Malinovskaya A.
(Lyndon Baines Johnson - August 27, 1908 - January 22, 1973) - 36th President of the United States (1963-69), representative of the Democratic Party.
Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27, 1908 near Stonewall, Texas. Johnson's father, Samuel Johnson, was a farmer and later elected to the Texas Legislature. Lyndon received his education at Texas Southwestern Teachers College. His teaching credential enabled him to teach high school classes in Houston until 1931, when his energy and assertiveness earned him the attention of Democrat Richard M. Kleberg, who hired him as his personal secretary in Washington. It was from this moment that Lyndon Johnson's political career began.
In September 1934 in Washington, he met his future wife Claudia Alta Tyler (“Lady Bird”), and two months later, at Johnson’s insistence, they became engaged. In 1935, Johnson was appointed director of the Texas branch of the National Youth Administration. Johnson's reputation as an active director and supporter of the New Deal (and Johnson admired the ideas of President Franklin Roosevelt) helped him win a seat in the US House of Representatives at the age of 28 (1937). After this victory, President Roosevelt expressed a desire to meet Lyndon Johnson, which resulted in a strong friendship.
During World War II, Lyndon Johnson served in the Navy from 1941-42. Also in 1941, he ran for the Senate, but lost because he lacked the one hundred and forty votes that Governor W. Lee O"Daniel received. Making a second attempt in 1948, Johnson won by 87 votes. Johnson's opponent, Coke R. Stevenson, accused Johnson of rigging the results. During the ensuing judicial trial the election results were overturned, but after the intervention of Johnson's influential acquaintances in Washington, the case was re-examined by the Supreme Court. The result was Johnson's complete acquittal and subsequent easy election victory.
L. Johnson soon gained serious political influence and in 1951 became secretary of the Democratic Party in Congress (Democratic whip). In 1955, after the Democrats gained a majority in the Senate, Johnson became majority leader, the most powerful position in this institution of government. As party leader, Johnson worked to build consensus between the parties, during this period of his career he became known for his "LBJ treatment", which sought to reach agreements with the administration of Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower. . In 1955, Johnson was forced to take a break from his political career due to health problems (a heart attack), but returned to government at the end of that year.
One of the results of Johnson's work was the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first law affecting the rights of African Americans passed since Reconstruction.
In 1960, Massachusetts senator John Kennedy, nominated as the Democratic presidential candidate, offered Johnson the post of vice president in exchange for support from the southern states in the election campaign.
While serving as vice president, Johnson made numerous trips abroad, served as chairman of the National Aeronautics and Space Council, as well as the President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities. .
Lyndon Johnson assumed the presidency after the assassination of President Kennedy on November 22, 1963 in Dallas. The swearing-in ceremony took place aboard Air Force One. In the first months of his presidency, Johnson promoted legislative projects put forward by President Kennedy. Subsequently, Johnson proposed an anti-poverty program, promoted tax cuts, and helped promote the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act outlawed racial and other types of discrimination in employment, education, and social assistance. Civil rights for all citizens were a key part of Johnson's vision, later expressed in the Great Society program.
In 1964, Lyndon Johnson easily defeated Republican Barry M. Goldwater in presidential elections with a majority of 15 million votes (61.1% of voters). During Johnson's presidency, programs such as Medicare (care for the elderly population of the United States) Medicaid (receiving free medical care the poor). Johnson created a special office for urbanization and housing, increased federal spending on educational programs, introduced the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited racial discrimination and thereby changed the way of life in the southern states by allowing African Americans to register to vote. for the first time since Reconstruction. Lyndon Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to the post of Chief Justice of the United States, the first African American to hold that position.
In foreign policy, Johnson did not achieve positive results, especially in Vietnam. Kennedy sent representatives to negotiate in South Vietnam to help fight communist North Vietnam. Johnson decided on the participation of US troops in the fight against the North. In August 1964, he announced that American warships in the Gulf of Tonkin had been attacked by North Vietnam. As a result, Congress adopted the so-called. "Tonkin Resolution", which gives the president the right to independently make decisions on military actions in Vietnam.
Taking advantage of this resolution, Johnson in 1964 approved the start of military intervention by American troops in Vietnam, and in 1965 he authorized the start of the bombing of North Vietnam. Over the next three years, to protect the government of South Vietnam, Johnson increased the American military contingent from 20,000 to 500,000.
As military intervention escalated, so did anti-war movements, especially among students, as young people were reluctant to go to Vietnam as conscripts. In inverse proportion to the increase in anti-war sentiment among Americans, the level of support by the US Congress for the war in Vietnam decreased. The military intervention did not bring the high-profile military victories that the US leadership so counted on.
The cost of fighting the war completely buried Lyndon Johnson's dreams of the Great Society, and, moreover, the Vietnam War was a real shock to Americans.
On March 31, 1968, Lyndon Baines Johnson announced his decision not to run for office in the next election. Towards the end of his presidency, negotiations began in Paris to end hostilities in Vietnam and begin negotiations between North and South Vietnam.
Lyndon Baines Johnson left the presidency in January 1969 and returned to his childhood ranch near Johnson City. Already there he wrote a memoir about his stay in the oval office called TheVantagePoint:PerspectivesofthePresidency (1971).
On January 22, 1973, Lyndon Jones died of a heart attack at his ranch, a week before the signing of the treaty to end the Vietnam War.
More complete and interesting information about the personal life of Lyndon Johnson, his political decisions, access to personal archives and books on this period can be obtained on the official website of the Lyndon Johnson Library: http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu
When preparing the material, the resources of the Internet information network were used:
Born August 27, 1908 near Stonewall, Texas. He graduated from Johnson City High School and Southwestern Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He taught polemics and rhetoric at the Sam Houston School in Houston.
Political career
In 1931, Congressman R. Kleberg invited Lyndon Johnson to serve as his secretary. In August 1935, Johnson was appointed Texas commissioner of the National Youth Administration.
In 1937, he was elected to the US House of Representatives from Texas's 10th congressional district. Johnson received appointments to influential congressional committees and became an active champion of the New Deal. In 1941 he launched his first campaign for election to the Senate. Despite Roosevelt's support, Johnson finished second among 29 contenders in the primary.
He became a member of the House Naval Affairs Committee in 1942, and a member of the Armed Services Committee in 1947. He also participated in the work of the special committee on military policy and the joint committee on atomic energy.
In 1948, Johnson entered the Senate. There he became close with the influential Democrat R. Russell from Georgia and received two appointments: to the Armed Services Committee and the Committee on Foreign and Interstate Commerce. In 1951 he was elected deputy leader, and in 1955 - leader of the Democrats in the Senate. In 1954 he was re-elected to the Senate.
In 1960, Johnson decided to run for the Democratic nomination for president. He announced his candidacy on July 5, a few days before the convening of the party's national convention. In the first round of the primary elections, he suffered a serious defeat, and in the second he lost to John Kennedy and was appointed vice-presidential candidate. Following Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election, Lyndon Johnson assumed office as vice president on January 20, 1961.
Presidency period
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was assassinated, and from that day Johnson began serving as president. Johnson (riding in the same motorcade as the President) assumed the duties of President, taking the oath of office aboard Presidential Airplane 1 at Dallas Airfield just before departing for Washington.
Domestic policy
One of Johnson's first initiatives was to create a "Great Society" in which there would be no poverty. Congress has allocated about a billion dollars for these purposes.
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed, eliminating racial segregation in the US South. National health insurance (Medicare) was established. In the 1964 presidential election, Johnson was elected President of the United States by a significant margin, despite the fact that the South, dissatisfied with the abolition of segregation, voted for a Republican for the first time in 100 years, a well-known “hawk.” cold war Barry Goldwater.
Johnson re-entered office in January 1965, less than 2 years after Kennedy's death, and was therefore eligible to run for another term.
In 1966, Johnson won measures to create a "teacher corps", a housing grant program for needy families, a "model cities" program, new measures to combat water and air pollution, a program to build improved highways, increased social security payments, new measures in medical and vocational rehabilitation.
However, the Great Society program was later curtailed due to US intervention in the Vietnam War.
During Johnson's second term, issues related to the rights of black Americans began to escalate again. In August 1965, riots occurred in the black neighborhood of Los Angeles, resulting in the death of 35 people. The summer of 1967 saw the largest uprisings of the African-American population. 26 people died in Newark, New Jersey, and another 40 died in Detroit. On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King was assassinated. After this, unrest among the black population began in 125 cities, including Washington.
Due to the Vietnam War, Johnson's popularity had dropped significantly by the fall congressional elections.
Foreign policy
The main foreign policy event of Johnson's presidency was the Vietnam War. The United States supported the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the communist guerrillas of the MNLF, who, in turn, enjoyed the support of North Vietnam. In August 1964, following two incidents in the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam and secured a congressional resolution supporting any action the President deemed necessary to "repel an attack on armed forces USA and preventing further aggression" in Southeast Asia.
In 1964, with the support of the United States, the democratic government of João Goulart was overthrown in Brazil.
In 1965, as part of the proclaimed “Johnson Doctrine,” troops were sent to Dominican Republic. Johnson himself "justified" the intervention by claiming that communist elements were trying to take control of the rebel movement.
In the summer of 1965, Johnson decided to increase the American contingent in Vietnam. The number of American military forces in Vietnam increased from 20,000 under Kennedy to nearly 540,000 by the end of Johnson's presidency.
In June 1967 it took place at top level meeting between President Johnson and Soviet Premier A. N. Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, which paved the way for the 1968 Non-Proliferation Treaty nuclear weapons, the conclusion of which the president has been seeking for three years.
On January 23, North Korea captured the American reconnaissance ship Pueblo with a crew of 82 people near its shores. A week later, the NLF guerrillas, supported by the North Vietnamese army, launched the so-called Tet Offensive, simultaneously attacking many military installations and cities in South Vietnam. One of the largest cities in the country, Hue, was almost completely captured; in addition, the partisans managed to penetrate the territory of the American embassy in Saigon, which received wide attention in the media. mass media USA. The attack cast serious doubt on the reports of American officials and military commanders about the successes allegedly achieved in Vietnam. General William Westmoreland, the commander of American forces in Vietnam, requested an additional 206 thousand troops there.
After the presidency
Due to his low popularity, Johnson did not run for president. Richard Nixon won. On January 20, 1969, Nixon was inaugurated, after which Johnson left for his ranch in Texas. He left big politics, wrote memoirs and sometimes gave lectures at the University of Texas. He died on January 22, 1973 in his hometown of Stonewall from a third heart attack, the cause of which was prolonged smoking. Johnson's widow Claudia Alta (known as "Lady Bird") Johnson died in 2007.
The space center in Houston is named after Johnson. August 27, Johnson's birthday, is a public holiday in Texas.
1963 - January 20, 1969Hubert Humphrey
| 37th Vice President of the United States | ||
|---|---|---|
| January 20, 1961 - November 22, 1963 | ||
Hubert Humphrey
| Senator from Texas | ||
|---|---|---|
| January 3, 1949 - January 3, 1961 | ||
| Member of the House of Representatives from Texas's 10th Congressional District | ||
|---|---|---|
| April 10, 1937 - January 3, 1949 | ||
- Stonewall [d], Gillespie, Texas, USA
- Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park [d]
- Democratic Party
Invasion of Salamaua - Lae
early years
Political career
Presidency period
During Johnson's second term, issues related to the rights of black Americans began to escalate again. In August 1965, riots occurred in the black neighborhood of Los Angeles, resulting in the death of 35 people. The summer of 1967 saw the largest uprisings of the African-American population. 26 people died in Newark, New Jersey, and another 40 died in Detroit. On April 4, 1968, civil rights leader Martin Luther King was assassinated. After this, unrest among the black population began in 125 cities, including Washington.
Due to the Vietnam War, Johnson's popularity had dropped significantly by the fall congressional elections. Anti-war sentiment fueled the rise of the New Left youth movement (SDS, Yippies, etc.), which culminated in protests during the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August 1968.
Foreign policy
The main foreign policy event of Johnson's presidency was the Vietnam War. The United States supported the South Vietnamese government in its fight against the communist guerrillas of the MNLF, who in turn had the support of North Vietnam. In August 1964, following two incidents in the Gulf of Tonkin, Johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam and secured a congressional resolution supporting any action the President deemed necessary to "repel attack on U.S. military forces and prevent further aggression" in the South Vietnamese. East Asia.
On January 20, 1969, Nixon was inaugurated, after which Johnson left for his ranch in Texas.
After the presidency
After January 20, 1969, Johnson left big politics, wrote memoirs and sometimes gave lectures at the University of Texas.
In 1972, he sharply criticized the anti-war platform of Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern, although he supported his candidacy, saying that if McGovern had not been a Democrat, he would not have supported his candidacy.
Lyndon Johnson
Full name: Lyndon Baines Johnson.
He graduated from Johnson City High School and Southwestern Texas State Teachers College in San Marcos. He taught polemics and rhetoric at the Sam Houston School in Houston.
In 1960, Johnson decided to run for the Democratic nomination for president. He was actively supported by Harold Hunt. Johnson announced his candidacy on July 5, a few days before the party's national convention. In the first round of the primary elections, he suffered a serious defeat, and in the second he lost to John Kennedy and was appointed vice-presidential candidate. Following Kennedy's victory in the 1960 presidential election, Lyndon Johnson assumed office as vice president on January 20, 1961.
In November 1963, John Kennedy was assassinated, and from that day Johnson began serving as president. Johnson (riding in the same motorcade as the President) assumed the duties of President, taking the oath of office aboard Presidential Airplane 1 at Dallas Airfield just before departing for Washington.
The attitude towards the figure of Lyndon Johnson in American and world history is ambiguous. Some believe that he was a great man and an outstanding politician, others see the thirty-sixth President of the United States as a power-obsessed figure who adapts to any circumstances. Kennedy's successor had a hard time shaking off the constant comparisons, but Lyndon Johnson's domestic policies helped boost his ratings. Everyone has ruined relations in the foreign policy arena.
Childhood and youth
Lyndon B. Johnson was born at the end of August 1908 in Texas. Lyndon's father was a farmer, and his mother, Rebecca Baines, built a journalistic career before her marriage, but left the profession to raise children. Lyndon B. Johnson often spoke about the hardships he endured as a child. This was a clear exaggeration, since the family was not in poverty. However, parents raising five children had to count every cent. When Lyndon grew up, they took out several loans so that their son could get an education at a teacher's college.
During his years of study, the future politician showed his abilities in practice in the city of Cotull. Success in a segregated school in a small Texas town marked the beginning of his successful career in politics. The young teacher coped well with his duties, which attracted the attention of the administration and managers. When Richard Kleber, a large rancher and MP, was looking for a secretary to work in the capital in 1931, he paid attention to the energetic Johnson.
Beginning of a political career
After serving two years as a congressional secretary, Lyndon Johnson was appointed Youth Administration Commissioner for the State of Texas. He was elected to the House of Representatives from the state's tenth congressional district and received an appointment to a congressional committee. So Lyndon B. Johnson became an active supporter of the announced New Deal. Before World War II, he assisted Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany in resettlement in the United States.
Lyndon Johnson entered his first election race in 1941. He applied for a position in the Senate. Roosevelt supported him, but Johnson came in second among twenty-nine candidates. The following year, the young politician was appointed to the House Committee on Naval Affairs, and in 1947 he became a member of the Armaments Committee. Lyndon Johnson participated in the work of a special group to conduct military policy.
In the Senate, Johnson became close with the influential Democrat R. Russell from Georgia. As a result, he received two posts: he was appointed to the Committee on Trade (foreign and interstate) and to the Committee on Armaments. In 1951 he was elected deputy leader of the party, and in 1955 he became its head. In 1954 he was re-elected to the Senate.
A few years later, Lyndon Johnson decided to run for the party presidency. Harold Hunt provided him with active support. A few days before the national convocation, Johnson officially announced his candidacy. He was soundly defeated in the first round and then lost to John Kennedy and was appointed vice president in 1960.
Tragic entry into office
On Friday, November 22, 1963, the thirty-fifth President of the United States was mortally wounded by a rifle while riding in a motorcade with his wife Jacqueline during a visit to Dallas to prepare for the next presidential election. The first bullet hit JFK in the back, went through the neck, and through the right wrist and left thigh of John Connally, who was sitting in front. The second bullet hit the president in the head, making a fairly large exit hole (parts of the brain scattered throughout the cabin).
After his death, Lyndon Johnson automatically became president. Interesting fact: only a few hours passed from the moment Kennedy died until Johnson took office. He took the oath of office aboard the presidential plane at the Dallas airport before flying to the capital and immediately began his new duties.
In Lyndon Johnson's famous swearing-in photo, he is surrounded by three women. On the right stands the widowed woman, who remains in her fatal pink suit, stained with blood. Her right glove was hardened by her husband's blood. To the left of the president is his own wife, nicknamed Lady Bird. Judge Sarah Hughes stands in front of him, Bible in hand. She became the only person to take the oath of office from the president.
Presidency period
Lyndon Johnson began his presidency with a speech after the assassination of John F. Kennedy. He announced grim crime statistics in the United States. Johnson said that since 1885, each of the three US presidents has had an assassination attempt and one in five has been assassinated. The message to Congress said that almost every thirty minutes in the country there is one rape, every five minutes - a robbery, every minute - a car theft, every twenty-eight seconds - one theft. The state's material losses from crime amount to $27 billion a year.
In the 1964 elections, Lyndon Johnson was elected President of the United States by a significant margin. This has not happened since James Monroe won the presidential election in 1820. At the same time, the support of the Democratic Party in the South - whites dissatisfied with the abolition of segregation - voted for Republican Barry Goldwater for the first time in the last century. Goldwater, with his far-right views, was presented to Americans as a threat to peace, which only played into Johnson's hands.
Domestic policy
US President Lyndon Johnson began his tenure by strengthening social policies and improving the lives of ordinary Americans. In the first official statement from the government, which was made on November 8, 1964, he announced the beginning of the war on poverty. The Great Society included a series of major social reforms aimed at eliminating racial segregation and poverty. The program promised profound changes in health care and education systems, solutions to transportation problems, and other important changes.
The significance of Lyndon Johnson's reforms in domestic policy cannot be disputed even by his ardent opponents. The Civil Rights Act gave southern Americans of color the opportunity to vote regardless of gender. Health insurance and additional benefits were established, social insurance payments and subsidies for low-income families were increased. Measures were actively taken to combat water and air pollution, and road work was extensively carried out.
The Great Society building program was later abandoned due to US intervention in the Vietnam War. At this time, problems related to the rights of blacks began to escalate. In 1965, there were riots in Los Angeles that left thirty-five people dead. Two years later, the largest demonstrations of the African-American population took place. Twenty-six people died in New Jersey and forty in New Jersey. In 1968, when Martin Luther King was assassinated, black unrest began.
Claudia Johnson, the first lady of the United States, was actively involved in improving cities and preserving the state's natural resources during her husband's presidency. After her husband's death, she took up entrepreneurship.
Johnson's foreign policy
The main event in the foreign policy arena during Lyndon Johnson's presidency was the fighting in Vietnam. The United States supported the government of South Vietnam in the fight against communist-minded guerrillas who enjoyed the support of the northern part of the country. In the late summer of 1964, the President ordered strikes against North Vietnam to prevent further aggression in Southeast Asia.
In 1964, the US government overthrew the unwanted regime of João Goulart in Brazil. The following year, under the Johnson Doctrine, US troops were sent to the Dominican Republic. The president justified the intervention by saying that the communists were trying to control the rebel movement. At the same time, it was decided to increase the American contingent in Vietnam to 540 thousand soldiers (under Kennedy there were 20 thousand).
In the summer of 1967, a diplomatic meeting took place between Johnson and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union, A. Kosygin, in New Jersey. The following year, an American reconnaissance vessel with a crew of eighty-two people was captured off the coast of the DPRK. A week later, guerrillas simultaneously attacked cities and important installations in South Vietnam. The largest city of Hue was captured, and partisans entered the territory of the American embassy. This attack cast doubt on American reports of success in Vietnam. The commander of American forces asked to send an additional 206 thousand troops to Vietnam.
1968 elections
Due to his low public approval ratings, Johnson did not run for office in the 1968 election. He could have been nominated from the Democratic Party, who was killed in June of that year. Another candidate, Eugene McCarthy, was also not nominated. The Democrats nominated Humphrey, but the Republican won. After Nixon's inauguration, Johnson went to his own ranch in Texas.
After the presidency
After his presidency, Lyndon Johnson retired from politics, wrote memoirs, and occasionally gave lectures to students at the University of Texas. In 1972, he sharply criticized the anti-war Democratic candidate George McGovern, although he had previously supported the politician.
The thirty-sixth president died on January 22, 1973, in his hometown. Lyndon Johnson's cause of death was a heart attack. Johnson's widow, who is better known, passed away in 2007. US President Lyndon Johnson's birthday has been declared a holiday in Texas, but government agencies work, and private entrepreneurs can choose whether to give employees an additional day off or not.
Johnson in culture
In 2002, a film about Lyndon Johnson called “The Path to War” was released, where the role of the president was played by Michael Gambon. In 2011, Johnson’s image could be seen in the mini-series “The Kennedy Clan.” The role of Johnson was played by Woody Harrelson (the film LBJ, 2017), John Carroll Lynch (Jackie, 2016), Liev Schreiber (The Butler, 2013).