this regard, the risk of disease progression increases.

You need to lose weight at a gradual pace, without the use of rigid diets and hunger strikes. As you know, during the fasting period, the body is left without certain nutrients that are necessary for cartilage tissues, so the cells are not able to recover.

It is better to start losing body weight with the rejection of sweet, starchy and fatty foods. In particular, sausages are considered high-calorie products, but they are not among the most nutritious.

It is important to include in the diet an increased amount of vegetables and oily fish, which contain the omega acids necessary for cartilage tissue. You should also eat dairy products, as the calcium included in them helps to strengthen bones and improve the condition of the joints.

It is necessary to follow a fractional diet - eat often and in small portions, while avoiding starvation. This method allows you to reduce the daily calorie level by 15 percent.

Timely seeking medical attention

It is possible to completely get rid of the symptoms of the disease only if the ailment was diagnosed at the initial stage. In the event that the cartilaginous tissue begins to deteriorate, only surgical intervention in the form of endoprosthetics can help. Replacing the affected joint with a prosthesis requires long-term rehabilitation and can have a variety of side effects.

At the same time, not everyone is allowed to carry out the operation, so, with excess weight or in old age, endoprosthetics is contraindicated. Therefore, it is important not to start the disease and seek medical help at the first suspicious symptoms. For example, if the patient feels pain in the joints in the evening, after exercise or work, and after rest, the pain disappears. You should also be wary if you feel stiffness in movements in the morning, which disappears after a while.

In this case, treatment should be aimed not only at emergency relief from pain with the help of anesthetic drugs, ointments and compresses. Despite the fact that after a while the patient forgets about the disease after getting rid of the symptoms, the process of destruction of cartilage tissue continues.

Therefore, the main task is to stop inflammation and destruction. For this purpose, chondroprotectors are used, which provide nourishment to the cartilage, moisturize and strengthen them, which Elena Malysheva will tell about in the video in this article.

Pain in the legs becomes unbearable for a person; it can be stopped by injections in the knee joint with arthrosis. Although modern medicine has made great strides in recent years, the disease affects a large number of people in Russia and the world.

Irreversible and slowly progressive degenerative-dystrophic damage to the structures of the knee joint, during which the joint is completely destroyed, deformed or loses functionality, is called gonarthrosis.

At risk are not only the elderly, but even those who are 20-30 years old. It is impossible to get rid of gonarthrosis. It is impossible to restore the cartilage inside the joint. But with proper treatment, the pathology stops developing at stages 1-2.

If you do not prevent its development, then the pain torments constantly and becomes unbearable, the joint loses its functions in full, which can be restored only with the help of knee arthroplasty. Injections from arthrosis of the knee joint help to eliminate pain.

When to inject

Injections are made not only in the presence of arthritic manifestations in a person. They are used if arthritic, adhesive-capsulite or synovitis develops, the joint is affected due to injury and for other reasons.

With the development of manifestations of arthrosis with actively expressed pain and inflammation, a variety of injections into the knee help. Effective relief of the patient's suffering occurs literally in 3-4 days.

Surgical intervention can be prevented with intramuscular injections. Treatment of the affected joints should be carried out immediately when the first signs of the disease appear. And only when it becomes clear that an ailment is developing, intra-articular injections are used for arthrosis. These activities contribute to the complete cure of problems.

Positive sides of injections

Injections for arthrosis of the knee joint have a number of advantages over other means of healing:

• the effect of the drug begins immediately after the procedure;
• if the drug is injected into the area of \u200b\u200binflammation, then the development of the disease is eliminated faster than with the introduction of drugs intramuscularly;
• the action of the drug occurs in the focal zone, while no side effects develop, a small amount of a medicine is needed in order to achieve a therapeutic effect after administration.

Elimination of arthritic disease should be carried out in conjunction with physical therapy and physiotherapy measures, diet, medications and many others. But if they do not help, then a blockade of the knee joint is necessary for arthrosis.

How are injections performed

Doctors prescribe ultrasound control for arthrocentesis of the knee-articular region (experts gave this name to the puncture). But research is possible without it. A professional visually monitors the procedure if a puncture is given, which greatly helps to reduce the risk of developing an inflammatory process. If the puncture is not carried out, then the doctor performs a variety of blind manipulations, according to his feelings and experience.

Arthrocentesis measures are performed in the operating room by qualified medical personnel. It is imperative to carry out the procedure stationary, in sterile conditions. The patient should lie on his back, while the knees are straightened and relaxed. They should lie on a small roller. This is necessary to relax the muscle section and fix the leg in the desired position.

Antiseptic solutions help in thoroughly cleaning the site where the knee will be injected. Local anesthesia is performed by a specialist, lidocaine or another drug is injected into the soft tissue area of \u200b\u200bthe knee.

The puncture is performed using a syringe with a long and thin needle. An ultrasound scan helps the specialist to determine the place where the puncture will be made. But the doctor can do the procedure without the help of special equipment.

The puncture site is selected by a specialist after an ultrasound examination. Most often, the doctor pierces the side of the patella. The puncture is shown here, since the joint is closest to the surface of the skin, which means that the needle can easily enter the muscle area, cartilage discs, ligaments and tendons. When the needle enters the joints, a characteristic dip is felt, which can be seen on the monitor of the ultrasound machine.

The specialist then removes the fluid in the knee, making room for the medication to be administered. If necessary, the articular cavity is washed with antiseptic or antibacterial solutions, and then the administration of the required dosage of the medication is shown.

After the injection of medications, the needle is slowly removed, and the place where the injection was made is subject to treatment with antiseptic drugs, followed by the imposition of a sterile bandage.

To reduce the risk of infection of the articular cavity during the procedure, before inserting the needle, the specialist should move the skin over the puncture. When the needle is removed, the skin is pulled down and back into place.

If injections into the knee joint take place in this way, the wound is covered with intact skin. This must be done so that infections do not directly get into the joints of the knees, and arthritic disease does not develop.

Contraindications to the procedure

It is often possible to develop unpleasant consequences for human health, sometimes leading to death, so it is worth knowing who is contraindicated in injections for arthrosis. This will help prevent the development of the disease and help to cope with the disease without problems. Injection knee block is contraindicated:

• in case of problems with the patient's blood clotting, since after the procedure a large amount of it can be lost;
• if the skin is broken or there is a rash in the area where the puncture was supposed to be done;
• when a fever occurs, regardless of the reasons for its development;
• if the patient is in serious condition;
• at the decompensation stage of psychosomatic dysfunction;
• with mental problems;
• children under 16 years of age;
• when taking medications that thin the blood;
• patients with diabetes mellitus;
• patients with arterial hypertension.

Sometimes, after an injection is made in a joint with arthrosis, some complications may occur, including:

• the introduction of infection with the subsequent development of a purulent-arthritic ailment;
• if the vascular region is damaged, blood can flow, as well as hemarthrosis develop;
• the development of allergic reactions and some others.

What injections are given - this question interests many patients, so you need to dwell on it in more detail.

Corticosteroid treatment

To eliminate inflammation in the knee-articular region, injections into the knee joint are shown, carried out with the help of corticosteroid drugs, including Diprospan, Kenalog, Flosteron, Celeston. Such medications have a number of advantages. After applying them:

• the inflammatory process is effectively and quickly eliminated;
• painful sensations and puffiness disappear;
• the amplitude of the motor function in full increases in a short period of time.

But such injections for arthrosis of the knee joint are given only with an exacerbation of the disease, expressed by an inflammatory process with reactive synovitis. These drugs are used in combination with other treatments.

It is worth adhering to some rules when administering corticosteroids:

1. Injections from gonarthrosis inside the same joint are given after a 2-week interval.
2. If 1 procedure is ineffective, do not re-injections for arthrosis.
3. Course admission is 1-5 procedures. It is not worth increasing the amount, as side effects may develop.

Before using corticosteroids, it is worth consulting with a specialist in order to avoid a variety of health consequences.

Treatment with chondroprotective drugs

Chondroprotectors are medicines containing chondroitin sulfate and / or glucosamine that help restore cartilage tissue. Drugs are prescribed in the modern world by many specialists, and patients leave only positive reviews after injections.

Medicines should be used outside the inflammatory process. And injections with these funds help slow the progression of arthrosis. Today there are a lot of chondroprotectors, but the most popular are injections with: Don, Hondrolon, Alflutop, Rumalon, Hondrogard. Usually, these drugs are used at the initial stage of arthritic disease.

Hyaluronic acid treatment

Hyaluronic acid is most effective in eliminating arthritic manifestations. In the modern world, this tool is used as an innovative technique, as it is used only for a 5-7-year period. Hyaluronic acid is called a “liquid prosthesis” because when injected, it replaces the liquid intra-articular medium that nourishes and protects cartilage, reduces friction between 2 joints and helps slow down the destructive process in the knee region.

With a hyaluronic injection into the knee joint, the amortization of the cartilaginous tissue is restored, which means that the person stops feeling pain, the range of motion returns, and partially knee functionality.

To solve problems, preparations containing hyaluronic acid help well, the most popular of which are injections with Synvisc, Giastat, Fermatron, Ostenil, Sinokrom, Viscosil, Suplazin, Adant. The course of treatment should not exceed a 2-week period, but repetition of such injections in the knees should be carried out no more often than after a one and a half year interval.

Treatment with "gas" injections

An innovative method in modern medicine is carboxytherapy. Carbon dioxide is injected into the joint through a special injection-pistol device. But it is necessary to strictly monitor the content of its level, since an excess amount is regarded as a lack of oxygen level.

With the introduction of the drug, the blood flow becomes active, the delivery of oxygen to the cellular structures increases, which means that the nutrition of the cells improves and the metabolism occurs quickly. The removal of carbon dioxide occurs with the blood.

Before a variety of injections for arthritic manifestations, you should consult with a specialist by contacting a hospital.

This will not only help prevent the development of arthrosis, but also save you from unpleasant consequences for human health during self-treatment.

Muscle and joint pain in thyroid diseases

Hypothyroidism, like hyperthyroidism, is a condition that affects skeletal muscle, causing pain in both the muscles and joints.

What happens in case of hypothyroidism (thyroid hormone deficiency)?

Most often, muscle and joint pain induced by hypothyroidism is the result of inflammation in the muscles with compression of nerve endings, which leads to the following symptoms:

• general weakness
• pain, cramps, and muscle stiffness;
• pain and stiffness in the joints;
• carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Pain, tingling, weakness, numbness in the hand, fingers, or forearm. This is due to inflammation of the muscles that compress the nerves in the forearm.
• tarsal tunnel syndrome, similar to carpal tunnel syndrome with pain, tingling, burning, and discomfort in the lower leg, extending to the toes.
• Frozen shoulder.

What happens if you have hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid hormone)?

In the case of hyperthyroidism, muscle weakness and fatigue develop, known as hyperthyroid myopathy. People lose muscle tone and strength, a process called muscle atrophy. For hyperthyroidism, muscle pain is not specific. Other symptoms include:

• difficulty climbing stairs
• difficulty gripping objects with your hands
• difficulty raising your arms above your head.

In some cases, muscles involved in swallowing are affected, resulting in hoarseness or difficulty swallowing.

If the pain persists.

These symptoms usually resolve with adequate treatment for thyroid disease. But if, after treatment, muscle and joint pain persists, then you should look for answers to the following questions: Stay close to us on facebook:

1. Is the regimen prescribed by the doctor fully followed? Thyroid hormones should be taken in the morning 1.5-2 hours before breakfast to maximize absorption and better compensate for hypothyroidism.
2. If you are suffering from hypothyroidism, are you getting enough, correct, and appropriate treatment? Sometimes it is necessary to take simultaneously medicines containing T3 hormones.
3. If the response to the treatment of thyroid pathology is satisfactory, but pain persists in the muscles and joints, then is it necessary to consult a rheumatologist or neurologist? Yes, a rheumatologist and neurologist will be able to exclude other diseases that also occur with muscle and joint pain.
4. Should alternative pain management be applied? Yes, some patients with chronic joint and muscle pain associated with thyroid disease have been successfully treated with alternative pain treatments with a variety of treatments such as massage, acupuncture and myofascial therapy.

Hypothyroidism is a silent thief who steals life. Symptoms, treatment of hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism (myxedema) - a disease caused by insufficient supply of organs with thyroid hormones. With hypothyroidism, practically nothing hurts, but life passes by: nothing pleases, the quality of life of patients with hypothyroidism leaves much to be desired. Patients with hypothyroidism often suffer from depressive conditions and often themselves cannot understand what is happening to them.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is more common in women. Many people attribute the symptoms of hypothyroidism to fatigue, overwork, to some other disease or current pregnancy, so hypothyroidism is rarely detected immediately. Only a sharp severity of symptoms and the rapid development of hypothyroidism make it possible to diagnose it on time. Subclinical hypothyroidism often remains unrecognized for a long time. The test with thyroliberin will reveal the latent forms of primary hypothyroidism.

How to suspect hypothyroidism

With hypothyroidism, they are worried for a long time:

• Drowsiness (patients with hypothyroidism can sleep 12 hours a day for several days in a row). With hypothyroidism, daytime sleepiness suffers.
• Chilliness without any colds, decreased body temperature, increased sweating.
• Decreased immunity, frequent colds, including infectious diseases (for example, sore throats ).
• General lethargy, seizures laziness with hypothyroidism is not uncommon.
• Emotional lability: irritability, tearfulness.
• Decreased memory and performance, fatigue.
• Difficulty perceiving new information.
• Decreased reaction speed, slowing reflexes.
• Swelling of the face and extremities (unlike other edema in hypothyroidism, a fossa does not remain when pressing on the anterior surface of the lower leg).
• Pallor of the skin, possibly with a yellowish tinge.
• Dull eyes, brittleness and hair loss .
• A tendency to hypotension (low blood pressure).
• Thickening of the tongue, imprints of teeth along its edges (a symptom typical not only for hypothyroidism, but also for diseases of the pancreas).
• Abnormal gastric motility (gastrostasis). At the same time, gastric emptying slows down, belching, a feeling of heaviness in the stomach area worries.
• Feeling of a lump in the throat and discomfort in the neck (symptom optional).
• Palpitations or slow heartbeats, pain in the region of the heart.
• Unexplained weight gain despite not being in excess of your daily calorie intake. Hypothyroidism causes a sharp slowdown in metabolism, losing weight with hypothyroidism becomes problematic, but it is possible if you follow the doctor's prescriptions and the following recommendation .
• Elevated blood cholesterol levels can trigger the development of atherosclerosis.
• Sometimes patients with hypothyroidism are concerned about arthralgia (joint pain).

The severity of symptoms of hypothyroidism depends on the degree of thyroid insufficiency, individual characteristics organism.

In the presence of concomitant diseases, the clinic of hypothyroidism is supplemented with additional symptoms.

Is there a link between hypothyroidism and breast cancer?

Hypothyroidism, like others chronic diseases, increases the risk of developing breast cancer ... Women after forty years old must do mammography of the mammary glands in two projections every year in order to catch the disease at the very beginning and start treatment on time. After 50 years, mammography is performed once every six months, even if the woman is not worried about anything, and she does not suffer from hypothyroidism.

How is hypothyroidism during pregnancy?

During pregnancy, symptoms of hypothyroidism may worsen.

In the absence of treatment or improper treatment of hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism (myxedema) coma may develop. Mortality (mortality) at which reaches 80% in the absence of adequate treatment.

Congenital hypothyroidism in children is especially dangerous, it should be recognized and treated as early as possible, and even better - to reveal latent hypothyroidism in preparation for pregnancy in order to give birth healthy child .

Causes of hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is distinguished between primary and secondary.

1. Primary hypothyroidism develops against the background of the pathology of the thyroid gland itself:

• With congenital anomalies or surgical removal of the thyroid gland
• For inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis)
• In case of damage of an autoimmune nature or after administration of radioactive iodine
• With nodular or endemic goiter
• Chronic infections in the body
• With a lack of iodine in the environment
• In the treatment of thyreostatics (Mercazolil is the active substance Tiamazol).
• When eating foods and drugs that inhibit the function of the thyroid gland (for example, rutabagas, cabbage, turnips, salicylates and sulfa drugs, thyme herb with prolonged use).

Primary autoimmune hypothyroidism can be associated with adrenal, parathyroid, and pancreatic insufficiency. With hypothyroidism, iron deficiency anemia often develops. A combination of hypothyroidism, lactorrhea (as a result of hyperprolactinemia) and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) is possible.

1. Secondary and tertiary (central) hypothyroidism is caused by dysfunction of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus.
2. With tissue resistance to thyroid hormones, inactivation of T3 circulating in the blood (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine ) or TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone ) peripheral hypothyroidism occurs. Symptoms of hypothyroidism often occur with elevated levels of cortisol and estrogen , the latter stimulate the production of thyroxine-binding globulin (TSH) in the liver, and can weaken the effects of thyroid hormones.

Hypothyroidism treatment

After the examination of the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine prescribed by an endocrinologist, according to indications replacement therapy of hypothyroidism with synthetic thyroid hormones is performed. The dosage of levothyroxine or Eutirox for the treatment of hypothyroidism is determined only by a doctor. In the absence of cardiac pathology, during pregnancy, the patient is under 50 years of age, to achieve the euthyroid state, a full replacement dose is prescribed (without a gradual increase). In case of secondary hypothyroidism, the therapy of the existing insufficiency of the adrenal cortex must be carried out even before the appointment of L-thyroxine in order to prevent the development of acute adrenal insufficiency.

If the recommendations for taking the drug are not followed, it is difficult to achieve full compensation. This is aggravated by the fact that patients with hypothyroidism are often in a state of depression, do not listen to what they are told, and miss a medication. Therefore, the treatment of hypothyroidism should be comprehensive, including the correction of the patient's psychological state.

In hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency, Endonorm is effective (contains organic iodine). There are contraindications to the use of Endonorm, consult a doctor.

The method of computer reflexology and acupuncture (a type of reflexology), carried out by competent specialists, helps well with hypothyroidism. But on condition that hypothyroidism is not caused by organic damage to the thyroid tissue.

What vitamins can I drink additionally with hypothyroidism?

Diet for hypothyroidism

With hypothyroidism, it is necessary to exclude from the diet foods that inhibit the function of the thyroid gland (listed above). Soy preparations can reduce the absorption of levothyroxine, and treatment of hypothyroidism will be ineffective.

The intake of fats in hypothyroidism should also be limited, since they are poorly absorbed by tissues and can lead to the development of atherosclerosis.

Nutrition for hypothyroidism should be balanced, rich in vitamins and trace elements (especially selenium). To improve your mood, it is advisable to include in the diet foods containing tryptophan .

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Muscle and joint pain in thyroid diseases

While not yet generally known, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can cause a variety of muscle and associated joint symptoms. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause what is called myopathy, the medical term for diseases affecting skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscles are muscles connected to your bones.
An example is the skeletal biceps muscle in the upper arm or the quadriceps muscle in the thigh. Myopathies are most commonly seen in the so-called proximal muscles. These muscles, for example in the hips and shoulders, are closer to the center of the body. In myopathy caused by inflammation or a metabolic condition, such as an autoimmune thyroid disease, white blood cells (leukocytes) can attack a portion of the muscle and surrounding blood vessels, or abnormal levels of certain biochemicals build up in the muscle, ultimately leading to weakness or pain. Various thyroid conditions can also be associated with specific types of muscles and joint problems.

Muscle and joint pain in hypothyroidism.

Hypothyroidism can create a variety of muscle and associated joint symptoms. In most cases, these symptoms are associated with muscle swelling, or swelling that presses on the nerves.
Various problems include:

• General muscle weakness and pain, including cramps, and stiffness
• General joint pain, soreness, stiffness, known as "arthropathy"
• Tendinitis (inflammation of the tendons) in the arms and legs
• Carpal tunnel syndrome includes pain, tingling, weakness, soreness, or numbness in the hand, fingers, or forearm. It is due to swelling of the membranes that compress the nerve in the forearm
• Tarsal tunnel syndrome - similar to carpal tunnel syndrome, with pain, tingling, burning, and other discomfort in the lower legs, possibly extending into the toes.

Graves 'disease / Hyperthyroidism / Graves' disease.

With hyperthyroidism or Graves' disease, muscle weakness and fatigue may occur. Muscle pain is less common. Some people with hyperthyroidism actually lose muscle tone and strength, a process that can be termed "muscle atrophy."
Some common complaints include:

• Difficulty climbing stairs
• Difficulty holding or grasping objects with your hands
• It's hard to get your hands up above your head

70% of people with hyperthyroidism develop proximal muscle weakness, most commonly affecting the pelvis and thigh muscles.
In some cases, the affected muscles may be those that help you swallow, in which case you may have some hoarseness or difficulty swallowing.
The worst of all these symptoms are usually resolved with proper treatment for thyroid disease.

When muscle and joint pain does not go away with proper thyroid treatment, it is time to ask a few questions.

First of all, if you are with hypothyroidism, are you getting adequate and truly correct treatment? A deficiency in thyroid hormones, or the need for additional T3 hormones, may be necessary to manage muscle and joint pain.

Secondly, If you are receiving optimal thyroid treatment and still suffer from joint and muscle problems, should you get a referral to a rheumatologist for further evaluation and possible treatment?
A trained rheumatologist can provide a more thorough assessment for arthritis and fibromyalgia. Rheumatologists are experts in joint and muscle problems and in the treatment of arthritis, some autoimmune diseases.

Thirdly, have you been tested for fibromyalgia? Interestingly, on the subject of fibromyalgia, some practitioners are indeed convinced that fibromyalgia is actually a manifestation of hypothyroidism. Fibromyalgia is a syndrome that shows specific tender points on the body and is characterized by chronic weakness and fatigue.

Fourth, should I pay attention to alternative methods treatment? Some patients with chronic joint and muscle pain associated with their thyroid disease have had success with therapies such as massage, acupuncture, and myofascial therapy.
In terms of supplements, researchers at the US National Institutes of Health found that glucosamine and chondroitin "may have some effect on [osteoarthritis] symptoms."

Hypothyroidism: signs, causes, diagnosis

This or that disease of the thyroid gland can manifest itself by an increase in the functional activity of the gland. For their designation, the Greek terms hypo (under, below) and hyper- (above, above) thyroidism are used. The latter is often replaced by the word thyrotoxicosis. Most likely, this is due to the fact that all symptoms depend on the excess production of hormones, and not on the appearance of some toxic substances.

The main signs of decreased thyroid function are a rare pulse and an enlarged heart. The heart rate of a person with hypothyroidism is usually less than 70 beats per minute. In this case, there can be either low or high blood pressure. With a more severe course or prolonged existence of hypothyroidism, cholesterol levels are also increased, which can worsen the course of angina pectoris. Sometimes, in severe cases, weakening of the heart muscle can also occur and heart failure develop. Fortunately, this is rare and the existence of severe hypothyroidism must be long enough. Consider the changes arising from this condition.

Thyroid size

The thyroid gland is usually enlarged due to a chronic inflammatory process, especially in autoimmune thyroiditis. But sometimes, due to the pronounced process of destruction of the gland tissue, its size can decrease, and, finally, the size of the gland can be changed if the cause is a previously performed surgical intervention.

The skin can become dry and rough to the point that it begins to peel off when you scrape it. Cracks appear on the knees and elbows. The skin acquires a yellowish tint, which is due to the presence of carotene, which normally turns into vitamin A, however, this process is slowed down in hypothyroidism. Reduced heat build-up pushes the body to keep the internal organs warm, so the skin becomes cold. White spots may appear on it, which is associated with local loss of pigment (vitiligo).

The nails become more brittle, the appearance of lines is characteristic, sometimes expressed to such an extent that a manicure is simply impossible.

Hair grows dull and thinner, often dry and brittle. Because of this, you have to constantly use nourishing balms. Intense hair loss leads to baldness.

Other hair falls out: on the body, arms, legs, pubis, eyebrows, eyelashes.

Low-expression, no facial expressions, slow, slurred speech, hoarse voice

The changes are caused by swelling of the tissue and tongue and the pressure of the enlarged thyroid gland on the laryngeal nerves.

Slow growth in children

Often, a mother, wondering why her twelve-year-old child looks no more than 9 years old, brings him to a doctor who, after conducting the necessary research, finds out that the reason for everything is insufficient thyroid function.

Complaints from patients with hypothyroidism:

The patient cannot find a warm enough place and often wonders why it is always cold here. Wears warm woolen clothes even in summer. Feels more comfortable in hot weather, humid weather, and may not sweat.

Fatigue and sleepiness

The classic symptom of hypothyroidism is severe lethargy and weakness. The patient constantly wants to sleep, even if he slept 12 hours straight the night before.

Digestive problems and weight gain

Intestinal motility is impaired, leading to constipation, belching, poor appetite and heartburn. This occurs due to the fact that the eaten food passes through the stomach slowly, and hydrochloric acid is thrown into the esophagus.

Pain, stiffness in joints and muscles

Often with hypothyroidism, cramps and muscle pain are noted. They are so strong that they do not allow sleep at night, and the patient sometimes thinks that he has a joint disease. Please note that not all phenomena disappear after the elimination of hypothyroidism.

Often there is a violation of muscle coordination and the patient feels so constrained that he cannot even perform the simplest movements.

Malfunction of the menstrual cycle, discharge from the nipples of colostrum

Your periods become more abundant and more frequent than normal. Hypothyroidism can cause an increase in the production of prolactin, which is responsible for the production of human milk.

The reasons for the development of hypothyroidism

They are numerous, and most often it is an autoimmune thyroid disorder known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, in which cells are destroyed by the patient's lymphocytes and antibodies that appear in his blood.

Treatment of hyperthyroidism can also lead to an unnecessary decrease in thyroid function. This is especially often observed after treatment of diffuse toxic goiter with radioactive iodine. External irradiation of the head and neck with radio or X-ray therapy can lead to the same result.

Hypothyroidism develops after surgical interventionswhen all or a significant part of the thyroid gland is removed.

Sometimes a child is born without a thyroid gland, and then congenital hypothyroidism occurs, which is noted in 10% of cases.

Finally, hypothyroidism can develop as a result of a disease of the pituitary gland, a gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones.

But even in the absence of such extreme factors, a decrease in thyroid function may occur. Many common foods can cause hypothyroidism if consumed in significant amounts, especially in an iodine deficient setting. These foods are called "goobogens" because, along with hypothyroidism, they cause an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Their action lies in the fact that they block the transition of thyroxine (T4) to a more active handicap - triiodothyronine (T3). The most common of these products are: cabbage, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts, turnips, corn, almonds.

Hypothyroidism can also be caused by taking certain medications, the mechanism of action of which corresponds to that described above for food.

These medicines include:

• steroids such as prednisone;
• amiodarone, a medicine used for heart disease;
• antithyroid drugs such as mercazolil and propylthiouracil, used to treat hyperthyroidism;
• lithium preparations used in psychological practice;
• propronalol, a beta blocker used for cardiac arrhythmias.

The doctor, having examined the patient who presents complaints and has the symptoms described above, prescribes studies to confirm the diagnosis.

The results of two of them are the most significant:

The treatment is simple. Patients are prescribed thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Today, synthetic hormones are widely used, and not preparations made from animal thyroid glands, as was the case in the past.

The correct dose selection is controlled by the TSH level. It is not always possible to select the correct dosage right away. If the amount of the hormone is too large, the patient may develop hyperthyroidism, if not enough, the hypothyroidism remains untreated.

Dose selection usually takes more than a month and requires regular monitoring of TSH levels.

Changes in the musculoskeletal system in diseases of the thyroid gland

Dysfunction of the thyroid gland can lead to symptoms of damage to the musculoskeletal system. When thyroid pathology the most common are osteoporosis, adhesive capsulitis, Dupuytren's contracture, index finger syndrome, limited joint mobility, and carpal tunnel syndrome. In the studies of M. Cakir (2003), adhesive capsulitis was detected in 10.9% of patients, Dupuytren's contracture - in 8.8%, limited mobility in joints - in 4.4%, index finger syndrome - in 2.9% and symptom carpal tunnel - in 9.5% of patients in a group of 137 patients with various thyroid pathologies.

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis) is a hypermetabolic syndrome that develops with an excess of thyroid hormones in the body. A significant amount of data has been obtained demonstrating the direct effect of thyroxine and T3 on bone tissue. In all areas of bone and cartilage tissue, the expression of their receptors was found both in osteoblasts and in osteoclasts. A number of researchers have obtained data on the participation of receptor - 1 fibroblast growth factor in the T3-dependent formation of bone tissue and the pathogenesis of bone tissue damage in thyroid pathology.

It has been established that with manifest thyrotoxicosis, resorption processes prevail in the bone, and their rate is determined by the level of thyroid hormones. Elevated thyroid hormone levels result in a negative mineral balance with a loss of calcium, as manifested by increased bone resorption and decreased intestinal absorption of this mineral. Patients with hyperthyroidism have low levels of the vitamin D-1,25 (OH) 2D metabolite, sometimes hypercalcemia, and decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels. According to a study by EI Marova [et al.] (1999), a significant correlation was found between the levels of free thyroxine in the serum and alkaline phosphatase, as well as the content of hydroxyproline in the urine.

Clinically, all these disorders lead to the development of diffuse osteoporosis. According to BMD parameters, osteopenia was detected in patients with thyrotoxicosis more often in the proximal femur (Benevolenskaya L.I., 2003). Possible bone pain, pathological fractures, collapse of the vertebrae, the formation of kyphosis. According to the results of a meta-analysis of 20 studies on the study of bone mineral density and the risk of fractures in patients with thyrotoxicosis, a statistically significant decrease in bone mineral density and an increased risk of hip fracture were obtained. It has been shown that after the elimination of thyrotoxicosis, bone mineral density returns to normal, even though the patient does not receive any specific treatment for osteoporosis (Vestergaard P., 2003). The presence of a history of thyrotoxicosis in postmenopausal women increases the risk of fractures 2.4 times compared with those who did not have this disease.

Arthropathy in thyrotoxicosis rarely develops, as hypertrophic osteoarthropathy with thickening of the phalanges of the fingers and periosteal reactions. Thyroid acral syndrome (exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, marked thickening of the fingers and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy), which occurs in patients receiving treatment for thyrotoxicosis, is described. More often than arthropathy, myopathy is observed with the development of muscle weakness, sometimes myalgias. Also, in patients with hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, adhesive capsulitis (17.4%), a symptom of the carpal tunnel, occurs.

Hypothyroidism - a condition characterized by a decrease in the level of thyroid hormones in the serum. An insufficient level of thyroid hormones in organs and tissues leads to a decrease in the processes of bone tissue remodeling. It was demonstrated that hypothyroidism does not cause disturbance of calcium kinetics, is characterized by a smaller trabecular resorption surface and an increased thickness of the cortical bone layer. There is evidence of a decrease in the level of calcitonin and an increase in the level of calcitrol, as well as a decrease in the levels of markers of bone formation (osteocalcin and thyroid factor), a decrease in urinary excretion of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline, indicating a slowdown in bone resorption in the presence of thyroid hormone deficiency (Luk; Luk; Y., 1993). Systemic osteoporosis occurs only with a long and severe course of the disease.

Hypothyroidism leads to a slowdown in oxidative processes and thermogenesis, the accumulation of metabolic products, which leads to the development of tissue degeneration with the formation of a kind of mucous edema (myxedema) due to tissue impregnation with mucopolysaccharides. Quite often, with this pathology, arthropathies and myopathies develop.

Arthropathy develops in 20-25% of patients with myxedema. Manifested by mild joint pain, swelling of soft tissues, articular stiffness, and sometimes the appearance of non-inflammatory effusion in the joint cavity. In a number of patients, crystals of calcium pyrophosphate or urates are found in the synovial fluid, which do not cause a clear inflammatory reaction, which is explained in such patients by a decrease in the functional activity of neutrophilic leukocytes. The knee, ankle, and small joints of the hands are usually affected, and radiographs reveal periarticular osteoporosis. There is evidence of destructive arthropathy with damage to the knee joints, although progressive destruction, the formation of erosions are not typical. Cases are described when the only complaint in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis with hypofunction was pain in the knee joints without any other clinical manifestations (Gillan M. M., 2000). There are data in the literature that patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis have polyarthralgias even without dysfunction of the thyroid gland (Punzi L., 2002). M. Cakir (2003) revealed Dupuytren's contracture in patients with hypothyroidism in 21.7% of cases, limited mobility in the joints - in 8.7% and carpal tunnel syndrome - in 30.4% of cases, index finger syndrome was found in 10% of patients.

Thus, musculoskeletal disorders often accompany thyroid dysfunction. These symptoms are common with hypothyroidism, but they are also seen with thyrotoxicosis.

In recent years, ozone therapy has become increasingly popular in medicine and cosmetology. It is a complementary medicine physiotherapy procedure using ozone gas. There is no unambiguous position of doctors towards ozone therapy yet. Indeed, in addition to the manifestation of obvious positive effects, ozone also has a toxic effect.

What is ozone?

Ozone is a colorless gas, but it has a characteristic "thunderstorm" smell (it is the smell of ozone that we hear after this natural phenomenon). Ozone consists of 3 oxygen atoms, is highly soluble in water, is very unstable in its pure form, and decomposes quickly. When inhaled in large quantities, it is toxic and irritating to the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract.

If we talk about useful properties, then there are much more of them. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent. This makes it possible to use it as a disinfectant, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory agent. Possesses ozone and many other properties. They will be discussed further.

The mechanisms of therapeutic action

In medical practice, ozone is used for a wide variety of purposes. This is ensured by its comprehensive effect on the body. High concentrations of the gas are applied topically to quickly disinfect wounds and other skin lesions. Low concentrations of ozone are obtained by making an oxygen-ozone mixture, which retains the positive properties of the gas and significantly reduces its toxicity.

Ozone exhibits bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal effects. This is ensured by its property to disrupt the integrity of the membrane of microbial cells, penetrate inside them, destroy genetic material and lead to death. In addition, the gas stimulates the immune system, which accelerates the fight against harmful microorganisms.

The gas enters into chemical processes in the cells of the vascular wall and helps to increase the lumen of blood vessels, which has a positive effect on blood circulation and improves the nutrition of body tissues. In addition, ozone, interacting with erythrocytes, increases the supply of oxygen to cells, and also helps to increase metabolism.

We must not forget about the ability of the gas to reduce the viscosity of the blood. This allows it to be used to prevent the formation and resorption of blood clots.

Since ozone enters into almost all chemical reactions in the body, it is capable of exhibiting anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Indications for ozone therapy

Ozone therapy can be used in the treatment of many diseases. It is successfully used in surgery, cardiology, gastroenterology, pulmology, gynecology, neurology, ENT practice, dermatology, cosmetology, aesthetic medicine and other industries.

The positive effect of ozone therapy is noted for gastritis, arthritis, hypertension, hepatitis, arrhythmias, arthrosis, kidney disease, bedsores, burns, herpetic lesions, furunculosis, osteochondrosis, cystitis, furunculosis, cellulite, thrombophlebitis, etc.

Ozone therapy allows you to lower cholesterol levels, increase immunity, improve sleep, reduce fatigue, and improve your well-being while receiving radiation and chemotherapy.

Excellent results are obtained by the procedure for alcohol poisoning, eliminating signs of alcohol withdrawal and accelerating the removal of decay products.

When is it better to refuse the procedure?

Ozone therapy is not a completely safe procedure. Do not forget about the toxicity of the gas. Therefore, there are a number of contraindications, in the presence of which it is strictly forbidden to carry out treatment. It:

Special care should be taken when using ozone therapy in case of poisoning of the body due to a possible increase in intoxication. Procedures are not recommended for hypoglycemia either, since ozone helps to reduce blood glucose.

At the time of menstruation in women, procedures should be interrupted.

Side effects of the procedure

Ozone therapy is very well tolerated and no side effects have been observed. The only exceptions are hypersensitivity reactions and individual intolerance to ozone, as a result of which allergic reactions may develop.

Ozone therapy methods

Ozone therapy is a rapidly developing branch of alternative medicine. Scientists are in constant search of new methods of using ozone, which are already numerous. In each individual case, based on the indications and characteristics of the patient's body, the doctor selects the appropriate method of ozone therapy.

Intravenous procedures

Intravenous ozone therapy involves the introduction of a saline solution that has been previously enriched with ozone using an ozonator. The procedure is no different from a conventional dropper, the solution is also injected into a vein by drip. A feature of the procedure is only a solution that retains its properties for only 20 minutes. Therefore, ozone therapy is carried out only in clinics equipped with a special ozonizer apparatus.

The solution enriched with ozone is injected for 10-15 minutes. Its amount is selected individually (from 200 to 400 ml), depending on the availability of indications, the severity of the disease and the characteristics of the patient's body. The procedure is usually very well tolerated and does not cause any negative sensations.

Upon completion of the intravenous administration of ozonized saline, it is necessary to lie down or sit for about 20 minutes. It is not recommended to smoke before and after the procedure. Also, you cannot carry out it on an empty or full stomach. It is best to have a light snack shortly before manipulation. Otherwise, the intravenous administration of the ozone-rich solution is not limited.

An intravenous procedure can provoke the development of side effects in the form of renal colic, increased liver enzymes, increased urination, a feeling of warmth in the lower abdomen and in the armpits.

Small and large autohematotherapy

Both of these procedures are quite similar, but they have their own peculiarities.

To carry out a large autohematotherapy, a patient takes 50-150 ml of blood from a vein, put it in a special container, add a medicine that prevents blood clotting, and enrich this blood with a special oxygen-ozone mixture. Then the blood is again injected into the vein.

Minor autohematotherapy also involves the collection and enrichment of blood from a vein. Only a much smaller amount is taken away - from 5 to 15 ml, and after enrichment, it is injected not into a vein, but into the gluteus muscle.

Subcutaneous and intradermal injections

Ozone therapy using this method is performed with a 20 ml syringe. A special oxygen-ozone mixture is taken into it and injected in small portions intradermally or subcutaneously. Usually, the introduction is carried out in biologically active points, near diseased joints, in painful points.

Local ozone therapy

This procedure involves placing the ozonation zone in a special container or chamber where ozone is pumped. The container is designed in such a way that the gas circulates inside it, acting on the required area, but does not go outside. Before exposure, the skin, wound surface or other lesions are moistened with sterile water, since ozone does not interact with a dry body.

Ozonized oil

This oil specially enriched with ozone is used for various purposes, both internally and externally. Naturally, it is most effective to receive oil therapy directly in the clinic, immediately after its enrichment, since ozone quickly decomposes and does not have a therapeutic effect.

However, oil manufacturers claim that it remains healthy for a year after fortification, provided it is stored in a cold place in a dark container.

Ozonized water

The effect of ozone-rich water is similar to that of oil. The only thing is that it is mainly taken orally, for rinsing and for enemas. The shelf life of water is no more than 9 hours.

Joint treatment with ozone

Ozone therapy for joints is also gaining popularity. It is used to eliminate inflammation, crunch in joints, reduce pain, improve joint mobility. After all, ozone therapy improves microcirculation, starts the processes of regeneration of joint tissues, due to the elimination of oxygen starvation and nutritional disorders in the area.

Most often, injection of an oxygen-ozone mixture is used directly into the joint or in the area around it. the number of procedures depends on the severity of the disease and can range from 8 to 10. They are carried out no more than 3 times a week.

Treatment of osteochondrosis with ozone

Ozone therapy for osteochondrosis is also possible. In this case, all those positive effects are manifested as with other diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

The ozone mixture is injected paravertebrally and at trigger points. It is also allowed to conduct small autohemotherapy with the introduction of injections at the sites of inflammation. In addition, ozone-enriched physiological saline can be administered intravenously. The number of procedures also ranges from 8 to 10. Their frequency is determined by the doctor. Usually, the first results and pain relief are noticeable after 3-4 treatments.

Losing weight with ozone therapy

Ozone therapy is actively used to lose weight and get rid of body fat and cellulite. The effectiveness of the procedure is due to the property of ozone to accelerate metabolic processes, improve blood circulation, and break down fats.

To achieve a really good and lasting effect, proper nutrition and sports should be connected to ozone therapy.

Application in cosmetology

Ozone therapy is a modern and fashionable direction in cosmetology. Ozone injections help in the fight against sagging and age-related changes skin.

Is it possible for pregnant women?

Opinions about the benefits of ozone therapy during pregnancy are as divided as opinions about the procedure itself. Some doctors advise pregnant women to carry out this procedure to improve overall health and prevent possible miscarriage. After all, ozone improves blood flow and promotes better nutrition of tissues and organs, including the placenta. And this should have a positive effect on the fetus.

But on the other hand, there have been no studies that reliably confirm the safety of using ozone in pregnant women. And it is not known what effect on the fetus will actually be.

Cost in Moscow

Ozone therapy is a popular service offered by many clinics and beauty parlors. Its cost depends on the method of carrying out, the number of procedures, the level of the venue, the skill and experience of the physician or cosmetologist, as well as other factors.

Average prices:

• ozone therapy for the face - from 1500 to 5000 rubles;
• body ozone therapy - from 800 to 10,000 rubles;
• intravenous administration of liquids enriched with ozone — from 1200 to 3000 rubles;
• subcutaneous injection of a mixture of ozone and oxygen - from 1000 to 3000 per 1 zone;
• intra-articular administration of an oxygen-ozone mixture - from 1,500 to 5,500 rubles;
• applications with ozonized oil - 800-2500 rubles.

Patient reviews

Most patients receiving ozone therapy leave positive feedback on the procedure. Below are examples:

“Ozone therapy was part of the treatment of osteochondrosis. I was injected with doses of ozone at certain points. The procedure is practically painless, but of course, there is little pleasant from the very realization of receiving an injection. After the manipulation, there is a feeling of relaxation and a pleasant chill in the body. I liked the effect. "

“Ozone therapy helped me lose 2 sizes. This is very encouraging. In addition to losing weight and noticeably tightening the skin, I have received an improvement in my general condition and performance. The procedure is somewhat painful, especially the first times. But over time, the pain dulls and there is no discomfort. "

Victoria

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Knee pain: causes, treatment, why knees hurt, what to do about it, how and how to treat them

The knee joint is one of the largest and most complex. It is subjected to tremendous stress on a daily basis, so it is not surprising that from time to time it stops functioning normally. If your knees hurt, and their swelling is noticeable, and the pain is almost constant, then you must definitely consult a doctor. Such a pathological condition may be a signal of the development of a serious deforming joint disease.

Naturally, it is necessary to learn to distinguish between situations when a visit to the doctor is very necessary. But lack of treatment or self-treatment can lead to complications.

Knee joint structure

To better understand why your knees hurt, you need to understand their anatomy. So, the joint consists of the femur, tibia and patella. The two largest bones each have two protrusions: the inner and outer condyles.

All surfaces that are in contact with each other are covered with hyaluronic cartilage. Thanks to it, the mobility of the knee joint, as well as its shock-absorbing properties, is ensured.

Around this junction of the bones is a kind of capsule, lined with a synovial layer from the inside. In addition, this capsule is filled with synovial fluid, thanks to which the joint is nourished, and its mobility is ensured.

The knee joint is not only made of bones. All its elements are united by cruciate and collateral ligaments, femoral muscles, tendons. The patella is attached to other elements through its own ligament.

In order for the knee to move, 6 synovial bags are needed. The presented joint is nourished and innervated by nerves and blood vessels, which are located in the soft tissues surrounding the joint.

Knee pain: causes

If the knee begins to hurt, swelling appears, mobility is limited, and the discomfort is strong enough, an urgent need to consult a doctor. If the destructive process has already begun, then it will be impossible to completely cure the knee. However, it will be possible to stop or slow down its progression.

So, the following causes of pain in the knee joint can be distinguished:

• Gonarthrosis. It occurs in almost 50% of all cases of joint damage. Pathology develops for a very long time. Among the symptoms of this disease, the following can be distinguished: the knee does not hurt at rest, however, it becomes difficult for a person to climb stairs, walk for a long time, get up from their haunches. During movement, the patient hears a crunch, his mobility decreases. Over time, due to the deterioration of the cartilage, the distance between the bony surfaces decreases. In this case, osteophytes appear, nerves and blood vessels are compressed, and the knee itself is deformed.
• Meniscopathy, as well as the formation of a meniscus cyst. More often only one knee hurts. The cause of the appearance of pathology can be a single injury or periodic damage to the joint. During an exacerbation, the pain is sharp, throbbing, sharp, strong. With this disease, deformation of the joint is not threatened, however, the inflammatory process can affect the synovial bags.

• Circulatory problems. This disrupts the nutrition of the knee. Most often, this condition manifests itself in adolescents. It is in a teenager that bones grow too quickly, in which their nutrition is somewhat difficult. If at first the pain in the knee joint is severe enough, then after a while its intensity decreases. The pain is usually localized to one point and does not extend to the entire knee. The discomfort in a teenager may increase due to hypothermia.
• Arthritis. It is an inflammatory condition of the knee that can be diagnosed in young people, especially women. At the same time, the knee hurts very much, the affected area is characterized by edema, the skin turns red. In addition, the pain at night becomes more pronounced. The knee hurts even at rest when the weather changes. The reason for the development of pathology is excessive body weight, old age, and weakness of the immune system.
• Bursitis. This is an inflammatory lesion of the synovial bags of the knee. The characteristic symptoms of the pathology are: redness of the skin in the affected area, edema, decreased range of motion. The cavities of the synovial bags are filled with exudate, which contains harmful microorganisms. The cause of the development of pathology is trauma, excessive exercise stress... The knee not only hurts very badly, the person develops general weakness and malaise.
• Synovitis. Here, the inflammation affects the synovial membrane of the knee joint. At the same time, swelling and burning pain appear in the articulation area.

• Periarthritis. This disease is more often diagnosed in women with a large body weight, and who are already 40 years old. Discomfort is felt when climbing stairs, when straightening your legs. The pathological process affects the tendons, ligaments and muscles, as well as the capsule of the joint. The pain is usually aching, swelling appears on the limb.
• Chondromatosis. This disease is characterized by the formation of small nodules of cartilage tissue, which are located in the shell of the articular bag. In this case, dehydration of the joint is manifested, its mobility is limited, a crunch is heard when moving. Since the soft tissues are pinched, the patient feels severe pain.
• Patella chondropathy. Here the cartilage undergoes degenerative changes: it simply dies off. The reasons for this pathological condition are trivial: a knee injury, especially some professions. At the same time, the knee hurts very much, the discomfort becomes more pronounced with any movement. In the left or right knee, a crunch, crackle is very well heard. A person practically cannot stand on the affected limb.
• Bone tumor. Knee pain appears due to the growth of a neoplasm, which compresses the soft tissues with nerves and blood vessels.
• Baker's cyst. This is a small hernia that can occur in young people and children from 3 to 7 years old. It is so small that it cannot always be diagnosed on examination. Basically, it does not pose a threat to human health, and does not present discomfort. However, if it grows larger, the joint may hurt, especially when bending and straightening the leg. If the hernia is large, then an operation is performed to remove it.

• Knee tendinitis. This is an inflammation of the tendons in the knee area that cannot function normally. Almost everyone is susceptible to the disease. The pain is usually aching, and the affected area responds to changes in weather.
• Osteochondritis of the kneecap. Here the cartilage flakes off from the articular surface. At first, the knee does not hurt very much, but over time its intensity increases, and inflammation joins the pathological process.
• Koenig's disease. Here, some of the cartilage can separate from the bone and move inside the joint. At the same time, movement becomes difficult, no acute pain appears. Swelling of the knee joint is also observed with progression. Treatment of pathology in adults is more difficult than in children.
• Osgood-Schlatter pathology. It involves the formation of a bump in the knee area. Most often, the disease is diagnosed in boys, as well as people involved in sports. The pain is sharp, aggravated by bending and straightening the leg.

These reasons are major, but not the only ones. Therefore, it is necessary to consider other factors due to the influence of which the knee pain appears.

Diseases of other organs, as the cause of pain in the knee

Some pathologies that are not related to the knee joint can cause pain in it:

1. Fibromyalgia. Discomfort is localized in the muscles and soft tissues, but can be given to the joints located nearby. In this case, the inflammatory process does not develop. In addition to aching pain in the knee joint, a person feels stiffness in movements, fatigue, and he may have convulsions.
2. Dysplasia or coxarthrosis of the hip joint. The pain syndrome in this case extends to the entire leg.
3. Sciatic nerve neuropathy. It is pinched by the vertebrae of the lumbosacral spine. Severe throbbing pain can radiate to the thigh and knee.

What systemic pathologies can cause knee pain?

More details

In addition to the reasons that have already been described above, there are other factors that contribute to the development of pain syndrome:

• Gout. The presented disease occurs due to a violation of the metabolism of uric acid in the body. It is poorly removed from it, turns into salt deposits that accumulate in the joints. In this case, the knee may also hurt. Moreover, the pain is very sharp, sharp. More often, pathology occurs in men who abuse alcoholic beverages, do not eat properly. In the affected area, the skin turns red, and the knee joint hurts more at night. The duration of an attack ranges from a couple of days to several weeks.
• Osteoporosis. pathology is associated with low bone density due to its improper formation. The pain in the knee joint is dull and aching, it is not so easy to remove it. Bones with this pathology are highly susceptible to fractures.
• Rheumatoid arthritis. This is a systemic pathology characterized by inflammation of the connective tissue. It begins its active development with a decrease in the protective functions of the body. It is manifested by a feeling of stiffness, which a person can feel after a long stay at rest.

• Osteomyelitis. The presented bacterial pathology causes quite severe pains of a boring nature. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe affected joint, the skin turns red, and the discomfort increases with any movement. The danger of this disease is that its consequence is the onset of bone marrow death.
• Infectious diseases. They are characterized by painful sensations in the knee joint, which disappear after a course of antibiotic treatment.
• Paget's disease. In this case, the bone tissue is not formed correctly, so the spine begins to deform. With this pathology, it is the tubular bones that are affected, which subsequently become very fragile. It is difficult to recognize this disease as symptoms may not appear. The only thing that can say about the presence of pathology is that the sore knee hurts at night, and warmth is felt at the site of the lesion.

If knee pain was caused by a systemic disease or skeletal pathology, then it is not always possible to completely get rid of it. However, treatment must be performed without fail so that the disease does not develop further or at least slow down its course.

Trauma as a cause of pain syndrome

Pathological processes in this case can develop both immediately after receiving damage, and some time after it. The following injuries of the knee joint can be distinguished:

1. Separation, tear or rupture of the knee ligaments. These injuries lead to the appearance of the syndrome of "protruding" of the joint. In addition, a person feels severe pain, hemarthrosis of the joint develops, which becomes unstable.
2. Injury. Here the intensity of the pain syndrome is low. There are no serious consequences after the injury. The swelling, as well as the hematoma, usually disappears on its own after one to two weeks.
3. Rupture of the meniscus. A strong blow to the front of the knee joint leads to it. After the acute period of pathology has passed, the pain syndrome usually bothers the patient while climbing the stairs, which is quite difficult to implement. There is a slight swelling in the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee joint.
4. Fracture. It appears when dropped from a great height or strong impact. The pain is strong, sharp, edema appears in the affected area, and the skin turns pale. The victim cannot stand on the injured leg on his own. In addition, during a fracture, a crunch and crack is heard, and the bone can break through the skin.
5. Tendon rupture. This injury is uncommon, but it leads first to acute, and then to aching pain. When walking, pain in the left or right knee increases.
6. Dislocation of the knee joint. In this case, some of the constituent parts of the joint can come out of it.

Trauma can cause chronic illness. For more details, see the video:

Most of the pathologies of the knee joint have similar symptoms, so it can be difficult to recognize them. That is why self-medication is not worth it, as you can aggravate the situation even more.

Who is at risk?

It should be noted that knee pain, crunching and swelling in the affected area appear more frequently in some people than in others. The risk group includes those people who:

• The presence of primary pathologies.
• Genetic predisposition.
• Constant sports overload of the knee.
• Excessive body weight.
• Injury.
• There was surgery on the knee joint.
• Insufficiently good development of the muscular apparatus of the knee joint.

In addition, women, as well as older and older people, are more susceptible to knee diseases.

When is it necessary to consult a doctor?

If a person feels that his knees hurt, then urgently he needs to consult a specialist in this case:

• The patient has had aching pain for more than two months, which does not allow him to sleep peacefully at night.
• If the pain syndrome is of high intensity, and appears suddenly.
• A crunch is heard in the knee joint when walking.
• Knees hurt every day, and at a certain time, under certain conditions.
• Instability is felt in the knee joint from time to time.
• If additional pathological signs are present: skin rash, fever, fever.
• There was aching pain, which is accompanied by deformation of the joints, limitation of their mobility.
• Pain syndrome becomes a constant companion of a person.
• Signs of an inflammatory process appeared: skin redness, edema, and the local temperature in the affected area increased.

Already these signs are enough to make a decision to see a doctor. Delaying the visit, the patient increases the duration and complexity of therapy, and also enables the pathology to develop further.

Varieties of pain

Why knees hurt, that is, most of the reasons for the development of a pathological condition are already understood. However, the nature of the pain can be different. For example, depending on the disease that caused it, the pain is of the following nature:

• Sharp, sharp. It is caused by rupture of the meniscus or ligaments, reactive arthritis, the acute phase of bursitis.
• Dull, pulling. It can be provoked by bursitis or synovitis.
• Aching. This type of pain is characteristic of arthrosis, gonarthrosis.
• Pulsing. A person feels it when the meniscus is injured or due to deforming arthrosis.

• Burning. It is characteristic of pinching of the sciatic nerve, as well as bone tuberculosis.
• Stitching. It is caused by a cyst of the synovial bag. And stabbing pain is also characteristic of osteoporosis, chronic meniscus injury.
• Drilling. It is caused by osteomyelitis.
• Periodic. It occurs when a person develops inflammation of the tendons or muscles.
• Shooting. It is caused by pinching of the nerve endings.

Diagnosis of pathology and first aid

Many people complain that their knees hurt, but they don't know what to do. But when you feel pain and crunch in the knee joint, it is imperative to undergo an examination and start treatment.

Diagnostics involves the use of such procedures:

1. Laboratory analyzes of blood and urine.
2. Blood chemistry.
3. Puncture of the bone marrow and synovial fluid.
4. Smears for the presence of bacterial microflora.
5. Arthroscopy. This procedure is used both as a diagnosis and as a treatment for joint pain. It is not difficult to do it, and a long period of rehabilitation is not required.
6. Radiography.
7. MRI or CT.
8. Densitometry.

Knee Pain: First Aid

So, if a person feels aching or pulling pain in the leg in the knee area, first of all, he must ensure its rest. Further, home treatment involves taking painkillers or anti-inflammatory drugs: "Analgin", "Paracetamol", "Ibuprofen".

You can relieve pain with a cold compress. This method of pain relief is used when trauma is the cause of pain. Further, the limb is immobilized and placed on a hill. When there are wounds in the joint area, they should be treated with an antiseptic.

It must be remembered that these measures are not a complete treatment. They need to be taken only before visiting a doctor.

Knee Pain: Medication

So, what to do if a crunch is heard in the joint and severe discomfort is felt? First you need to find out why these symptoms appear. Further, one of the stages of therapy is drug treatment. So, with pain in the knee joint, you can quickly remove severe symptoms with the help of such drugs:

• Antibiotics (when the discomfort is caused by a viral infection).
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: "Ibuprofen", "Aspirin".

In addition, it is necessary to treat some pathologies with an operation. If there is fluid in the knee joint cavity, it must be removed. The cyst can also be treated with surgery or hydrocortisone blockade.

If the joints hurt due to injury, then in some cases it is necessary to reposition the bones. Further, a tight bandage, orthosis, and even a cast is applied to the affected joint.

It is necessary to treat a limb not only with the help of pills. Often, the patient is assigned to wear or use special orthopedic devices so that the load can be relieved from the knee.

It is necessary to treat systemic pathologies in a comprehensive manner. Knee pain in these cases has to be treated with immunosuppressants, anti-inflammatory drugs, glucocorticosteroids. To eliminate the symptoms of gonarthrosis, injections of drugs into the joint, chondroprotectors are used.

Therapeutic gymnastics and massage

If the knee joint hurts when standing up, you hear a crunch, and discomfort bothers you even at night, physical exercises and massage sessions will help get rid of stiffness and relieve pain syndrome.

In this case, gymnastics should be done if the person is not very painful and with the permission of the doctor. All exercises are done slowly. You cannot make any sudden movements. If your knees hurt a lot at the same time, then you need to switch to the simplest exercises. The load can be increased weekly.

In the prone or sitting position, you can do flexion and extension of the limbs, alternate half-turns, pulling the knees to the stomach, abducting the legs to the sides. After completing the set of exercises, you need to rest, and then proceed to massage. This procedure is also very effective in relieving pain.

Sore knees can be kneaded and rubbed on their own, but it will be better if a specialist does it. In order to get rid of most of the symptoms, you need to perform a course of massage procedures, one session of which lasts no more than 20 minutes. Rubbing the inner and outer, as well as lateral surfaces, pressing on the patella is performed. During the procedure, you need to make sure that the person does not get hurt.

In this video, Dr. Odintsov gives a demonstrative knee massage to the patient:

How to treat knee joints at home?

Crunching knees, as well as pain that appears at night, is an unpleasant phenomenon. Why these symptoms appear is already known. However, medicine is not the only way to relieve pain and restore normal joint functionality. This can be done at home using folk remedies.

However, it will not be possible to quickly get rid of the pathology. In this way, the knee should be treated for at least two months. In addition, you need to find really effective products that have good reviews.

Joint treatment More \u003e\u003e

The following recipes may be helpful:

1. In half a liter of boiling water, you should pour 2 large tablespoons of saber herb, after which you need to let it brew. The product should be drunk twice a day, 100 ml. In addition, you can put on the sore knee a decoction of the cinquefoil as a compress at night.
2. A decoction of oats will help get rid of pain. To prepare it, you need to take a liter of water and a glass of grain. The mixture is boiled and then left overnight to infuse. During the day, you need to consume 2 glasses of liquid, dividing it into several parts. It takes 2 weeks to treat joints in this way.
3. In order to relieve discomfort and improve blood circulation in the affected area, you can apply a compress of grated potatoes and horseradish, taken in equal proportions. It will help get rid of pain quickly enough. Apply a compress to the sore knee and cover with a clean cloth. It should be washed off after 15 minutes. In order to remove unpleasant symptoms, only 10 procedures are enough.
4. The mustard compress, which is applied to the sore leg at night, also received good reviews. For its preparation, a tablespoon of mustard is taken, mixed with the same amount of honey and soda. By the morning, the compress will help relieve severe discomfort.
5. If they hurt knee joints, for grinding, you can use a tincture of bitter pepper. Half a liter jar should be filled with chopped pepper, and then pour alcohol to the very top of the container. You need to insist on the remedy for a week.

You can also self-massage your knee at home. How to do this, see the video:

If you already know why the unpleasant sensations have appeared, then you can choose the appropriate alternative methods of therapy that will help relieve them. But before that, you should consult a doctor.

Prevention of pathology

In order for the knee joints to remain healthy and function well for a long time, you must follow the simple recommendations of doctors:

• Reduce stress on the joint.
• Rationally combine rest and work.
• Treat any infectious diseases in the body in a timely manner.
• Avoid hypothermia of the extremities.
• After 35 years, it is advisable to start taking chondroprotectors.
• During sports, it is necessary to protect the joints with special orthopedic devices.
• It is important to normalize your weight.
• Nutrition plays an important role in the health of the skeleton. It is better to reduce the consumption of animal saturated fat, white bread, sweets. You should introduce more fiber, vegetable oils, vegetables and fruits into the diet. Proper nutrition will not only help relieve discomfort, but will also improve joint functionality.

Thyroid functionality and joint disease are related. Impaired synthesis of hormones leads to metabolic dysfunctions, in particular, calcium metabolism, which provokes the appearance of degenerative and dystrophic changes in the structures of the musculoskeletal system (ODA).

Main connection

The thyroid gland affects the operation of all systems. Due to the production of hormones, the immune processes and protective functions are activated. The metabolism depends on the gland. If its work is disrupted, the body weakens and is not able to independently resist viruses and bacteria. Inflammatory processes occur, in particular, arthritis of the articular joints. The main reason for the development of ODA diseases against the background of thyroid dysfunction is calcium deficiency and excessive accumulation of phosphorus, which occurs due to disruptions in their assimilation.

Causes of defeat and symptoms

Hyperthyroidism and joints

The manifestation of hyperthyroidism.

The accumulation of thyroid hormones, which is noted with excessive activity of the gland, leads to a violation of the synthesis and breakdown of calcium. This is manifested by a significant deficiency of the element and causes fragility of the bone structure. In this case, the body becomes weaker and loses its ability to fully resist foreign pathogens. Against this background, inflammatory reactions develop in less protected areas of the body.

More often, with hyperthyroidism, arthritis of the knee articulation and small joints develops.

A pathological change in the body is indicated by a number of symptoms, which include:

• fast fatiguability;
• weight loss;
• emotional instability;
• joint pain;
• swelling of the periarticular tissues;
• hyperemia of the skin;
• stiffness in a sore joint.

Hypothyroidism as a cause

Osteoporosis can cause problems with the thyroid gland.

Weak hormonal synthesis in the thyroid gland causes a slowdown in metabolic processes, which provokes the accumulation of decay products. Therefore, with hypothyroidism, tissue dystrophy develops, in particular, bone and cartilage. In this case, the occurrence of such a pathology as diffuse systemic osteoporosis is noted.

Often, an inflammatory reaction spreads in the joints, which causes the development of arthritis. At the same time, characteristic symptoms of hypothyroidism are noted, including decreased activity, drowsiness, apathy, muscle rigidity, overweight, and others. And also the clinical picture is supplemented by nonspecific signs of arthritic lesions in the form of pain in the joints, swelling of soft tissues, fluid accumulation and changes in motor activity. Considering how the thyroid gland is located, the temporal and jaw joints suffer from inflammation. In this case, the painful sensations affect the teeth, which further leads to jaw dysfunction.

The disease is characterized by an inflammatory reaction in the structure of the thyroid gland, which becomes chronic. Mostly affects women. Autoimmune thyroiditis is accompanied by the breakdown of gland cells and poisoning of the body, due to a decrease in protective functions. Autoimmune inflammation has a negative effect on all systems and often affects the structures of the musculoskeletal system. Moreover, in addition to weakness and drowsiness, a person's joints hurt, which disrupts his natural mobility.

How is it diagnosed?

To establish the exact cause of joint pain, the doctor collects a history of complaints and a history of concomitant ailments. And also an external examination of the affected joint is carried out. If thyroid dysfunction is suspected, palpation is used. Further, hormonal tests are prescribed to determine the ratio of hormones in the blood. Research is mandatory, which are given in the table.