Oh, this declension... When studying a noun, it is this topic that makes you really rack your brain in order to remember all the unstressed endings in all kinds of cases and numbers. How to determine the declension of nouns? The table and examples will make the task easier! Let's try to figure it out and become a little more competent!
What is declination?
Declension of a noun (a table of examples is given in the text) is a change in the case of a word and its number. Let's look at the examples in the table.
The table of declension of nouns by case shows that all nouns are divided into groups depending on what endings they acquire in the form of one case or another. Accordingly, all words related to the same phrase will have the same set of endings. Knowing how to determine the declension, you can avoid mistakes in writing the endings of nouns in a weak position, in other words, not under stress.
How many declensions can a noun have?
The table of declension of nouns by case, given in the previous section, showed that any words of the same declension in the form of the same case will have the same endings. It presents the three most common types of declension of our language. But, as you know, he is very rich, and simple rules does not exist in it. In addition to the three presented, there are other types of declinations.
So, what types of declinations are there? The most common are the first, second and third declension.
A separate group consists of words that end in -ies: intent, crime, agreement, etc.
The next group are words ending with -and I: mania, Natalia, waist, session, commission, etc.
There is a small group of words ending in -me, which are also inflected in a certain way: time, tribe, etc. Such words are called differently inflected nouns (a separate paragraph of the article will be devoted to them). Words such as path and child are also considered indeclinable.
And finally, there are also words that cannot change either by case or number, and “look” the same in all forms. These are indeclinable, or unchangeable, nouns: kangaroo, kiwi and others.
Why do you need to be able to determine declination?
The table will tell us how to determine the declension of a noun a little later. But very often the question arises: why do this? Why remember all these cases, endings, many “special” words that need to be remembered? But here's why. Let's take the word "path" as an example: I'm walking along the path, or I'm walking along the path? What should I do? Which letter should I choose? And here's another word: "winter". It too female with the ending -a-. We put in the same case: (to whom? to what?) - WINTER. But we already know that all words of the same declension acquire the same ending when changed. So you need to write like this: I'm walking along(to whom; to what) pathE. The issue is resolved!
How to determine the declension of a noun? The table and examples in the following paragraphs will help you not to make mistakes in this rather simple question!
Nouns of 1st declension
These are feminine and masculine words that have endings in the initial form -A or -I(remember that the initial form for a noun is the nominative case and singular).
There are a lot of feminine words with such endings in the Russian language: mom, Masha, pajamas, apartment, work, daughter and many, many others. There are fewer masculine words, but they exist and are very common: dad, grandfather, Vasya, Petya and other male names.
The table of nouns of the 1st declension will compare words with stressed and unstressed endings to show that all words of a given declension will have similar case endings.
Nouns 2nd declension
These are masculine words that have (it is not expressed by a letter in the nominative case, but “appears” in other forms) and neuter gender with the endings -o, -e: raft, horse, lake, sea, field, etc. The table of nouns of the 2nd declension will show which endings the words acquire when changing by case.
As you can see, in the accusative case they have different endings. And only prepositional case forms with an unstressed ending can cause difficulties, so you should remember that in this form you need to write - e.
Nouns of the 3rd declension
These are feminine words with a zero ending. They all end in a soft sign: mouse, brooch, region, passion, and so on. Let's see what endings these words take in different forms.
It is very easy to remember: in the forms of the genitive, dative and prepositional cases, such words acquire the ending - And.
Nouns starting with -и, -я
The word “aspiration” is neuter, but it cannot be attributed to the 2nd declension; the word "mantle" is feminine, but does not change like words of the 1st declension. The table of declension of nouns by case will show the difference in endings.
As can be seen from the table, the words in -ies differ from words of the 2nd declension only in the prepositional case, and words in -and I from words of the 1st declension - in the dative and prepositional.
Remember that words ending in -ya, in all forms behave like words of the 1st declension. Therefore, for example, the forms of the same name Natalia and Natalia will be inclined differently: (give) Natalia, Natalia, (talk) about Natalia, about Natalia.
Table of declension endings for nouns
Let us summarize what has been said with a table of case endings of words belonging to different declensions.
| Case | -1 cl- | -2 cl- | -3 cl- | -ies | -and I |
| I.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o, -e house, dish | |||
| R.p. | paws, bullets | home, dishes | |||
| D.p. | paw, bullet | home, dish | |||
| V.p. | paw, bullet | __ -o/-e house, dish | |||
| etc. | -oh/-ey paw, bullet | -om/-em home, dish | greatness | ||
| P.p. | about the paw, about the bullet | about the house, about the dish | about greatness |
Let's hope that no one will have any difficulty choosing the desired ending and determining the declension of nouns in the Russian language. The table explained everything in great detail.
It should be noted that -ies And -and I cannot be isolated as a separate morpheme, ending. In this case, these are simply the letters with which the word ends. such words are the topic of another article.
Declension of plural nouns (the table here is, in general, unnecessary) very rarely causes difficulties, since the letters are mostly clearly audible. In the dative, instrumental and prepositional cases in the plural, all three declensions will have the same endings. We suggest that you decline any words in the plural yourself and make sure of this.
Indeclinable nouns
There are few indeclinable words among the nouns of the Russian language. Why are they divergent? Because they cannot be attributed to any one declension; in different cases they “behave” differently. These are words ending with -me(there are about ten of them), the words “path” and “child”. Let's look at the features of the declension of nouns in the Russian language (table) - those words that are considered differently indeclinable.
| I.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| R.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| D.p. | strem-en-i | put-i | dit-yat-i |
| V.p. | stirrup | path | child |
| etc. | rush-en-em | put-em | dit-yat-ey |
| P.p. | o strem-en-i | about the way | oh dit-yat-i |
As you can see, the word “child” is inclined in a very special way. The word "path" in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases "behaves" like a word of the 3rd declension, and in the instrumental - like a word of the 2nd declension. Well, words ending with -me, in indirect cases they acquire the suffix -en-.
You need to remember these words so as not to make a mistake in choosing the right ending.
Unbending words
These are mostly borrowed words - coming from other languages. They can indicate the names of animals, plants, dishes, as well as first or last names of people, names of objects. Having entered our language, such words retained the peculiarity of not changing their form when entering a sentence. No matter what case or number such a word should be placed in, it will sound the same.
- Pour me some coffee - I admire morning coffee - we're talking about coffee.
- This is my cockatoo - I don’t have a cockatoo - give food to the cockatoo - remember the cockatoo.
- Dumas's novel - dedicated to Dumas - writes about Dumas.
It is incorrect and ignorant to inflect such words in a sentence. Everyone knows the joke phrase “I’m sitting in the first row of a movie theater with a popiroska in my tooth.” Let's not be like the hero of this joke! Declinable words must be used correctly, but indeclinable words do not need to be changed at all.
Let's sum it up
Determining the declension of nouns (table above) is not a complicated process at all, which will help you avoid mistakes when writing. Let's try to summarize all of the above.
There are three main declensions in the Russian language, but there are also special words ending in -and I And - Yep, and a few different words. Words are divided into three main groups depending on gender and ending in the nominative case.
All words of the same declension have similar endings. They can be learned so as not to make mistakes. Or you can do it differently: instead of a word with an unstressed ending, substitute any word of the same declension, but in which the stress falls on the ending. The letter at the end of these words will be the same!
Words on -and I And -ies are not included in the three main groups, because they change according to cases and numbers in a special way, and they need to be remembered.
You should also remember a small group of differently inflected words. Their set of endings does not coincide with any of the above declensions, which is why they require special attention.
And finally, inflexible words: they do not change, no matter in what context they are used. Decline words such as in a sentence cinema, coat, coffee, purse, kangaroo,- a sign of low literacy and general culture.
We hope that the article was useful and helped to understand such a difficult topic as noun declension. The table and examples were clear, and therefore choosing the correct ending will now not be difficult.
Be literate!
This article will help you understand the spelling of case endings of nouns. Below are tables showing examples for each case and declension; The tables are distributed taking into account the number category of the named object. In addition to everything, we will tell you how to correctly write unstressed case endings.
Spelling case endings of nouns
The case endings of nouns are represented by a system of endings (inflections), indicating the grammatical relationship of nouns to other words in sentences and phrases. Case endings depend on the number, gender, declension and animateness (inanimateness) of the noun. Peculiarities of spelling case endings of nouns are studied in 4th grade.
Singular case endings for nouns
Case endings of nouns are presented in the table with examples:
| Case | I declension | II declension | III declension | |||
| graduation | examples | graduation | examples | graduation | examples | |
| Nominative | -and I | water A, young man A, earth I | , -o, -e | man, house, window O, decisions e | night, lie, daughter | |
| Genitive | -s, -i | water s, young man And, earth And | -and I | Human A, house A, window A, decisions I | -And | night And, false And, daughter And |
| Dative | -e | water e, young man e, earth e | -u, -yu | Human at, house at, window at, decisions Yu | -And | night And, false And, daughter And |
| Accusative | -u, -yu | water at, young man at, earth Yu | , -a, -i, -o, -e | Human A, house, window O, decisions e | night, lie, daughter | |
| Instrumental | -oh (oh), -her(s) |
water Ouch, young man to her, earth to her | -om, -eat | Human ohm, house ohm, window ohm, decisions eat | -yu | night yu, lodge yu, daughter yu |
| Prepositional | -e | about water e oh young man e oh earth e | -e, -i | oh man e oh home e, about windows e, about the decision And | -And | oh night And oh lie And oh daughter And |
Case endings for plural nouns
| Case | I declension | II declension | III declension | |||
| graduation | examples | graduation | examples | graduation | examples | |
| Nominative | -s, -i | mountains s,
roads And, uncle And |
-a, -i, -s, -i | lakes A, table s, con And, student And | -And | step And, oven And, lan And |
| Genitive | , | mountains, | -ov, -ey, | lakes, table ov, con to her, student ov | -to her | step to her, oven to her, lan to her |
| Dative | -am, -yam | mountains am,
roads am, uncle yam |
-am, -yam | lakes am, table am, con yam, student am | -yam, -am | step yam, oven am, lan yam |
| Accusative | -s, -i, | mountains s,
roads And, |
-a, -i, -s, -i, her, -ov | lakes A, table s, con to her, student ov | -and, -ey | step And, oven And, lan to her |
| Instrumental | -ami, -yami | mountains ami,
roads ami, uncle yami |
-ami, -yami | lakes ami, table ami, con yami, student ami | -ami, yami | step yami, oven ami, lan yami |
| Prepositional | -ah, -yah | about the mountains Oh,
oh dear Oh, oh uncle I |
-ah, -yah | about the lakes Oh, about the table Oh oh con I, about student Oh | -ah, -yah | o step I, about the stove Oh oh lan I |
Spelling of unstressed case endings
The spelling of unstressed case endings of nouns depends on their declension. To determine the unstressed ending of a noun, follow these steps:
- Put the noun in the singular form I. p.
- Determine the type of its declination.
- Determine the necessary endings of the noun by case, replacing it with the corresponding test word, as shown in the examples in the table.
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Russian grammar is one of the most important parts language. Grammar allows us to speak confidently, correct and without errors. Often the speech of people who do not know grammar sounds very funny, because all the words sound ridiculous and incoherent. For example, everyone has heard how some foreigner tries to communicate in Russian. Frankly, they don't succeed and they look ridiculous. In order not to look like them, you need to know grammar.
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A noun is one of the most important independent parts of speech, which is practically the most common part of speech. It has such unstable features as number and case. The case paradigm is change noun depending on the meaning it has in a sentence. In this article you will learn how to determine cases of nouns, what are indirect cases, how to ask questions about them correctly, as well as about the cases themselves and their questions.
Cases
The only rule for correct modification of nouns is the correct placement of the ending in connection with asked by the question. This is an easy task for native speakers, but foreigners need to remember the endings and identify them correctly.
Declensions
There is also 3 types of declination in nouns.
- First declension. Creatures name. masculine and feminine endings -a, -ya. For example, a flask, a pig.
- Second declension. Creatures name. masculine and neuter with endings -о, -е. For example, a tree, a well.
- Third declension. The name of feminine creatures with a zero ending, or ending in -ь. For example, horse, horse.
Changing nouns different declinations.
| Question | 1st declension (plural) | 2nd declension (plural) | 3rd declension (plural) | |
| Nominative pad. | who what? | tire(s), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Genitive pad. | who?, what? | tires(tyres), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Dative case. | to whom; to what? | tire(s), mother(s) | spaceship(s) | horses(horses) |
| Accusative pad. | who?, what? | tire(s), mother(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Creative downfall. | by whom?, by what? | tire(s), mom(s) | spaceship(s) | horse(s) |
| Prepositional pad. | About who about what? | about the tire (about tires), about mom (about moms) | about spaceship (about spaceships) | about the horse (about horses) |
In Russian there is such a concept as indirect cases- these are all cases except the nominative.
They all have their own meaning:
Determinants
There are many ways to determine the case of a noun. The fastest, easiest and most effective way today is to use qualifiers. Different cases can be determined using the following determiners.
Using determiners makes it easier to change nouns by case. To do this, just put this word in front of the noun, and then ask a question and put the correct ending. For each case, it is enough to remember one word.
In addition, the question is of great importance for determining case. The table gives an idea of what prepositions are used with case forms of nouns in the Russian language.
Cases are the foundation of Russian grammar and everyone is required to know each of them by heart. But it’s very easy to remember all of them; two days of cramming is enough to remember them for the rest of your life. Good luck!
Class: 5
Presentation for the lesson
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Basic tutorial Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. In 2 hours. Part 2 / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others; scientific editor N.M. Shansky. – M.: Education, 2012.
The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with the spelling of the endings of nouns in -i, -i, -iy singular in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases
Planned results:
- Subject Skills:
- drawing up an algorithm for writing e-And in case endings of nouns; knowledge of the method of action when choosing the spelling of letters e-i at the endings of nouns;
- mastery of this method of action; determining case endings of nouns
- correct application rules for writing;
- Meta-subject skills:
- mastering techniques for selecting and systematizing material;
- adequate comprehension of the text by ear;
- the ability to argue your thoughts when answering;
- the ability to freely and correctly express one’s thoughts orally and in writing;
- Personal skills:
- the ability to evaluate one’s own activities and the activities of classmates;
- desire for speech self-improvement;
- the ability to self-assess one’s own speech in terms of communication norms
Lesson type: lesson in learning new knowledge
Forms of student work: steam room, group, individual
Required technical equipment: computer class for 7 people, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard
Lesson structure and flow
| Teacher activities | Student activities |
Training and development tasks for each stage |
Diagnostic tasks of each stage. UUD |
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| I. Organizational moment (motivation for educational activities)(1 min.) Purpose of the stage: inclusion of students in activities at a personally significant level |
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| Greetings, checking readiness for the lesson, wishes for success. Getting into the business rhythm. |
Choose an emoticon and show your mood. | - Good afternoon guys! On the tables you have emoticons No. 1, 2, 3, choose the one that matches your mood and show it. – How many smiles lit up. Thank you! And this is my mood ( Slide 2) – I see: we are ready for active and productive cooperation. Good luck to all! |
– Why is the mood in class so important? Personal results Self-determination (L) Meta-subject results Planning educational collaboration with teacher and peers (K) |
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| II. Updating and trial learning activity(4-5 min.) Purpose of the stage: repetition of the studied material necessary for the “discovery of new knowledge”, identification of difficulties in individual activities every student; preparing students’ thinking and organizing their awareness of the internal need to build a new way of action. |
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| Organizes repetition of knowledge, consolidation of skills | Complete tasks, identifying the extra word, analyzing all the words | (Students work in groups of 3) (Slide 3) – Find the "third wheel" word in each group: 1) about the people _, to the crown _, without clouds _ 1 group: the extra word “without a cloud”, since, unlike other words, it is in R.p. and has the ending - And. The first two words, despite different declensions (2 and 1) and cases (P. and D.), have - e. 2nd group: all nouns are pp., but the first two words belong to the 1st declension, so in the ending - e, and “spruce” – 3 declensions, ending - And. So, the extra word “about spruce” 3 group: all nouns P.p., ending in 1st and 2nd declension - e. Noun « building" s.r., 2 declensions - means, too - e? 4 group: all nouns of the 1st declension, D.p., ending -e. |
– What role does knowledge of the Russian language play in your life? What do you need them for? Meta-subject results |
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| III. Problematic explanation of new knowledge(15 minutes.) Purpose of the stage: discussing difficulties (why difficulties arose, what we do not yet know), ensuring students’ perception, comprehension and initial consolidation that nouns in -i, -i, -iy are special nouns; |
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| drawing up an algorithm for its determination, setting goals for educational activities Creates a problematic situation (offers a task that is not feasible due to the lack of knowledge) and organizes the work of students to study it. |
Involves students in discussing problematic issues, determining the purpose and topic of the lesson Participate in the discussion of problematic issues, formulate their own opinions and give reasons for them |
Set a goal, formulate a problem and topic of the lesson Formulation of the problem (2 minutes.) |
- So, the topic of the lesson... – Why did opinions differ? What is the problem?. | ||
| (We don't know which letter to write at the end) |
Organizes work in groups, pairs, ensures control over the completion of tasks Study the information in the textbook, p. 69 screenshot and performance (pair work) |
Create an action algorithm (group work) Opening new (10 min) 1. Formulating a problematic question on a new topic 2. Study the material in the textbook on p. 69. (Slide 5)
3. Report on the assignment completed at home: working with an information-type electronic training module. Performance. (Slide 6)
4. Drawing up an algorithm for determining the unstressed ending of nouns ending in -i, -ie, -i (they work in a group for 2 minutes, then one of the groups speaks, the others make adjustments)
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in the case endings of nouns" (in the supports add columns for -i, -i, -i) – Formulate a problematic question and compare theoretical information on new topic Meta-subject results |
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| Organizes physical training | Do physical exercises | Fizminutka - And now everyone is up! |
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| IV. Consolidation of what has been learned Purpose of the stage: speaking and consolidating new knowledge; identifying gaps in the primary understanding of the studied material, students’ misconceptions; carrying out correction; |
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| learning to spell the endings of nouns in -i, -i, -i. | Establishes awareness of perception, makes a primary generalization. Working with a textbook. Exercise mutual control and provide the necessary mutual assistance in cooperation (work in pairs). They participate in the discussion of problematic issues, formulate their own opinions and give reasons for them. |
Give self-assessment to the results of their educational activities (work in pairs, individually) Primary consolidation(Slide 8) And. |
– Write down the words with gaps, indicating the endings in them. Meta-subject results – What is the difference in the spelling of nouns? Control, correction, selection and awareness of what has been learned (R) Rating (P) Managing your partner's behavior (K) Subject results Expressing your thoughts with sufficient completeness and accuracy (K) Action by analogy (P) Ability to structure knowledge, select the most effective ways Personal results problem solving (P – general education) |
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| Self-determination (L) Organizes activities to apply new knowledge, incorporate new knowledge into the knowledge system and repeat |
Introduces students to work with electronic educational resources Incorporating new things into the knowledge system and repeating them(Slide 10) Work on options with mutual checking “Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns” (Handout) ( ) Annex 1 Independent work to control knowledge(Slide 11) Working with the author's electronic training simulator of the control type "Letters E-I in the endings of nouns" with automatic grading (students enter their last name, class and date of work on 1 sheet; the teacher records the final result) ( ) |
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| Appendix 2 V. Lesson summary (reflection on activity): students’ awareness of their educational activities, self-assessment of the results of their own and the entire class’s activities |
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| Organizes reflection and self-assessment of student results Offers homework taking into account the students' level of preparation |
Carry out lesson assessment and self-assessment, correlate the goal and results, the degree of their compliance Answer the questions: |
(Slide 12) – What was your goal? – Did you manage to achieve your goal? - How? – What results did you get? – What caused particular difficulties? – Where can you apply new knowledge? – Name the keywords of the topic. – Select the emoji that matches your mood, and show it. (Slide 13) Homework assignment. 1) Execute – exercises 540, 542 (one to choose from); – test No. 5, options 1,2, tasks 1–4, p. 17, 19 (book “Tests. Part 2”). 2) Task higher level: starting to study in English, we learn that there are almost no cases in this language. Maybe in the Russian language cases are a completely unnecessary thing? Question. Is it so? Use a simple example to prove the need for cases. (Slide 14) Thanks for the work. |
– Compare your mood at the beginning and end of the lesson. – What does this have to do with? Meta-subject results |
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Bibliography:
- Blinov G.I., Antokhina V.A. Collection of dictations on spelling and punctuation: A manual for teachers.
- – M.: Education, 1986. Efremova E.A.
- Russian language. Workbook. 5th grade /Manual for students of general education institutions. – M.: “Enlightenment”, 2012. Knigina M.P.
- Russian language. 5th grade. Tests: At 2 o'clock. Part 2. – 2nd ed., revised. and additional – Saratov: “Lyceum”, 2010. Mezhueva Yu.V.
- Russian language. Spelling of case endings of nouns - Saratov: “Lyceum”, 2010.
- Russian language. 5th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. In 2 hours. Part 2 / T.A.Ladyzhenskaya, M.T.Baranov, L.A.Trostentsova and others; scientific editor N.M.Shansky /. – M.: Education, 2012.
Shklyarova T.V.
Collection of independent works “Insert a letter!”, 5th grade / Manual for secondary school / – M.: “Gramotey”, 2009.
Declension is the change of words of various parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles) according to cases and numbers. Nouns in Russian have three main types of declension, which are reflected in the table below. If you need numerals, you can read about declension of numerals in another article.
The main types of declension of nouns in Russian
|
Declension type |
Explanations and examples |
Note |
|
1st declension |
Feminine, masculine and general nouns with the ending -а/-я in the nominative singular case: wife, earth, servant, young man, bully. |
Nouns in -ia (army, Greece) have the ending -i in the dative and prepositional singular cases. |
|
2nd declension |
Masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular and neuter nouns with the ending -о/-е in the nominative singular: law, horse, village, field. |
Nouns ending in -i and -i (genius, mood) have the ending -i in the prepositional singular case. |
|
3rd declension |
Feminine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative singular: spruce, mouse, daughter, horse, joy. |
For nouns ending in the nominative and accusative cases with a sibilant, a soft sign is always written at the end: mouse, daughter. |
In the plural, there are practically no differences between types of declension, so we can separately talk about the special declension of plural nouns.
On the spelling of case endings of nouns, see: Spelling of unstressed endings of nouns.
Cases express the different roles of a noun in a sentence. There are six cases in the Russian language. You can determine the case of a noun in a sentence by the question.
In addition to the main questions, the case of a noun can also be found out by auxiliary questions answered by the circumstances. So, the question is where? assumes the genitive case (from the store, from the camel); question is where? assumes the accusative case (to the forest, to the lecture, to the lesson); question is where? assumes the prepositional case (in the forest, at the lecture, at the lesson).
The following table will present the names of the cases of the Russian language, the questions of each case and auxiliary questions.
(3rd grade) - table:
The nominative case is called the direct case, and all other cases are called the indirect cases.
|
1st declension |
2nd declension |
3rd declension |
Declension in plural |
|
|
mood |
||||
|
mood |
||||
|
mood |
times |
|||
|
mood |
||||
|
bully-oh |
law, in the mood |
laws from time to time |
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|
about the army |
about the law mood |
time-ah |
Variants of endings for the nominative plural of masculine nouns authors/shores
Some masculine nouns in the nominative plural may have a stressed ending -а (-я) instead of the ending -ы (-и). This is first of all:
1) many monosyllabic nouns such as forest - forests, silk - silk, side - sides, eye - eyes, snow - snow, etc.;
2) many two-syllable nouns that have an accent on the first syllable in the singular form, for example: shore - shores, voice - voices, evening - evenings, city - cities, district - districts, skull - skulls, etc.
However, it is impossible to find strict patterns in the distribution of nouns by variant endings, since fluctuations are observed in this part of the language. We list in the table below the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.
The following most common nouns allow a double formation of the nominative plural:
Some nouns with different endings in the nominative plural have different meanings. Here are the most common words:
|
teeth (in mouth) roots (of plants) body (torso) camps (socio-political) sheets (iron, paper) bellows (blacksmith's) images (artistic) orders (knightly, monastic) belts (geographical) seeing off (someone) omissions (oversights) abacus (device) sables (animals) sons (of the Motherland) tones (sound) brakes (obstacles) flowers (plants) breads (baked) |
teeth (teeth) roots (dried vegetables) corps (buildings, military units) camps (military, children's) leaves (of plants) furs (cured skins) image (icon) orders (insignia) belts wires (electrical) passes (documents) invoices (documents for payment) sable (fur) sons (mother) tones (shades of color) brakes (device) colors (paints) bread (cereals). |
Variants of genitive plural endings for nouns
In the genitive plural, nouns can have endings - , -ov (-ev), -ey . There are also large fluctuations in this area of the tongue. We present in the table the most common regulatory options in which errors are possible.
|
with ending - |
with ending -ov(-ev) |
ending -ey |
|
British, Armenians, Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Buryats, Georgians, Ossetians, Romanians, Tatars, Turkmen, Gypsies, Turks; partisans, soldiers, hussars, dragoons, cuirassiers; felt boots, boots, stockings, boots, shoulder straps, epaulettes; ampere, watt, volt, ohm, arshin, micron, hertz, x-ray; knees, shoulders, numbers, chairs, logs, linens, fibers, ribs, cores, rods, kitchens, poker, shutters (shutter), fables, songs, gossip, domain (blast furnace), cherries, slaughterhouse (slaughterhouse), young ladies, hawthorns , villages, blankets, towels, saucers, waffles, shoes, roofings, shafts, weddings, estates, nannies, affairs; splashes, trousers, beads, vacations, pasta, money, darkness, stretchers, sleds. |
Kirghiz, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Mongols, Tajiks, Yakuts; dresses, mouths, apprentices, socks; meters, grams, kilograms, hectares, rails; oranges, tangerines, tomatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, lemons; swamps, kopyttsev, troughs, laces, windows; frosts, clavichords, rags, rags, scum. |
guns, joules, candles (but: The game is not worth the candle); skittles, sakleys, strife, rickshaws, pashas, young men; everyday life, mites, mangers, yeast, firewood, people, bran, sleighs. |
Indeclinable nouns
The divergent nouns include ten neuter nouns in -mya (burden, time, udder, banner, name, flame, tribe, seed, stirrup, crown) and the masculine noun path. They are called heterodeclinable because in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular they have the ending of nouns of the 3rd declension -i, and in the instrumental - the ending of nouns of the 2nd declension -em/-em.
Nouns ending in -mya have the suffix -en- / -yon- in the genitive, dative, instrumental and prepositional cases of the singular and in all plural cases, and the words seed, stirrup, in addition to this suffix, have the suffix -yan in the genitive plural case - (seeds, stirrups).
We show the changes in differently inflected nouns in the following table.
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Singular |
Plural |
|
|
time, seed, path- |
time-a, seed-a, put-i |
|
|
time-and, seed-and, put-and |
times-, seeds-, ways |
|
|
time-and, seed-and, put-and |
time-am, seed-am, put-yam |
|
|
time, seed, path- |
time-a, seed-a, put-i |
|
|
time, seed, way |
times, seeds, ways |
|
|
about times-and, seeds-and, put-and |
about times, seeds, ways |
Indeclinable nouns. Gender of indeclinable nouns
In the Russian language there are indeclinable nouns - words that do not change by case. These include foreign language nouns with vowel stems (coat, cafe, taxi, kangaroo, menu, Show, Sochi, Tbilisi), foreign language feminine nouns with a consonant (Miss, Mrs., Madame, George Sand's novel), Russian and Ukrainian surnames with -o and -yh / -ih and -ago (visiting the Dolgikhs, Shevchenko’s poem, read about Zhivago, with Durnovo) and compound words like general store, CSKA, Moscow State University, All-Russian Exhibition Center.
The case of an indeclinable noun is determined by the question and by the inflected words dependent on this noun (if any), for example: Take off (what? - accusative) your coat; You will be hot in this (which? in what? - prepositional) coat.
The number of an indeclinable noun is determined by the inflected words dependent on it (if there are any), by the verb (if there is one) or by the context, for example: These (which are the plural) coats are no longer on sale; The coat was (singular) very expensive; Ten coats (plural) were brought to the store.
Indeclinable nouns mainly belong to the neuter gender: popsicle, metro, muffler, cocoa, menu, taxi, sometimes to the masculine gender: coffee, penalty. The gender of many of these nouns can be determined by the following features:
1) the gender of the designated person or animal (for animate nouns): rich / rich rentier, old / old kangaroo;
2) generic (general) concept: wide avenue (avenue is a type of street), delicious kohlrabi (kohlrabi is a type of cabbage), sunny Sukhumi (Sukhumi is a city);
3) the main word underlying the phrase, from which the compound word was formed: a wonderful Youth Theater (theater for young spectators), a new hydroelectric power station (hydroelectric power station).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives
In accordance with their general meaning, qualitative adjectives have two degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of a characteristic - comparative and superlative.
The comparative degree denotes a greater manifestation of a characteristic in one object than in another, for example: This is a cake sweeter than cake(sweeter than cake). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.
The simple comparative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.
beautiful - beautiful-her (beautiful-her)
wise - wise-ee (wise-ey)
sweet - sweeter
low - lower
thin - thinner
Adjectives in the form of the simple comparative degree do not change either by gender, or by case, or by number. In a sentence they are most often predicates, rarely - definitions, for example:
This city is more beautiful than our native one (predicate).
Let's find a more beautiful place (definition).
The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the adjective.
sweet - more (less) sweet
low - more (less) low
The second word in the form of the compound comparative degree changes according to gender, case and number. In a sentence, adjectives in this form can be both predicates and modifiers, for example:
The weather today is warmer than a week ago (predicate).
Let's bathe him in more warm water(definition).
The superlative degree denotes the superiority of a given subject compared to others on some basis, for example: Everest - the tallest top in the world. The superlative degree, like the comparative degree, can be simple or compound.
The simple superlative degree is formed from adjectives using the suffix -eysh- (-aysh-).
wise - wisest
quiet - tish-aysh-y
Adjectives in the simple superlative form vary by gender, case and number. In a sentence they can be both definitions and predicates, for example:
Everest is the highest peak in the world (definition).
This crater is the deepest (predicate).
1. The words most, most, least are added to the adjective, for example: beautiful - the most beautiful, the most beautiful, the least beautiful.
In the form of a compound superlative degree with the word most, both words change by gender, case and number, and with the words most and least - only the adjective.
In a sentence, these forms can be both definitions and predicates.
We approached the most beautiful park (definition).
This park is the most beautiful (predicate).
2. The word “all” is added to the comparative degree of the adjective if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena or if one of the objects is compared with all.
This house is the tallest in the area.
This house is taller than all the houses in the area.
This boy is taller than everyone else in school.
These forms do not change. In a sentence they are predicates.
How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adjectives, adverbs and condition words
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Adjective. |
||
|
In a sentence it often appears as a predicate, less often as a function. inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate). |
In a sentence, it refers to a verb and stands in the role of an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He draws (how?) more beautifully than anyone else in school (circumstance). |
It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will (what?) be even hotter (predicate). At this time of year (what?) it’s dirtiest outside (predicate). |
Declension of numerals denoting whole numbers
Numerals denoting whole numbers change by case and for the most part do not have gender or number.
Only the numerals two and one and a half change by gender. They have two forms of gender: one in combination with masculine and neuter nouns, the other in combination with feminine nouns.
two, one and a half bags, sat - two, one and a half cups
The numeral one changes by gender, case and number, like possessive adjectives.
|
Masculine singular |
Neuter singular |
Feminine singular |
Plural |
|
|
one-year mom'shandkerchief |
one village mom's ring |
one book mom's fur coat |
one sleigh mom's fur coats |
|
|
one year mother's scarf |
one village mom's ring |
one book mom's fur coats |
one of their sleighs mom's fur coats |
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|
one year mother's scarf |
one village mom's ring |
one book mom's fur coat |
one sleigh mother's fur coats |
|
|
one-year mom'shandkerchief |
one village mom's ring |
one book mom's fur coat |
one sleigh mom's fur coats |
|
|
one year mother's scarf |
one village mother's ring |
one book mom's fur coat |
one sleigh mother's fur coats |
|
|
about one year mother's scarf |
about one village mom's ring |
about one book mom's fur coat |
about one of their sleighs mother's fur coats |
The numerals two, three, four have a special declension.
The numerals from five to twenty and the numeral thirty are declined as third declension nouns.
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Declension |
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|
five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books |
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|
five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books |
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|
five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books |
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|
five-, eleven- , twenty- , thirty- years, horses, foxes, books |
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|
five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books |
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|
about five, eleven, twenty, thirty years, horses, foxes, books |
Numerals forty, ninety, one hundred, one and a half (one and a half) And one and a half hundred have only two case forms.
The cardinal numerals denoting integers contain many complex words formed by adding stems, for example: fifty from five + ten, six hundred from six + one hundred, four hundred from four + one hundred, etc. In these numerals from fifty to eighty and From two hundred to nine hundred both parts decline. If numerals denoting integers are composite, then all words are declined in them.
Let us summarize what has been said about the declension of complex and composite numerals denoting integers in the following table.
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Declension |
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|
sixty, three hundred-, five hundred- forty seven |
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|
sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven |
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|
sixty, three hundred, five hundred forty-seven |
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|
sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty seven |
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|
about sixty, three hundred, five hundred and forty-seven |
Declension of collective numerals
Collective numbers denote several objects as one whole. Unlike numerals, which denote whole numbers, and from fractional numerals, collective numerals can denote the total number of persons without being combined with nouns: Three entered (it is impossible Three entered or I drew two-thirds).
Collective numerals are formed from cardinal numerals from two up to ten using the suffixes -oi- (two (double-e), three (troy-e) and -er- (four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten). They are combined:
1) with nouns denoting male persons: two friends, five soldiers;
2) with nouns denoting young animals: seven kids, nine piglets;
3) with nouns that have only a plural form, as well as with the words guys, children, people: two days, four children.
Collective numbers vary by case. In oblique cases they have the same endings as plural adjectives.
The collective numeral oba has two forms of gender: the form oba in combination with masculine and neuter nouns (both boys, both villages) and the form oba in combination with feminine nouns (both girls). In oblique cases, this numeral has, respectively, the stems obo- and obo-.
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns (my, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs, yours) answer the question whose?, in a sentence they are usually a definition and indicate belonging to the speaker, listener, stranger or any person (subject).
The 1st person pronouns my, our indicate belonging to the speaker(s): My answer was good; Our teachers went to the concert.
The 2nd person pronouns your, your indicate belonging to the interlocutor(s): Your car has broken down; Your house was built in the last century.
In Russian speech etiquette, the pronoun Vash, written with a capital letter, is used as a polite address to one person: Mr. Ivanov, your request has been received.
The 3rd person pronouns his, her, their indicate belonging to an outsider(s): His pen does not write; Her friends went to the seaside; Their child began to cry.
The general person pronoun his indicates belonging to any person: I finished my breakfast - You finished your breakfast - He finished his breakfast.
Possessive pronouns of the 1st, 2nd and general persons (my, ours, yours, yours, yours) change according to gender, case and number and are declined like possessive adjectives. This can be seen from the following table.
|
Masculine, singular |
Neuter gender, singular |
Feminine, singular |
Plural |
|
|
mom's wow |
mom's wow |
|||
|
mommy |
mommy |
|||
|
mom's |
||||
|
about mom's |
about mom's |
oh mommy |
about mom's |
The 3rd person possessive pronouns his, her, their do not change. They should be distinguished from the genitive and accusative case forms of the personal pronouns he, she, they by question and by their role in the sentence:
I saw (who?) her (addition) - the accusative case form of the personal pronoun she;
Here (who?) she is not (addition) - the genitive case form of the personal pronoun she;
My friend went to visit (whose?) her sister (definition) - 3rd person possessive pronoun her.
We show in the table how to distinguish personal pronouns his her And their in the genitive and accusative case from possessive pronouns of the 3rd person his, her, theirs.
Verb conjugations. Heterogeneously conjugated verbs and special conjugations
Conjugation is the change of a verb in persons and numbers. Verbs change for persons and numbers in the present tense and in the future perfect tense. There are two different verb conjugations.
The I conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:
Examples for I conjugation.
II conjugation includes verbs that have the following endings:
Examples for II conjugation.
On the spelling of personal endings of verbs, see: Spelling of unstressed personal endings of verbs.
In addition, in the Russian language there are heterogeneously conjugated verbs want, run, honor, dawn, as well as all verbs formed from them with the help of prefixes (want, run, honor, dawn, etc.), which have both the endings of the first and and the end of the second conjugation.
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disdain |
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|
Note: due to the peculiarities of its meaning, this verb cannot have 1st and 2nd person forms. |
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Note 1. In the literary norm, it is also permissible to conjugate the verb to honor as a verb of the second conjugation: honor - honor - honor - honor - honor - honor.
Note 2. The verb I conjugation burn is conjugated as follows:
I burn - I burn,
you burn - you burn,
burns - burns.
Verbs formed from it using prefixes are also conjugated, for example: burn, cauterize, burn. The forms you burn, burn, burn, burn, common in oral speech are not normative.
Special conjugations include the verbs give, create, eat, as well as all verbs formed from them using prefixes (give, recreate, eat, etc.). These verbs have special endings that are not found anywhere else.
|
yes-m yes-im yes yes yes yes yes-st-dad-ut |
created by created by create it, create it created-st created-ut |
e-st ed-ite e-st ed-yat |
Some verbs of the first conjugation can have double forms of the present and future perfect tense: with and without alternations. Here are the most common verbs:
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Adverbs in -о / -е, formed from qualitative adjectives, can have degrees of comparison, showing differences in the degree of manifestation of the attribute: spoke cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully - spoke more cheerfully than anyone else. Qualitative adverbs form comparative (more fun) and superlative (more fun) degrees of comparison.
The comparative degree of adverbs denotes a greater (smaller) manifestation of a characteristic, for example: My mother bakes cakes better than yours (better than yours). The comparative degree can be simple or compound.
The simple comparative degree is formed from adverbs using the suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she. Before the suffix -e there is always an alternation of base consonants.
beautiful - beautiful-ee (beautiful-ee)
wisely - wise-ee (wise-ey)
sincerely - sincerely (sincerely)
sweet - sla sch-e
low - neither and-e
thin - thinner
The compound comparative degree is formed by adding the words more or less to the original form of the adverb.
sweet - more (less) sweet
low - more (less) low
The superlative degree of adverbs denotes the greatest (smallest) degree of manifestation of a characteristic, for example: He jumped the furthest; This village is closest to the forest. The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, is only compound. Forms of simple superlative adverbs have practically disappeared from the language. There are only three outdated words left from the speech etiquette of the past: the lowest, the deepest, the most humble (for example: I humbly ask you, sir, to leave me alone).
The compound superlative is formed in two ways.
1. Words are added to adverbs most, least, For example: beautiful - most beautiful, least beautiful.
2. The word of all is added to the comparative degree of the adverb, if there is a comparison with inanimate objects and phenomena, and the word of all, if there is a comparison with living objects or phenomena, or if one of the objects is compared with all objects of a given class.
This light bulb shines brightest (of all things that shine).
This light bulb shines brighter than all (all other light bulbs).
He laughed more fun than anyone (in general, everyone who laughs).
Simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adverbs, adjectives and words of the state category sound and are written the same: quieter, more beautiful; quietest, most beautiful. They should be distinguished from each other by the question and by their role in the sentence.
How to distinguish between the simple comparative and the compound superlative of adverbs, adjectives and condition words
|
Adjective |
||
|
In a sentence it is more often used as a predicate, less often as an inconsistent definition and then refers to a noun. The music became (what?) quieter (predicate). We will send you microphones (which ones?) that are quieter (definition). This girl (what?) is the most beautiful of all in the institute (predicate). |
In a sentence it refers to a verb and is used as an adverbial manner of action. He spoke (how?) more quietly than always (circumstance). He's drawing(How?) the prettiest girl in school(circumstance). |
It is a predicate in an impersonal sentence, denoting the state of a person or the environment. In this jacket you will(what?) even hotter(predicate). This time of year(what?) the dirtiest thing is on the street(predicate). |