The story "Taras Bulba" was written in the 19th century and repeated some historical events. The image of the main character presented the most valiant qualities inherent in a true Cossack. According to some reports, when portraying this hero, N.V. Gogol used real Cossack chieftains and facts from their lives. Taras Bulba’s whole life is connected with the Zaporozhye Sich and the free Cossacks, for whom the defense of their homeland was the main goal. They could not imagine their life without defending their native land and the Orthodox faith. AND main character plays are no exception.
Immediately after his sons return from the Kyiv Academy, he decides to introduce them to such a Cossack life and make true Cossacks out of them. In his opinion, metropolitan education alone is not enough to survive in life. A more effective school of life is needed and they will find it in Zaporozhye. He himself is an experienced Cossack and a skilled warrior with the rank of colonel. He is respected and honored by his comrades for his courage, devotion and willpower. His dream is to see the same qualities in his sons. He wants to show all his comrades what brave sons he raised. He is frankly pleased when his eldest son Ostap rushes into battle in response to his ridicule about their metropolitan appearance. For him, this is an indicator of courage, ardor and the ability to stand up for himself.
The character of Taras Bulba is most clearly shown in the conflict with his youngest son, Andriy. When he finds out that his son has gone to the side of the Poles, he does not care about the motives of this act; without thinking for a moment, he kills him. He cannot come to terms with the fact that his son is a traitor. It is no consolation even that the young man did this for the sake of great and pure love. For Taras Bulba, this is the worst form of betrayal: leaving his own squad and then going into battle on the enemy’s side. With such an act, Andriy not only betrayed his brother and father, but also the entire Cossacks and his homeland. The main character was never able to recover from this tragedy. However, the strength of character and awareness of the truth of the great cause he served forced him to kill his own son.
Strength of character and undisguised courage were manifested in relation to the eldest son. When Ostap was captured and taken to Warsaw, he, being wounded, found a way to cross to the place of execution in the hope of saving his faithful son and a true warrior. The eldest son of Taras Bulba, like his father, was filled with faith in a just cause and willpower. He did not make a sound during the execution, only asked if his father was there. Taras Bulba, knowing that he would probably be captured and killed, shouted through the entire crowd that he was here and could hear his son. The Poles immediately chased after him, but his trace disappeared.
The people themselves are embodied in the image of Taras Bulba. All his life he fought for the truth, for his homeland and for the Orthodox faith. In this struggle there was no place for selfishness, personal interests and even thoughts about family. Even his wife saw him extremely rarely, because he considered himself a free Cossack and devoted all his time to serving the people. He tried his best to cultivate the same patriotic spirit in his sons.
If in Gogol's satirical works humor was a form of manifestation of the writer's critical attitude to reality, then here humor serves a completely opposite task: it contributes to the establishment of a positive ideal. The humor of “Taras Bulba” is bright and radiates with tender love for the heroes of the story. He gives charm and humanity to the heroes of the story, deprives them of stiltedness and false pathos, highlights their high moral qualities, their patriotism, their selfless devotion to the Sich, the Russian land. "Taras Bulba" is one of the most beautiful poetic creations of Russian fiction. The depth and capacity of the characters of Gogol's heroes is in harmony with the perfection of the compositional structure of the story and the amazing completeness of all elements of its style.
The characteristic features of Gogol's mastery are wonderfully expressed in landscape painting. Gogol was a great painter of nature. His landscape is always very lyrical, imbued with a strong feeling and is distinguished by its richness of colors and picturesqueness. It is enough to recall, for example, the description of the Ukrainian steppe that has long been included in the textbook. Nature helps the reader to more fully and sharply highlight the inner psychological world of the characters in the story. When Andriy and Ostap, having said goodbye to their saddened mother, leave their native farm together with Taras, Gogol, instead of a lengthy description of the depressing mood of the travelers, limits himself to one phrase: “The day was gray; the greenery sparkled brightly; the birds chirped somehow discordantly"
Each of the characters in Gogol's story could become the hero of an inspired poem. But the first among these heroes is Taras. Severe and unyielding, Taras Bulba leads a life full of hardships and dangers. It was not created for a family hearth. His “tenderness” is an open field and a good horse. Having seen his sons after a long separation, Taras the next day hurries with them to the Sich, to the Cossacks. This is his true element. A man of enormous will and remarkable natural intelligence, touchingly tender towards his comrades and merciless towards the enemy, he punishes Polish magnates and tenants and protects the oppressed and disadvantaged. This is a powerful image, covered in poetic legend, in Gogol’s words, “like an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength.” This is a wise and experienced leader of the Cossack army. He was distinguished, Gogol writes, by “the ability to move troops and a strong hatred of enemies.” And at the same time, Taras is not in the slightest degree opposed to the environment around him.
Literature lesson in 7th grade on the topic “Taras Bulba - a national hero.
"Taras Bulba" - a heroic story
Goals:
- Give the concept of a folk hero and a heroic story.
- To develop in students the ability to analyze a literary work and a literary image.
- Develop patriotic feelings.
Homework to the lesson.
- Select quotes for Tarasa Bulba’s characterization based on the following questions:
- Who was Taras?
- The appearance of the hero.
- What qualities did he value in the Cossacks?
- Why did he strive to join the Sich, what attracted him to it?
- What character traits does Taras display in the fight for his homeland?
- How does he express his concern for the Cossacks, being their chieftain?
- What does Taras say about comradeship, what does he call the Cossacks to?
- How does he treat his sons?
- What does he think about at the last minute?
- Why is Taras Bulba especially dear to the author?
- Why do we call Taras Bulba a folk hero?
During the classes
1. Conversation.
Our work with the story “Taras Bulba” is coming to an end, and today we will look at the image of the main character, whose name is N.V. Gogol named his work. The topic of our lesson is “Taras Bulba - a national hero. "Taras Bulba" - a heroic story."
Who was Taras Bulba? What did he look like?
Why doesn't Gogol give a detailed portrait of the hero?
(Probably, this is not necessary - Taras’s hairstyle, clothes, shoes were like other Cossacks, and he paid little attention to his appearance (remember the old Cossack’s contempt for rich pants stained with tar). In addition, his youth is long gone, and in mature years, external beauty is replaced by internal beauty - intelligence, will, strength. What does Taras look like? He is heavyset, gray-haired, very strong (that is, muscular), his facial expression is serious, authoritative, his eyes are intelligent. He is dressed discreetly, but his trousers are as wide as the Black Sea , a black hat with a red top, an expensive weapon, a pipe in his hands. He speaks loudly, but slowly. He sits on a horse like a glove.)
Why did Taras Bulba so quickly decide to leave with his sons for the Zaporozhye Sich?
(Taras Bulba, like his comrades, saw the meaning of his life in the struggle for the independence of his homeland, therefore he disdained settled home life and all activities not related to military service. Taras’s decision to lead his sons to the Zaporozhye Sich was dictated not only by his stubbornness and passion, but also a firm conviction that only in Zaporozhye is there a real military school and science, only there can you become a knight, a real warrior.
Taras is shown in this episode, on the one hand, as a man accustomed to making decisions without regard for the feelings of loved ones, as a despot and a man without a heart, but on the other hand, he is a warrior, a “knight” who has no other life except battles, fights, so he not only dreams that his sons would be the same, but he himself is eager for the world that is dear to him, goes to the Zaporozhye Sich.)
Why was Taras, despite the success of his sons in military art, not satisfied with the life of the Zaporozhye Sich? What did he dream about?
(Taras was brave and deeply convinced that military valor among young Cossacks is cultivated in battles and raids. Not only old Taras, but also the majority of the Cossacks thought so. Therefore, without much difficulty Taras managed to persuade them to oppose the Turks.)
One of the means of creating characteristics of a literary hero is his statements. The most striking thing about Taras Bulba is his famous speech about comradeship.
(Reading by a pre-prepared student a speech on partnership in abbreviation)
Which phrase contains the main idea of Taras Bulba? (“There is no bond holier than fellowship”)
How do you understand what partnership is? And Taras? (Unity with the people, community, “brotherhood”)
It was the sense of collectivism that made the Cossacks strong. Each of the heroes of the story feels like an integral part of people's life. The ideological pathos of this work lies in the boundless merging of a person’s personal interests with the interests of the people.
How does Taras Bulba’s speech characterize the hero?
(Taras makes a speech before the fight not only because he knew that he unites and encourages people by speaking accurately and on time, but also because he wanted to express everything that was in his heart at this tense and difficult moment. Taras’s speech testifies to his wisdom, patriotic feelings, pride, courage, enormous life experience and passionate conviction in the rightness of his cause. He acts at this moment as an exponent of the views and patriotic feelings of the Zaporozhye Cossacks.)
What is special about the text?
(Many addresses. Exclamatory intonations express the depth of Taras’s feelings. This is the leader’s speech.)
The unity of Taras with the Cossacks is manifested in the struggle for their homeland.
In which episodes did Taras the Colonel’s talent manifest itself?
(The wisdom of Taras, his talent as a commander are revealed mainly in the last battle of Dubno, when he orders to set up kurens in three camps, set up an ambush and cover part of the field with sharp stakes and fragments of spears in order to drive the enemy cavalry towards them.)
How did Taras the colonel behave during the battle?
(Taras, as an experienced warrior, is always in the center of the battle, he manages to go everywhere, encourage the Cossacks in time, give the necessary orders. Taras’s voice is heard in different places: “What, gentlemen,” said Taras, calling out to the smoker. “There is still gunpowder in the flasks? Has the Cossack strength weakened? Are the Cossacks bending?")
Taras Bulba is not only a colonel, but also a father. His heroic character is manifested not only on the battlefield, but also in the episodes of the execution of his sons.
How are these episodes different?
a) execution of Andriy;
(Taras does not feel any pity for his traitorous son. He shows inflexibility towards the traitor. The fact that his own son, the object of his father’s pride and hopes, betrayed him only aggravates his anger and desire to punish the scoundrel. Taras acts uncompromisingly, he does not want to understand , what forced Andriy to make such a choice: for him, any reasons are untenable if we are talking about betrayal. Gogol calls him a son-killer, after the massacre, Taras Bulba does not forgive Andriy, forever erasing him from his memory.
This episode revealed the strength of Taras's character. He felt guilty before his comrades, before his homeland. It was he, the father and senior comrade, who did not see in time negative traits in the character of the son and his instability, excessive ardor. And, as a courageous man, passionately convinced that he is right, he himself corrects his mistake. The most terrible crime for Taras is betrayal of his homeland, of the common cause: he places kinship in spirit much higher. than by blood.)
b) presence at Ostap’s execution?
(At the risk of his life, he makes his way to the place of execution, without fear, he supports Ostap in his most difficult hour, although nothing could be worse for a father than the death of his son. Taras suffers, but is also proud of Ostap. Taras cannot forget his untimely death inhuman sufferings of death and until the end of his own life he takes revenge for his son. He always remembers him.)
Find in chapter 10 a description of Taras Bulba. Compare the description of Taras Bulba in the first and tenth chapters. How has the hero changed?
(The last chapters of the story describe the tragedy of Taras. There came, as V. G. Belinsky wrote, “the death of a mighty soul, stunned by a double shock, the loss of both sons.” The expression of his face also changed:
“...three heavy wrinkles appeared on his forehead and never left him again.”
From a cheerful, sociable person, as Taras was, he turns, under the influence of the suffering he has experienced, into a withdrawn and gloomy one. This is no longer a daring Cossack, ready to start dancing. It is impossible to cheer up Taras now: “He looked at everyone sternly and indifferently, and unbearable grief appeared on his motionless face, and, quietly hanging his head, he said: “My son,” Ostap!”
Everything he experienced made Taras especially careful, vigilant, and taught him to predict events. Therefore, Taras Bulba did not believe the Poles, like many of his comrades, and did not conclude a truce with them, but left with part of the Cossacks to continue the fight they had begun, and no one could stop him: “In sight of the entire army, the regiment left, and for a long time Taras turned around and threatened everything." This was no longer the former cheerful, cheerful and daring Cossack, but a stern and merciless warrior towards his enemies.
The suffering he experienced could not break Taras and kill his faith in the justice of the struggle that had begun. He continues it, appearing with his regiment in different places in Poland, avenging his desecrated homeland, dead comrades and Ostap.)
The execution of Ostap, which Taras witnessed, shocked him. From that moment on, there was no more pity or compassion for his enemies in his heart. Even his comrades, who had participated in battles more than once and had seen a lot in their lifetime, were amazed: “Only fire and the gallows were determined by his gray head, and his advice in the military council breathed only one extermination.”
Did changes in Taras’s character affect his future fate? ( The cruelty of Taras and his Cossacks forced the Polish government)
How did Hetman Pototsky manage to capture Taras? - - - Why didn’t Taras leave the cradle?
(Taras Bulba’s hatred of the Poles was so strong that he didn’t even want to leave his favorite pipe on the ground, on their land, to be desecrated by their enemies, and that’s why he was captured.)
Can the death of Taras Bulba be called heroic? Why?
(He behaves very dignified, does not beg his enemies for mercy. Dying at the stake, old Taras rejoices that he not only managed to tell his boys the way to salvation, but also to the implementation of his plan, that is, he remains faithful to the main thing - comradeship, faith, Ukraine And he accepts torment and death as a worthy end to a worthy military life.)
Having led his hero through terrible trials, Gogol showed that a person can be hardened, made unhappy and lonely, knowing no rest from suffering, but he cannot be broken or bent if he serves a common cause, if he fights for freedom.
Why do we call Taras Bulba a folk hero?
(Taras Bulba is a national hero: he fights and fights for the independence of the people, believes in the strength of the people, who are connected with him by one desire, one dream: “Let the Russian land bloom!”
A man of enormous will and remarkable natural intelligence, touchingly tender towards his comrades and merciless towards the enemy, he punishes Polish magnates and tenants and protects the humiliated and insulted. This is a powerful image, covered in poetic legend, in Gogol’s words, “like an extraordinary phenomenon of Russian strength.” He was distinguished, writes Gogol, by “the ability to move an army and a strong hatred of enemies.” And at the same time, Taras is not in the slightest degree opposed to the environment around him. He loved simple life Cossacks" and did not stand out from them in any way.)
2. Class assignment:“Formulate and write down in a notebook the characteristic features of Taras Bulba.”
Example entry:
- Love for the homeland and hatred for enemies;
- Inflexibility, fortitude, selfless courage;
- Directness and severity of character;
- His remarkable traits as a commander;
- Highly developed sense of camaraderie.
Literary scholars write “Taras Bulba” - a heroic story. You are already familiar with the definition of a story.
Read the definition of a story written on the board and think about what meaning the word “heroic” adds to the definition of a story as a genre?
A story is an epic work in prose, which depicts not one, but a whole series of events, many characters, life is shown more broadly and in more detail.
(After listening to the students’ answers, the definition of a heroic story is read and written in a notebook)
A heroic story involves depicting exploits in the name of a great goal - defending the homeland, saving people, establishing the truth, that is, some general idea of justice.
The word “heroic” is associated with actions that are outstanding in their social significance, meet the interests of many people and require personal courage, perseverance, and readiness for self-sacrifice.
Why N.V. Can Gogol's Taras Bulba be called heroic?
(The story can well be called heroic, since it talks about the courageous struggle of Ukrainians against the dominance of the Polish gentry and the Catholic faith.)
3. Final words from the teacher.
Historically, Gogol shows the people's liberation movement, the strength of which “lies in its national character and significance, in the mass uprising that confused the Polish magnates and gentry, in the heroic, selfless struggle of the Ukrainian Cossacks and peasants against foreign oppressors.”
We find the embodiment of the heroic folk spirit in tragic fate Taras Bulba. His feat is a feat in the name of ensuring that the Russian land prospers forever, so that the “basic law of partnership” is sacredly observed.
Heroes do not die - they gain immortality, because they are convinced that “not a single generous deed will perish.” Dying, the Cossacks understand that the struggle is not over, that their death is not in vain, but is necessary for future victory. In this belief in the immortality of the people lies the true optimism of the story, its heroic pathos, its folk, life-affirming beginning.
4. Homework
Prepare a coherent story about Taras Bulba.
Left a reply Guest
N.V. Gogol is a brilliant writer who reflected in his work many of the problems of his time. He has a number of romantic stories and short stories. The most striking is the heroic story “Taras Bulba”, which tells about the struggle of the Ukrainian Cossacks for their independence. The main character of the story is Kurennoy ataman, Colonel Taras Bulba. He was not born for a quiet life. His destiny is battles and battles. Taras has many military campaigns on his account. If we go into his house, we will see that there is no wealth and luxury there, but there are many military trophies won in battle. Being a hero himself, Taras raised his sons Ostap and Andriy in the same spirit. Suffice it to remember the reception he gave to his sons who returned from studying at Bursa. He offered to fight, which horrified his unrequited wife. Early in the morning, not allowing his sons to say goodbye mother, Taras took them to the Zaporozhye Sich, the place where the characters of real Cossacks were formed. HE was proud of his sons. Both are beautiful, strong, brave, to match the hero - their father. But in one of the battles during the siege of the city, brave Andriy went over to the side of the enemy from - for a woman, a beautiful Polish girl. The soul of old Taras could not stand this. After all, it was he who said the speech about camaraderie, which everyone remembers today. “I would like to tell you, gentleman, what our partnership is. You heard from your fathers and grandfathers how honored everyone was with our land: it made itself known to the Greeks, and it took chervonets from Constantinople, and there were magnificent cities, and temples, and princes, princes of the Russian family, their princes, and not Catholic distrust. The Busurmans took everything, everything was lost. Only we remained, orphans, yes, like a widow after a strong husband, orphaned, just like us, our land! That's how time, comrades, we have given our hand to brotherhood! This is what our partnership stands on! There is no bond more holy than partnership! A father loves his child, a mother loves her child, a child loves his father and mother. But that’s not it, brothers: the beast also loves his child But only one person can become related by kinship by soul, and not by blood." The partnership does not accept betrayal, which is why the father executes his son without forgiving him for his betrayal. "I gave birth to you, I will kill you." A harsh age - harsh morals. But Taras was destined to lose his second son, his faithful comrade-in-arms, Ostap. He was captured and executed in the square. Hiding from pursuit, Taras Bulba made his way to the square and responded to his son’s cry, supporting him in difficult times. Taras Bulba was the most respected among the Cossacks, but his comrades could not understand him when, after the death of Ostap, he began to take revenge on the enemy without pity and condescension. Taras walked through enemy land with sword and fire. They started a real hunt for him. They wouldn’t have taken him again, but the Cossack dropped his cradle (pipe) and returned so that the enemy wouldn’t get it. 12 people attacked him “Strength overcomes strength” But Taras remained faithful himself and his comrades, managed to serve the Cossacks for the last time. Crucified on a tree, under which the Poles were lighting a fire to burn their fierce enemy alive. But Taras was not thinking about death. He saw the canoes standing by the river. He shouted to his comrades and thereby saved them. Here Gogol elevates his hero to an epic hero, overcoming even distances with a loud voice. Of course, the author admires his romantic hero. The writer turned to romanticism, working on the story in the era of reaction and obscurantism reigning in Russia. real life he did not see a role model and therefore turned to the heroic past, giving the reader a hero like Taras Bulba.