Swiss psychiatrist, founder of one of the areas of depth psychology - analytical psychology

short biography

Carl Gustav Jung(German: Carl Gustav Jung [ˈkarl ˈgʊstaf ˈjʊŋ]) (July 26, 1875, Keeswil, Thurgau, Switzerland - June 6, 1961, Küsnacht, canton of Zurich, Switzerland) - Swiss psychiatrist, founder of one of the areas of depth psychology - analytical psychology.

Jung considered the task of analytical psychology to be the interpretation of archetypal images that arise in patients. Jung developed the doctrine of the collective unconscious, in the images (archetypes) of which he saw the source of universal human symbolism, including myths and dreams (“Metamorphoses and Symbols of Libido”). The goal of psychotherapy according to Jung is the implementation of individual individuation.

Jung's concept of psychological types also became famous.

Jung was born into the family of a pastor of the Swiss Reformed Church in Keeswil in Switzerland. My grandfather and great-grandfather on my father’s side were doctors. Carl Gustav Jung graduated from the medical faculty of the University of Basel. From 1900 to 1906 he worked in a psychiatric clinic in Zurich as an assistant to the famous psychiatrist E. Bleuler. In 1909-1913, he collaborated with Sigmund Freud, played a leading role in the psychoanalytic movement: he was the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Society, editor of a psychoanalytic journal, and lectured on an introduction to psychoanalysis.

On February 14, 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach. He soon became the head of a large family. In 1904, their daughter Agatha was born, in 1906 - Greta, in 1908 - son Franz, in 1910 - Marianne, in 1914 - Helena.

In 1904, he met and later entered into a long-term extramarital affair with his patient Sabina Spielrein-Sheftel. In 1907-1910 Jung different time visited by Moscow psychiatrists Mikhail Asatiani, Nikolai Osipov and Alexey Pevnitsky.

In 1914, Jung resigned from the International Psychoanalytic Association and abandoned the technique of psychoanalysis in his practice. He developed his own theory and therapy, which he called “analytical psychology.” With his ideas, he had a significant influence not only on psychiatry and psychology, but also on anthropology, ethnology, cultural studies, comparative history of religion, pedagogy, and literature.

In his works, Jung covered a wide range of philosophical and psychological issues: from traditional issues of psychoanalysis in the treatment of neuropsychic disorders to global problems of human existence in society, which he considered through the prism of his own ideas about the individual and collective psyche and the doctrine of archetypes.

In 1922, Jung purchased an estate in Bollingen on the shores of Lake Zurich (not far from his home in Küsnacht) and for many years built the so-called Tower (German: Turm) there. Having in the initial stage the appearance of a primitive round stone dwelling, after four stages of completion by 1956, the Tower acquired the appearance of a small castle with two towers, an office, a fenced yard and a pier for boats. In his memoirs, Jung described the construction process as an exploration of the structure of the psyche embodied in stone.

In 1933, he became an active participant and one of the inspirers of the influential international intellectual community Eranos.

In 1935, Jung was appointed professor of psychology at the Swiss Polytechnic School in Zurich. At the same time he became the founder and president of the Swiss Society of Practical Psychology.

From 1933 to 1942 he again taught in Zurich, and from 1944 in Basel. From 1933 to 1939 he published the “Journal of Psychotherapy and Related Fields” (“Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie und ihre Grenzgebiete”), which supported national and domestic policy Nazis to cleanse the race, and excerpts from Mein Kampf became a mandatory prologue to any publication. After the war, Jung explained the magazine's policy by the demands of the time. In an interview with Karol Bauman in 1948, Jung noted that “among his colleagues, acquaintances and patients in the period from 1933 to 1945 there were many Jews.” Some historians accuse Jung of collaborating with the Nazi regime, but he was never officially condemned and, unlike Heidegger, continued to teach at the university.

Among Jung's publications of this period: “The Relationship between the Self and the Unconscious” (“Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Ich und dem Unbewussten”, 1928), “Psychology and Religion” (“Psychologie und Religion”, 1940), “Psychology and Education” (“ Psychologie und Erziehung”, 1946), “Images of the unconscious” (“Gestaltungen des Unbewussten”, 1950), Symbolism of the spirit (“Symbolik des Geistes”, 1953), “On the origins of consciousness” (“Von den Wurzeln des Bewusstseins”, 1954) .

In April 1948, the C. G. Jung Institute was organized in Zurich. The institute conducted training in German and English. Supporters of his method created the Society of Analytical Psychology in England and similar societies in the USA (New York, San Francisco and Los Angeles), as well as in a number of European countries.

Carl Gustav Jung died at his home on June 6, 1961 in Küsnacht. He was buried in the city's Protestant Church cemetery.

Jung's scientific views

Group photo in front of Clark University. Sitting: Freud, Hall, Jung; standing: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi. 1909

Jung initially developed the hypothesis that thinking took precedence over feeling among men, and feeling took precedence over thinking among women. Jung subsequently abandoned this hypothesis.

Jung rejected ideas according to which personality is completely determined by its experiences, learning and environmental influences. He believed that each individual is born with “a complete personality sketch... presented in potency from birth.” And what " environment does not at all grant the individual the opportunity to become one, but only reveals what was already inherent in it,” thus abandoning a number of provisions of psychoanalysis. At the same time, Jung identified several levels of the unconscious: individual, family, group, national, racial and collective unconscious, which includes archetypes universal for all times and cultures.

Jung believed that there is a certain inherited structure of the psyche, developed over hundreds of thousands of years, that causes us to experience and realize our life experiences in a very specific way. And this certainty is expressed in what Jung called archetypes that influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Jung is the author of an association test, during which the subject is presented with a series of words and the reaction speed is analyzed when naming free associations to these words. Analyzing the results of testing people, Jung suggested that some areas of human experience acquire an autonomous character and are not subject to conscious control. Jung called these emotionally charged parts of experience complexes. At the core of the complex, he suggested, an archetypal core can always be found.

Jung assumed that some complexes arise as a result of traumatic situations. As a rule, this is a moral conflict that stems entirely from the impossibility of fully incorporating the essence of the subject. But the exact nature of the emergence and development of complexes is unknown. Figuratively, traumatic situations break off pieces from the ego-complex that go deep into the subconscious and further acquire a certain autonomy. Mention of information related to the complex strengthens defensive reactions that prevent awareness of the complex. Complexes try to enter consciousness through dreams, bodily and behavioral symptoms, relationship patterns, the content of delusions or hallucinations in psychosis, exceeding our conscious intentions (conscious motivation). With neurosis, the line separating the conscious and unconscious is still preserved, but thinned, which allows complexes to remind of their existence, of a deep motivational split in the personality.

Treatment according to Jung follows the path of integration of the psychological components of the personality, and not simply as a study of the unconscious according to Freud. Complexes that arise like fragments after the blows of psycho-traumatic situations bring not only nightmares, erroneous actions, and forgetting of necessary information, but are also conductors of creativity. Consequently, they can be combined through art therapy (“active imagination”) - a kind of joint activity between a person and his traits that are incompatible with his consciousness in other forms of activity.

Due to the difference in the content and tendencies of the conscious and unconscious, their final merging does not occur. Instead, there is the emergence of a “transcendental function” that makes the transition from one attitude to another organically possible without loss of the unconscious. Its appearance is a highly effective event - the acquisition of a new attitude.

Jung and the occult

A number of researchers note that the ideas of modern occultism are directly correlated with Jung’s analytical psychology and his concept of the “collective unconscious,” which is attracted by adherents of the occult and practitioners of alternative medicine in an effort to scientifically substantiate their views.

It is noted that many areas of occultism today are developing in line with Jung’s basic ideas, which are adapted to the scientific ideas of our time. Jung introduced into cultural use a huge layer of archaic thought - the magical and Gnostic heritage, alchemical texts of the Middle Ages, etc. He “raised occultism on an intellectual pedestal,” giving it the status of prestigious knowledge. This, of course, is not an accident, since Jung was a mystic, and according to researchers, this is where the true origins of his teachings should be sought. Since childhood, Carl Jung has been in an environment of “contact with other worlds.” He was surrounded by the corresponding atmosphere of the Preiswerk house - the parents of his mother Emilia, where communication with the spirits of the dead was practiced. Jung's mother Emilia, grandfather Samuel, grandmother Augusta, and cousin Helen Preiswerk practiced spiritualism and were considered “clairvoyants” and “spiritualists.” Jung himself organized spiritualistic seances. Even his daughter Agatha later became a medium.

In Jung's memoirs, we learn that the dead come to him, ring the bell and their presence is felt by his entire family. Here he asks “winged Philemon” (his “spiritual leader”) questions in his own voice, and answers in the falsetto of his female being - anima, here the dead crusaders are knocking on his house... It is no coincidence that Jung’s psychotherapeutic technique of “active imagination” developed the principles of communication with the mystical world and included moments of entering a trance.

At the same time, it is impossible to put an absolute sign of equality between Jungianism and the esoteric ideas of our time, since Jung’s teaching differs from them not only in its complexity and high culture, but also in a fundamentally different attitude to the world of mysticism and spirit.

Jung in cinema

"Dangerous Method"- 2011 film by David Cronenberg
"Sabina (film)"- 2002 film by Roberto Faenza
"My name is Sabina Spielrein"- 2002 film by Elizabeth Marton
"Carl Jung: The Wisdom of Dreams"- 3-part documentary film 1989

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Introduction

The purpose of my essay is to reveal the opinion of psychologist Carl Jung about cultural archetypes. Jung culture archetypal criticism

I consider the main tasks for describing the disclosure of the goal: to bring short biography Carl Jung, in order to understand what factors influenced his theory of archetypes, illustrate Carl Jung's views on the cultural issues of his time, describe Carl Jung's concept of culture, and provide some criticism of his theory.

The relevance of the topic should not be described, according to Jung’s theory, which has an important place in psychology and today, we can say that archetypes will be relevant for a very long time.

It is quite obvious that the main researcher on the topic is Carl Gustav Jung himself, but besides him, we can identify many researchers in the field of cultural studies who undoubtedly turned to Jung’s work. Such will be E.V. Popov or L.I. Bondarenko

Brief biography of Carl Jung

Carl Gustav Jung was born on June 26, 1875 in the Swiss town of Keeswil in the family of a Lutheran pastor. As a teenager, reflecting on his own inner world, Jung came to the conclusion that two completely different individuals lived within him. The first is the son of his parents, an insecure schoolboy. The second is an adult, even an elderly man, skeptical, distrustful, very close in essence and character to nature.

When choosing his future profession, Jung for a long time could not make a choice between two directions that were interesting to him. On the one hand, he was interested in the natural sciences - zoology, anthropology, paleontology, and on the other - the humanities, especially religious studies, theology and archeology. After painful deliberation, he chose the latter, but due to lack of funds he could only afford to study in Basel, and archeology was not taught at the University of Basel. The doubts were resolved in favor of natural science, specifically medicine.

While still at university, Jung began to realize that his true calling was psychiatry. In it he manages to find the best application for his aspirations; in psychiatry, Jung was able to combine both his medical and natural science knowledge, and many postulates of the humanities.

In 1890, Jung began working as an assistant in a psychiatric clinic in Zurich. Here he becomes acquainted with the works of S. Freud and becomes his open follower and propagandist of Freudian theory. At that time, it was unsafe for a novice specialist: most authorities in the scientific world took Freud’s ideas with hostility.

In 1906, he sent Freud his first work, correspondence began between them, and later friendship.

It cannot be said that the relationship between Freud and Jung was always friendly. Recognizing Freud's authority and even calling him his teacher, Jung disagreed with him in many ways, and in 1912 friendly relations between scientists ceased. Jung had a hard time with the breakup and wrote about it in his memoirs and in letters to friends.

Carl Jung died in 1961.

Carl Gustav Jung (German: Carl Gustav Jung). Born 26 July 1875 in Keeswil, Thurgau, Switzerland - died 6 June 1961 in Küsnacht, canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Swiss psychiatrist, founder of one of the areas of depth psychology (analytical psychology).

Jung considered the task of analytical psychology to be the interpretation of archetypal images that arise in patients. Jung developed the doctrine of the collective unconscious, in the images (archetypes) of which he saw the source of universal human symbolism, including myths and dreams ( "Metamorphoses and symbols of libido"). The goal of psychotherapy, according to Jung, is the individuation of the individual.

Jung's concept of psychological types also became famous.

Carl Gustav Jung was born into the family of a pastor of the Swiss Reformed Church in Keeswil in Switzerland. My grandfather and great-grandfather on my father’s side were doctors. Carl Gustav Jung graduated from the medical faculty of the University of Basel. From 1900 to 1906 he worked in a psychiatric clinic in Zurich as an assistant to the famous psychiatrist E. Bleuler. In 1909-1913, he collaborated with Sigmund Freud, played a leading role in the psychoanalytic movement: he was the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Society, editor of a psychoanalytic journal, and lectured on an introduction to psychoanalysis.

In 1904, he met and later entered into a long-term extramarital affair with his patient Sabina Spielrein-Sheftel. In 1907-1910, Jung was visited at various times by Moscow psychiatrists Mikhail Asatiani, Nikolai Osipov and Alexey Pevnitsky.

In 1933, he became an active participant and one of the inspirers of the influential international intellectual community Eranos.

In 1935, Jung was appointed professor of psychology at the Swiss Polytechnic School in Zurich. At the same time he became the founder and president of the Swiss Society of Practical Psychology.

From 1933 to 1942 he again taught in Zurich, and from 1944 in Basel. From 1933 to 1939 he published the Journal of Psychotherapy and Related Fields (Zentralblatt für Psychotherapie und ihre Grenzgebiete), which supported the national and domestic Nazi policies of racial cleansing, and excerpts from Mein Kampf became the obligatory prologue to any publication. After the war, Jung disowned editing this magazine, explaining his loyalty to Hitler by the demands of the time. In an interview with Karol Bauman in 1948, Jung found nothing better to justify his collaboration with the Nazi regime than to state that “among his colleagues, acquaintances and patients in the period from 1933 to 1945 there were many Jews.” Although then and now a number of historians reproach Jung for collaborating with the Nazi regime, he was never officially condemned and, unlike Heidegger, he was allowed to continue teaching at the university.

Carl Gustav Jung died at his home on June 6, 1961 in Küsnacht. He was buried in the city's Protestant Church cemetery.

Scientific views of Carl Jung:

Jung initially developed the hypothesis that thinking took precedence over feeling among men, and feeling took precedence over thinking among women. Jung subsequently abandoned this hypothesis.

Jung rejected ideas according to which personality is completely determined by its experiences, learning and environmental influences. He believed that each individual is born with “a complete personality sketch... presented in potency from birth.” And that “the environment does not at all give the individual the opportunity to become one, but only reveals what was already inherent in it,” thus abandoning a number of provisions of psychoanalysis. At the same time, Jung identified several levels of the unconscious: individual, family, group, national, racial and collective unconscious, which includes archetypes universal for all times and cultures.

Treatment according to Jung follows the path of integration of the psychological components of the personality, and not simply as a study of the unconscious according to. Complexes that arise like fragments after the blows of psycho-traumatic situations bring not only nightmares, erroneous actions, and forgetting of necessary information, but are also conductors of creativity. Consequently, they can be combined through art therapy (“active imagination”) - a kind of joint activity between a person and his traits that are incompatible with his consciousness in other forms of activity.

Due to the difference in the content and tendencies of the conscious and unconscious, their final merging does not occur. Instead, there is the emergence of a “transcendental function” that makes the transition from one attitude to another organically possible without loss of the unconscious. Its appearance is a highly affective event - the acquisition of a new attitude.

Occultism of Carl Jung:

In Jung's memoirs, we learn that the dead come to him, ring the bell and their presence is felt by his entire family. Here he asks “winged Philemon” (his “spiritual leader”) questions in his own voice, and answers in the falsetto of his female being - anima, here dead crusaders are knocking on his house... It is no coincidence that Jung’s psychotherapeutic technique of “active imagination” developed the principles of communication with mystical world and included moments of entering a trance.

Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) - Swiss psychologist and philosopher, founder of "analytical psychology". His teacher, the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, only slightly opened the abyss of the unconscious person, Jung made this abyss universal. He introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, archetypes, which, in his opinion, were the sources of dreams, ancient myths and symbolism common to all humanity.

My life is a story of self-realization of the unconscious. Everything that is in the unconscious strives for realization, and the human personality, feeling itself as a single whole, wants to develop from its unconscious sources. Tracing this to myself, I cannot use the language of science because I do not see myself as a scientific problem. Carl Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflections.

Carl Jung: famous and unknown

The achievements of the Swiss scientist Carl Jung in the field of psychology and psychiatry are generally recognized. He is the founder of analytical psychology, one of the areas of depth psychology, he owns the ideas about the existence of the collective unconscious, archetypal images that have a powerful influence on the human subconscious, he developed a typology of human personalities. The years of his life covered one of the most difficult and tragic periods in human history - 1875-1961. But perhaps we have not yet fully realized the extent of Jung’s influence on the thinking of our contemporaries. After all, before him, the attention of serious scientists did not stop at facts or phenomena that, at least to some extent, could be considered dubious. The very rational principle of “Cartesian doubt” reigned in the scientific community. According to him, when searching for truth, it was necessary to doubt everything, and without hesitation to discard or even consider as non-existent absolutely everything that gave even the slightest reason for doubt. But what about dreams, vague premonitions and unclear sensations? Only overly emotional ladies and exalted mystics, and certainly not serious scientists, could pay attention to them. However, Freud, and after him Jung, even to a greater extent than Freud, based their theories on the analysis of precisely these very dubious phenomena. For example, synchronicity.

Synchronicity is a causally inexplicable parallelism, as happens, for example, in cases of the simultaneous appearance of identical thoughts, symbols or mental states in different people. K.G. Jung

Let us note that epistemology, as a direction in philosophy that studies the processes of cognition, has changed significantly in the post-Jung period. Her field of interest included phenomena that previously were simply indecent for serious scientists to pay attention to. Man's picture of the world in the 20th century changed, and discoveries in the field of natural sciences, in particular Einstein's theory of relativity, played an important role. In this regard, I recall a funny epigram, which in a humorous form conveys the impressions of contemporaries on the famous “theory of relativity”

This world was shrouded in deep darkness
Let there be light! And then Newton appeared.
But Satan did not wait long for revenge,
Einstein came, and everything became the same as before.

So interest in the irrational was the spirit of the times, but Jung’s research also played a role. After the publication of his works and the introduction of the concept of “collective unconscious” into scientific use, the scientific community was not too surprised that Doctor of Philosophy Stanislav Grof, creating the theory of transpersonal psychology in the 60s of the twentieth century, was based on the study of altered states of people. And ethnologist and philosopher, professor at the University of Chicago Mircea Eliade considered the mythological perception of the world by shamans no less worthy of attention and study than the historical thinking of European peoples. For the life and creative destiny of Carl Jung, it was precisely the influence of the “subjective factor” and “dubious phenomena” that was decisive.

The origins of Jungian ideas: heredity, childhood, adolescence

As a child, he was a withdrawn and strange child. Karl was haunted by an amazing feeling - as if two people lived in him. One is a boy who doesn’t want to go to school and learn so boring mathematics, the other is a completely grown-up and mysterious gentleman. Jung recalled, or perhaps imagined, that this second person, who lived in his imagination, was an elderly man, lived in the 18th century, wore a white wig and shoes with buckles, and rode in a hackney carriage with high wheels. This riddle predetermined Jung's path; from childhood he tried to understand the phenomenon of multiple personality. It is possible that the origins of this secret are in the personalities of the ancestors of the future discoverer of the collective unconscious.

Carl Gustav Jung was born in 1875 into the family of a Protestant minister. His homeland is the small Swiss town of Keeswil. The history of the Jung family is very interesting; the destinies of outstanding doctors, theologians and mystics are intertwined in it. In his childhood and youth, Carl Gustav keenly felt some strange connection with them. He would probably agree with the lines of the poem “The Voice of the Ancestors” by the Russian poet of the Silver Age, Mikhail Kuzmin:

...you have been silent for your long century,
and now you shout with hundreds of voices,
dead but alive
in me: the last, the poor,
but having a tongue for you,
and every drop of blood
close to you, hears you,
loves you...

The roots of the family go back to the distant 17th century. The first outstanding representative of the family was Carl Jung, a doctor of medicine and law, rector of the university in the German city of Mainz. Jung's great-grandfather on his father's side was a doctor who ran a field hospital during the Napoleonic Wars. The grandfather of the future famous psychiatrist, also Carl Gustav Jung, moved to Switzerland at the invitation of Alexander von Humboldt. On my mother’s side, my ancestors were also wonderful people. His grandfather, Samuel Preiswerk, was a Doctor of Theology, a Freemason, and Grand Master of the Swiss Lodge. Quite well known about him unusual fact: Considering himself a spirit seer, S. Praiswerk kept a chair in his office for the spirit of his prematurely departed wife, with whom he often talked. Well, with a chair or with a spirit - it’s up to the readers to choose. So Jung's interest in dual personality and mysticism is due to the characteristics of the family.

Increasingly aware of the bright beauty of the light-filled daylight world, where there is a “golden sunlight” and “green foliage”, I at the same time felt the power over me of an unclear world of shadows, full of unanswerable questions. From the memoirs of K. Jung.

Having entered the gymnasium at the age of eleven, Jung was more interested in reading his favorite books than in studying; he learned to read very early, and from the age of six he studied Latin. He was not good at mathematics, but this did not upset the boy too much. Due to his complete lack of ability to draw, he was generally exempted from studying this subject at school, and at home Carl Gustav enthusiastically drew battles, ancient castles and caricatures. For him, this was much more interesting than copying the heads of Greek gods in class. At the gymnasium, Karl clearly realized that his family was very poor, he had to go to the gymnasium in shoes with holes, and now he began to better understand the concerns and problems of his parents. But it was not these circumstances that worried Jung as a child. He had a feeling of duality; with his peers he was the same student as they were, a little reserved, but an ordinary child, and alone with himself he became that second, wise and skeptical person from the 18th century. He felt that he owned a certain secret and, as in early childhood, he still had strange, prophetic dreams.

My entire youth can only be understood in the light of this mystery. Because of her, I was unbearably lonely. My only significant achievement (as I now realize) was that I resisted the temptation to talk to anyone about it. Thus, my relationship with the world was predetermined: today I am more alone than ever, because I know things that no one knows or wants to know.

From the memoirs of K. Jung.

This intense inner life separated Jung from his peers and was partly the reason for his long-term depression. But at the age of 16, this fog, as the scientist himself later wrote, began to slowly dissipate. Attacks of depression became a thing of the past, Jung became interested in studying philosophy. He defined for himself a range of topics that he certainly wanted to study; he read Plato, Heraclitus, and Pythagoras. The ideas of Schopenhauer were especially close to him:

He was the first to tell me about the real suffering of the world, about the confusion of thoughts, passions and evil - about everything that others hardly noticed, trying to present either as universal harmony or as something taken for granted. At last I found a philosopher who had the courage to see that not everything was for the best in the very foundations of the world. Quote by Wehr, G. Carl Gustav Jung. He who bears witness to himself and his life

Carl Jung wrote more than once that in his youth he especially strongly felt his connection with his distant ancestors; it seemed to him that he was influenced by problems or circumstances that were never resolved by his grandfathers and great-grandfathers. This also applied to the choice of future profession. Franz Riklin wrote that the memory of his grandfather, a professor of medicine at the University of Basel, played a decisive role in Jung’s desire to study medicine. At the age of 20, he entered the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Basel. For Jung, this period was very difficult financially; his father dies and the family is left with almost no means of subsistence. The family managed to sell a small collection of antiques, Jung began working as a junior assistant at the university - this is how they managed to maintain a rather modest existence and pay for Carl Gustav’s studies. Jung later recalled:

I don’t regret those days of poverty - I learned to appreciate simple things... Looking back, I can only say one thing - my time at school was a wonderful time for me. Quote by Wehr, G. Carl Gustav Jung. He who bears witness to himself and his life

At the university, in addition to reading the required literature, Jung became interested in the works of mystical philosophers: Carl de Prel, Swedenborg, Eschenmayer. He needed this literature for his dissertation on medicine, which was called: “On the psychology and pathology of so-called occult phenomena.” As he nears graduation from university, the future great psychiatrist needs to choose a specialization, the definition of which was entirely in the spirit of Jung. He came across Krafft-Ebing’s “Textbook of Psychiatry” and the young man realized that this particular direction would allow him to combine his passion for philosophy and medicine.

And then I immediately decided to become a psychiatrist, since I finally saw an opportunity to combine my interest in philosophy, the natural sciences and medicine, which was the main goal for me. Jung K. G. Memories, dreams and reflections

Work in a psychiatric clinic

The choice was made, K. Jung decides to work at the Burghölzli psychiatric clinic as an assistant to Professor of Psychiatry Eugen Bleuler. Relatives and classmates were surprised by his decision: locking himself in a psychiatric clinic, treating seriously ill and possibly dangerous people - is this a worthy path for a promising young man? But the Burghölzli clinic was an unusual medical institution; hypnosis was used to treat patients, rather than the harsh methods usual for that time for curing mentally ill people. Real luminaries of medicine worked there: Hermann Rorschach, Jean Piaget, Karl Abraham.

In this clinic, Jung writes “Verbal Association Studies”; the method was used before Jung, but he managed to achieve successful application of it in practice, and develop his own test based on an existing method. In 1903, Carl Gustav married the heiress of a wealthy industrialist, Emma Rauschenbach, who was once his patient. Despite the difference in financial situation, Emma's relatives supported the decision of the young people; Carl Jung aroused their unconditional sympathy and respect. In 1905, a young psychotherapist defended his doctoral dissertation. In Burghölzli, Jung begins to develop his ideas about the collective unconscious and uses psychoanalytic methods to treat patients.

From meetings with my patients and studies of psychological phenomena that passed before me in an inexhaustible series of images, I learned an infinite amount, and not only about what related to science, but above all about myself. - and, to a large extent, I came to this through mistakes and defeats. Jung K. G. Memories, dreams and reflections

Carl Jung and Sabina Spielrein

In his memoirs, the scientist, recalling his years of work at the clinic, writes that the majority of patients were women. He emphasizes their intelligence and sensitivity, and thanks them for the fact that with their help he was able to open new paths in psychotherapy. Some of them became his students, and their friendship continued for many years. All of the above applied primarily to Sabina Spielrein. In her youth she suffered from bouts of hysteria, and Jung was her doctor. The story of the relationship between Sabina and Carl Gustav is known due to the phenomenon of the so-called “erotic transference”, a term used in psychoanalysis. This phenomenon of the patient's fascination with the attending physician arises due to the deep personal contact between the doctor and the patient in the process of psychoanalysis. Indeed, Sabina and Karl fell in love with each other. Jung noticed and appreciated the girl’s sharp mind and her scientific way of thinking. Spielrein helped Jung in his research, and soon Sabina was successfully cured of hysteria and left the clinic. Strict moralizers condemn Jung for this hobby, but something completely different is interesting in this story: it is possible that Sabina Spielrein’s ideas about the influence of destructive phenomena on the human psyche were the origins of S. Freud’s theory about “Thanatos” - the eternal desire of humanity for self-destruction.

Sabina Spielrein was a student of both Freud and Jung, and a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. She worked on a dissertation on the topic of destructive phenomena in the human psyche. She gave a presentation on this topic at one of the meetings of the Psychoanalytic Society. In her diary there is an entry where Spielrein fears that her ideas will be used by Freud. Her article “Destruction as the Cause of Becoming” really anticipated Freud’s ideas about “Thanatos” - a person’s subconscious desire for death and destruction. It is possible that the Teacher, wittingly or unwittingly, nevertheless relied on the ideas and research of his student. Unfortunately, Spielrein's fate was quite tragic. She was originally from Russia, after October events 1917 Sabina and her husband return to their native Rostov-on-Don. Spielrein did a lot for the development of psychoanalysis in Soviet Russia, but soon this direction in psychiatry was prohibited. Sabina and her daughters die during World War II. Unfortunately, the most talented psychoanalyst, Sabina Spielrein, is little known in the history of science.

Jung and Freud

The relationship between the two most prominent representatives of psychoanalysis - S. Freud and C. Jung - is a well-known page in the history of science. One was considered a teacher, the second a student. Sigmund Freud was 19 years older than Jung and often responded to his younger colleague’s objections to the excessive emphasis on the sexual component of the unconscious in his theory by saying that Jung was still too young and inexperienced. But in fact, Jung met Freud as an already established and well-known specialist in the field of psychiatry. He was the author of two monographs on the treatment of schizophrenia. It was while working on Jung’s second monograph that he became interested in the work of Sigmund Freud. The young doctor was particularly fascinated by ideas about “repressing” negative memories or emotions into the subconscious and the impact of these unconscious traumas on a person. Jung wrote:

Even a glance at the pages of my work shows how much I owe to Freud's brilliant concepts. I can assure you that I certainly had from the very beginning the same objections that were raised against Freud in the literature. Justice to Freud does not mean, as many fear, unconditional submission to dogma, while it is quite possible to maintain one’s independent judgment. Jung K. G. Sigmund Freud

Using the association test he developed, Jung found a way to diagnose the true cause of neurosis and cure it. But he never agreed with Freud that “repressed” emotions are exclusively sexual in nature. Nevertheless, for quite a long time Freud considered Jung his best student, the heir to his ideas. He even asked him to promise that the young scientist would never deviate from his theory about the sexual origins of neuroses. Both researchers maintained an active correspondence from 1906 to 1913. In 1907, Carl Jung came to Vienna, they had a personal meeting and conversation that lasted thirteen hours. The years of collaboration were very fruitful for Jung, but he is increasingly fascinated by the idea of the collective unconscious, the scientist is studying mythology, he is on the verge of discovering archetypes. At the most critical moments of his life, Jung had very vivid and memorable dreams. Shortly before breaking up with Z. Freud, Jung had just such a dream. He dreamed that he was standing in the hallway of a beautiful, two-story mansion. Its walls are decorated with ancient paintings, Jung knows that this is his home. Wow! He mentally wonders. But for some reason he needs to go down to the basement, he goes down there, the basement is very deep and, supposedly, was erected during the times of the Ancient Roman Empire. From the basement, Jung finds himself in a primeval cave in which he sees two skulls. When he woke up, he could not shake the feeling that he needed to understand the symbolism of this dream. Jung asks Freud to interpret his vision. The teacher half jokingly, half seriously asks - admit it, whose death do you want? Jung interprets the dream in his own way: the house is an image of the soul, the upper floors are events and impressions Everyday life, the basement is the unconscious where hidden or forgotten desires and thoughts are stored. But what is a cave? Jung suggested that behind the personal unconscious lies a bottomless ocean of the collective unconscious. So sleep became one of the impulses greatest discovery scientist. He cannot stop; it is very important for Jung to continue his research and not lose his identity by remaining a student of Freud. A young scientist writes a book “Libido. His metamorphoses and symbols,” his differences with Freud become obvious. After the publication of this work, a break becomes inevitable.

Anyone who has access to the unconscious is a seer

Carl Jung needed more and more time for scientific and pedagogical work, private practice; at the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, he acquired a plot of land located on the shore of a picturesque lake and built three-story house. He left the clinic in 1913 because he did not have time to fully cover all areas of his activity. Moreover, his fame as a psychotherapist is becoming more widespread. In addition to the truly successful healing of the sick, a rather funny story contributed to Jung's popularity. One day, an elderly woman who had suffered from paralysis of her legs for 17 years came to see him. Students were present at medical appointments. The woman was asked to sit in a chair and talk about her illness, but her story lasted so long that Jung asked her to stop and warned that he would now introduce her into a state of hypnosis. The patient quickly fell into a trance and began to tell her visions even before she was put into a hypnotic state. The situation was awkward, besides, Jung could not interpret her dreams and find the causes of the psychosomatic illness, the patient’s visions began to look more and more like delirium, she needed to be brought out of the trance. The doctor could expect a fiasco in front of the students. Suddenly the woman woke up and said that she was healed thanks to the hypnosis of Jung, who told the students: “You see the power of hypnosis.” Although in the depths of his soul he was perplexed and did not understand what had happened. The healed woman praised wonderful doctor, his fame spread throughout the area. And the reason for the patient’s sudden recovery was that her son suffered from dementia. Several years before the events described, he was treated at Jung’s clinic. At that time, a very young doctor, Carl Gustav Jung, embodied everything that an unhappy woman would like to see in her son. And she perceived him as a son, without even realizing it. In her imagination, Jung took the place of her son, the secret pain for the fate of her own child was gone, and therefore the illness disappeared. Well, after this story, Jung no longer used hypnosis.

Jung's life is filled with work, research, pedagogical activity. But strange dreams and visions do not leave him.

A certain demon settled in me, from the very beginning it suggested that I should get to the meaning of my fantasies. I felt that some higher will was guiding and supporting me in this destructive stream of the unconscious. And in the end she gave me the strength to endure. Jung K. G. Memories, dreams and reflections

The duality of Jung's nature again made itself felt: the first was an excellent doctor, a talented scientist, a rational and collected father of the family. The second is a thoughtful man, immersed in night visions, meditating by the lake. Before World War I, he had a vision that lasted about an hour. He saw the corpses of people and the wreckage of buildings that rushed into infinity along the waves of the yellow sea, then the sea turned bloody. The vision took place in October 1913 and then repeated several more times; the war began in August 1914.

Jung wrote down his fantasies and later published them in the so-called “Red Book”. This period of crisis was, at the same time, very fruitful for Jung's research. In 1919, he completed work on the book “Instinct and the Unconscious”, in which he first used the concept of archetype.

In subsequent years, Jung traveled a lot, visiting the countries of North Africa and the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico. In 1920, one of Jung’s main works, “Psychological Types,” was published.

In the mid-20s, he travels to Uganda and Kenya. After returning from Africa, his works came out one after another: “Spiritual Problems of Modern Man”, “Structure of the Soul”, “Relationships between the Ego and the Unconscious”. Jung's ideas are becoming famous all over the world, and the popularity of the scientist's works is facilitated by their active translation into English language. Jung is elected president of the International Psychotherapeutic Society.

What about duality and visions? They do not leave the scientist until the end of his life. Jung explains these phenomena by the possibility of contact with the collective unconscious; he believes that everyone who has access to the unconscious - this bottomless repository of all destinies and ideas - is a true seer.

Carl Gustav Jung lived a long, eventful and amazing life. His ideas had a huge influence on the development of psychological, philosophical, and anthropological thought.

Literature:

Babosov, E. M. Carl Gustav Jung [Text] / Evgeny Mikhailovich Babosov. - Mn. : Book House, 2009. - 254 p. - (Thinkers of the 20th century). - Bibliography: p. 251-254.
Wehr, G. Carl Gustav Jung. Himself testifying about himself and his life / trans. with him. - M.: Ural LTD, 1996. - 208 p.
Gindilis, N. L. Scientific knowledge and depth psychology K.G. Young [Text] / Natalia Lvovna Gindilis. - M.: LIBROKOM, 2009. - 158 p. - Bibliography: p. 156-158.
Ovcharenko V.I. The fate of Sabina Spielrein // Psychoanalytic Bulletin. 1992. No. 2.
Jung K. G. Sigmund Freud // Jung K. G. Collected Works: Spirit Mercury. M., 1996. - 339 p.
Jung K. G. Memories, dreams and reflections // Spirit and life. M.: Praktika, 1996.

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Carl Gustav Jung (July 26, 1875 - June 6, 1961) was born in the small Swiss town of Keeswil, in the family of a Protestant priest. The father paid great attention to the upbringing and education of Karl and, despite the relative poverty of his family, he found the opportunity to send his son to the best gymnasium in the Swiss city of Basel. From a young age, Karl talks with his father about religion; thoughts about God and the structure of the world occupy a significant part of his youthful diaries and notes. It seemed that fate itself had prepared for him the path of a priest. However, the more deeply Karl studies religious texts, the more often conflicting thoughts about God and the church arise in him. He increasingly gets the impression that the Protestant Church is completely divorced from real life that it has degenerated into a set of empty rituals and ceremonies, not filled with any inner meaning. “Living religious experience should not be sought in the church,” Karl concludes, “many poetic and philosophical works are much closer to it than liberal Protestantism.” Later, reflections on God and religious sacraments would become one of the main themes of his work.

By the end of the gymnasium, Karl clearly understands that the career of a priest is alien to him and decides to study medicine. He enters the University, where, in addition to his specialty, he studies philosophy - both ancient and modern - with great interest. He is completely immersed in himself, in his own thoughts, experiences and dreams - they occupy him much more than the events of the outside world. It is no coincidence that he calls his autobiography: “Memories, Dreams, Reflections.” Until the last year of high school, these two interests - philosophy and science - existed for Jung separately from each other, and suddenly, already during the last semester, he opened a psychiatry textbook for the first time and from that moment his life changed. “My heart suddenly began to beat sharply,” he writes in his memoirs. “The excitement was extraordinary, because it became clear to me, as in a flash of enlightenment, that the only possible goal for me could be psychiatry. Only in it two streams of my interests merged into one... Here the collision of nature and spirit became a reality.”

After graduating from the University, Jung moved to Zurich and began working here in a psychiatric clinic. In Zurich, philosophy was not in favor; preference was given to more practical things - things that could be studied scientifically. In this opposition - either philosophy and religion, or strict science - Jung saw the tragedy of the Western worldview, the “split of the European soul.” In his works, he sought to unite these two poles, to show that they do not contradict, but complement each other and can exist in harmonious unity.

There is another area of knowledge, perhaps the most mysterious and enigmatic, and Jung, of course, could not ignore it. This is ancient esoteric knowledge: occultism, magic, astrology, alchemy... In 1902, Jung wrote his doctoral dissertation entitled “On the psychology and pathology of so-called occult phenomena.” Unlike most of his colleagues, Jung was not inclined to see in the occult only the fruits
sick imagination. He claims that many poets and prophets have the ability to hear someone else's voice coming from unknown distances, and it is to this talent that we owe many poetic and religious revelations. Later he finds a name for this mysterious world, whose voices and images sometimes appear to us in dreams or during creative inspiration - he calls it the collective unconscious.

In 1907, Jung met a man who, perhaps, had greatest influence on his future fate - he becomes a student of the “father of psychoanalysis” Z. Freud. This meeting became a source of unprecedented creative inspiration for Jung, and it later led him to despair and deepest crisis. Freud's ideas about the unconscious, which turns out to be the true master of human actions, determines his entire life - these ideas capture Jung and he becomes one of the most devoted and talented students of the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud has high hopes for his student - it is in him that he sees a person capable of eventually taking his place and leading the Psychoanalytic Society. However, Jung increasingly finds himself disagreeing with his teacher; psychoanalysis does not accommodate all of his interests. Jung refuses to consider the main life energy - libido - to consist exclusively of animal impulses (sex and aggression). In 1912 he wrote the book “Transformations and Symbols of Libido.” The ideas of this work of his largely contradict the views of Freud, and from this moment their rupture begins. Freud initiates a lawsuit against a former student and demands that Jung change the name of his method, since his work cannot be called psychoanalysis. Jung fulfills this requirement and from that moment on he becomes the founder of his own direction - analytical psychology.

1912 marks the beginning of a severe psychological crisis for Jung. In his own words, he was close to madness. Images of the collective unconscious invaded his life, bringing with them nightmarish visions. Jung imagined streams of blood flooding all of Europe, the collapse of the world. These visions only stopped in 1914, with the outbreak of World War II, when these ominous images became a reality.

Jung's subsequent life was entirely devoted to the study of the collective unconscious and its archetypes. Jung travels a lot, studying primitive cultures and the worlds of ancient civilizations. All his works are aimed at one goal - the return of lost integrity to man, the unification of the inner and outer worlds, science, religion and mysticism, the wisdom of the East and the West. He calls analytical psychology “Western yoga,” or “twentieth-century alchemy.” He is deeply convinced that every person is not only a biological being endowed with instincts and reflexes, a person no less belongs to the world of spirit - he carries within himself the experience of culture, religion, and scientific traditions. “Psychology is one of the few sciences that is forced to take into account the spiritual dimension,” he writes. The spiritual experience of ancestors is passed on from generation to generation with the help of archetypes - universal images of the collective unconscious, common to all people. K. G. Jung comes to this conclusion by studying folklore, and also by working with dreams of a wide variety of ethnic groups and cultures.

Based on his research, C. G. Jung offers his own diagram of the structure of the human psyche. He writes that the human soul is like an iceberg: only a small part of it is visible on the surface, and a large part is hidden in the depths of the unconscious. What a person presents every day in communication with others is his persona (mask). His ego is most often identified with her. But, in addition to this, the human psyche includes the shadow (unacceptable experiences and thoughts about oneself), anima or animus (the idea of an ideal partner of the opposite sex), self (the deep core of the personality that gives meaning to life), as well as a number of archetypes (Great Mother, Eternal Child, Wise Old Man, etc.). Jung called the path of self-knowledge, the movement from ego to self, individuation.

Jung's work has had a profound influence on modern culture. For example, G. Hesse’s book “Steppenwolf” was written under the influence of psychotherapeutic sessions that the author had with Jung. The influence of ideas about the collective unconscious and its inherent archetypal images can be seen in many works of art and films.

Analytical psychology has developed in a wide variety of directions. Jungian psychotherapists continue to study practical psychology in combination with cultural studies, religion and esotericism. “The fullness of life is natural and not natural, rational and irrational,” wrote C. G. Jung, “Psychology that satisfies only the intellect is never practical; for the integrity of the soul is never grasped by the intellect alone.”