Unlike landslides, landslides originate from less steep slopes. Their movement occurs smoothly, calmly over hours, days and even months.
The treacherous effect of river water that has seeped into the depths earth's crust. It impregnates layers of loose sediments and moisturizes clays. Often such a moistened layer plays the role of a lubricant between the layers of the earth, and the upper layer, as if on a sled, begins to slide and float down. Small landslides are called “slides”.
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LANDSLADE VICTIMS
On December 16, 1920, an earthquake caused a landslide on a mountain in Gansu Province (China), killing 180 thousand people.
MAJOR LANDSLADES IN RECENT YEARS
Several hundred people died on March 29, 1994, when persistent rains near the city of Cuenca in Ecuador caused a landslide that buried a mining village.
In June 1997, two landslides in gold mines in the Chinese province of Yanan killed 227 miners.
In September 2002, in the Karmadon Gorge (North Ossetia), more than a hundred people died, including the film crew of S. Bodrov Jr., as a result of the collapse of a huge glacier and landslide.
LANDSCAPE THAT SWALLOWED A CITY
The town of Saint-Jeanne-Vianny in the Canadian province of Quebec was completely abandoned after a landslide in May 1971. The city was built in the 17th century by the first settlers - in a secluded depression on the edge of a giant slope. Its inhabitants lived without any natural disasters for several hundred years. And on May 4, 1971, the first sign of an impending threat followed, when livestock refused to go out into the fields on the edge of the city: most likely, the animals felt minor vibrations in the soil. That same night, a huge landslide occurred. Roads, vehicles and houses were swallowed up by a huge wave of mud 15 meters high, which spread over 15 kilometers within three hours. As a result, 31 people died, and the city is still empty due to strong movements of the layers of clay lying underneath.
THE BIGGEST LANDSLAND IN ITALY'S HISTORY
The Piave River Valley is located in northern Italy and thanks to E. Hemingway’s novel “A Farewell to Arms!” familiar to millions of people. During the First World War, the Italian army was stationed here, operating against the Austrians after their defeat at Caporetto. On October 9, 1963, at 23.15, a terrible natural disaster occurred - the entire valley of the Piave River was flooded. There were reports that the 260-metre Valmot Dam had collapsed under the pressure of a massive landslide caused by the earthquake.
The world's tallest dam, more than 20 meters thick, withstood the earthquake. It collapsed a little later. As the surviving witnesses of the disaster recall, the roar that was heard before the huge water shaft collapsed into the valley had a different origin. It came from the mountains that had cracked on either side of the dam. There is testimony from Captain Fred Mickelson, the pilot of the US military helicopter that evacuated the residents of the village of Casso. The village stood above a dam and was in danger of residual landslides. He described the event as follows: “Behind the dam there was a lake about two kilometers long, but now it is no longer there. The tops of the rocks on both sides of the dam fell into the lake and literally filled it.”
The water forced out of the lake poured through the dam, destroying it, and with a giant waterfall 450 meters high at right angles it poured into the valley of the Piave River.
Longaron, a village located in the path of the water flow, disappeared instantly. 3,700 of the 4,000 inhabitants died. In Pigaro, only the bell tower, the cemetery chapel and one house survived. Until now, no one lives in the village.
THE WORST LANDSIDE IN EUROPE
For centuries, mountains of waste rock grew in the vicinity of mining towns such as Aberfan, in Wales (England), being an integral attribute of the mines. Due to their composition, such mountains are very unstable and mobile. In Aberfan, a stream flowed under the mountain, which, washing away the base, further reduced its stability. A few days before the disaster, local residents noticed some movement on the mountain and notified authorities.
On the morning of October 21, 1966, a representative of the municipal government climbed the mountain to check the information received. While he was inspecting the mountain, suddenly two million tons of rock began to move and fell on the city. The roar was heard several kilometers from the town. Rescue work began immediately, the miners rose to the surface and, together with the townspeople, began excavations. 43 people died - mostly children who were at school at the time.
The biggest collapse in the history of the earth
Most mountain falls occur in the spring. This is no coincidence. Autumn rains wet rocks, water collects in their cracks. In winter, it freezes and at the same time expands, puts pressure on the walls, and pushes cracks apart. Thus, acting repeatedly, the ice “wedges” loosen the blocks and split them into pieces. Finally, the moment comes when individual parts break off from the parent rock and fall down.
Often the power of ice, acting quietly, is actively assisted by flowing waters. Washing the slope of the valley, they gradually undermine the ice, and at some point, under the influence of their own gravity, the washed away rocks collapse down and fill up the river valley. Mountain lakes appear in these places. An example is such pearls among lakes as Ritsa, Lake Sarez and many others.
Of all the collapses that occurred in historical times, the largest was Usoi; it occurred in the Central Pamirs in the area of the former village of Usoy. Here, on the night of February 17-18, 1911, from the slopes of the Muzkol ridge, from a height of about 5000 meters above sea level, a fantastic amount of earth and rock fragments fell into the valley of the Murghab River.
A strong earthquake was observed in the same area simultaneously with the collapse.
When scientists carried out a thorough examination of the area where everything happened and made necessary calculations, it turned out that, firstly, the epicenter of the earthquake coincided with the place of the collapse and, secondly, the energy of the earthquake and the collapse were equal. This means that the collapse was the cause of the earthquake.
But the mystery of the Usoi collapse for a long time remained the question of its phenomenally large size. Until now, no one knows whether there has ever been a similar collapse on the globe in historical times.
Only after many years of research did geologists reveal the secrets of the Usoi collapse. It turned out that the strata that make up the mountain slopes are inclined towards the Murgab River valley. The mass of the rubble consisted of rocks that were stronger than those that underlay them. Over the course of thousands of years, the Murghab River washed away the steep right slopes of the valley, and thus their connection with the base was weakened.
The force of the impact of the earth and stones falling from a great height was so great that it generated a powerful seismic wave that circled the globe several times. It was recorded by all seismic stations in the world.
Record landslides
Unlike landslides, landslides originate from less steep slopes. Their movement occurs smoothly, calmly over hours, days and even months.
River water that has seeped deep into the earth's crust has a treacherous effect. It impregnates layers of loose sediments and moisturizes clays. Often such a moistened layer plays the role of a lubricant between the layers of the earth, and the upper layer, as if on a sled, begins to slide and float down. Small landslides are called “slides”.
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LANDSLADE VICTIMS
On December 16, 1920, an earthquake caused a landslide on a mountain in Gansu Province (China), killing 180 thousand people.
MAJOR LANDSLADES IN RECENT YEARS
Several hundred people died on March 29, 1994, when persistent rains near the city of Cuenca in Ecuador caused a landslide that buried a mining village.
In June 1997, two landslides in gold mines in the Chinese province of Yanan killed 227 miners.
In September 2002, in the Karmadon Gorge (North Ossetia), more than a hundred people died, including the film crew of S. Bodrov Jr., as a result of the collapse of a huge glacier and landslide.
LANDSCAPE THAT SWALLOWED A CITY
The town of Saint-Jeanne-Vianny in the Canadian province of Quebec was completely abandoned after a landslide in May 1971. The city was built in the 17th century by the first settlers - in a secluded depression on the edge of a giant slope. Its inhabitants lived without any natural disasters for several hundred years. And on May 4, 1971, the first sign of an impending threat followed, when livestock refused to go out into the fields on the edge of the city: most likely, the animals felt minor vibrations in the soil. That same night, a huge landslide occurred. Roads, vehicles and houses were swallowed up by a huge wave of mud 15 meters high, which spread over 15 kilometers within three hours. As a result, 31 people died, and the city is still empty due to strong movements of the layers of clay lying underneath.
THE BIGGEST LANDSLAND IN ITALY'S HISTORY
The Piave River Valley is located in northern Italy and thanks to E. Hemingway’s novel “A Farewell to Arms!” familiar to millions of people. During the First World War, the Italian army was stationed here, operating against the Austrians after their defeat at Caporetto. On October 9, 1963, at 23.15, a terrible natural disaster occurred - the entire valley of the Piave River was flooded. There have been reports that the 260 meter Valmot dam has collapsed under the pressure of a massive landslide caused by the earthquake.
The world's tallest dam, more than 20 meters thick, withstood the earthquake. It collapsed a little later. As the surviving witnesses of the disaster recall, the roar that was heard before the huge water shaft collapsed into the valley had a different origin. It came from the mountains that had cracked on either side of the dam. There is testimony from Captain Fred Mickelson, the pilot of the US military helicopter that evacuated the residents of the village of Casso. The village stood above a dam and was in danger of residual landslides. He described the event as follows: “Behind the dam there was a lake about two kilometers long, but now it is no longer there. The tops of the rocks on both sides of the dam fell into the lake and literally filled it.”
The water forced out of the lake poured through the dam, destroying it, and poured into the valley of the Piave River in a giant waterfall 450 meters high at a right angle.
Longaron, a village located in the path of the water flow, disappeared instantly. 3,700 of the 4,000 inhabitants died. In Pigaro, only the bell tower, the cemetery chapel and one house survived. Until now, no one lives in the village.
THE WORST LANDSIDE IN EUROPE
For centuries, mountains of waste rock grew in the vicinity of mining towns such as Aberfan, in Wales (England), being an integral attribute of the mines. Due to their composition, such mountains are very unstable and mobile. In Aberfan, a stream flowed under the mountain, which, eroding the base, further reduced its stability. A few days before the disaster, local residents noticed some movement on the mountain and notified authorities.
On the morning of October 21, 1966, a representative of the municipal government climbed the mountain to check the information received. While he was inspecting the mountain, suddenly two million tons of rock began to move and fell on the city. The roar was heard several kilometers from the town. Rescue work began immediately, the miners rose to the surface and, together with the townspeople, began excavations. 43 people died - mostly children who were at school at the time.
RIVERS
"The Smoke That Thunders" or The Largest Waterfalls
This is how locals have long called the famous African Victoria Falls. The first European to see it was the Englishman D. Livingston in 1855. The traveler was sailing in a small boat along the Zambezi. The calm river suddenly changed: the water accelerated, became agitated, and somewhere behind the forest a frightening roar grew. Having barely managed to land on a small island, Livingston was amazed by the picture that opened: a wide river broke off, falling into the abyss.
How does such a natural phenomenon arise? Rivers make their way between different rocks. Some of them are easily and quickly washed away by water, others are difficult to wash away. And so it happens: somewhere in one place the river suddenly falls down, falling from steep, sheer ledges made of very strong rocky rocks.
Gradually, the water washes away the rocky ledge, the waterfall recedes up the river and becomes smaller. Over time, only thresholds remain - large pitfalls. Rivers with waterfalls are most often young. The age of rivers with rapids is already more advanced; and rivers that have erased all stone barriers along their path are old rivers.
For a long time, geographers believed that the Zambezi waterfall was the largest in the world. Then, in one of the most remote and inaccessible places on our planet, on the Churun River in Venezuela, the world’s highest waterfall, the Angel, was discovered. Masses of water fall here from a steep stone wall about a kilometer high! It was discovered in the South American jungle by pilot D. Angel (Angel) in 1935. In the same South America, on the border of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, there is another waterfall - Iguazu; its width exceeds three kilometers. Strictly speaking, this is not one waterfall, but many. There are 275 of them here! It is impossible to take in the entire fairy-tale picture at a glance. Every second more than 12,000 tons of water rush down. Two large cascades stand out, falling from a height of seventy to eighty meters. The mass of water generates an air wave, which throws up light aircraft if they descend over the waterfall.
IN North America, on the border between the USA and Canada, is the well-known Niagara Falls. The river falls in two wide streams into a hole fifty meters deep. Businessmen use this majestic waterfall for profit. Niagara hosts all sorts of shows that attract crowds of tourists. In the 19th century, an unemployed American announced that he would swim across the lower rapids of the waterfall for a reward. In the presence of numerous spectators, he threw himself into the seething water, appeared for a moment in the middle of the river and disappeared forever among the foam and darkness. The unwitting hero turned out to be a seven-year-old boy, Roger Wood. In 1962, he was boating in Niagara with his uncle and older sister. The current capsized the boat, and all three found themselves in a seething rapids. They managed to snatch the sister from the water, and the river threw the uncle and nephew into a fifty-meter abyss. The adult crashed, but the child, unexpectedly for everyone, remained alive.
And one more interesting story. On March 29, 1848, Niagara Falls...disappeared! Every second, six to seven thousand tons of water fall into the abyss here. And suddenly everything stopped. Only small streams flowed from above. The rocks were exposed. More than a day passed, and the water came again. What happened? On the morning of March 29, 1848, a strong storm swept over Lake Erie, from which Niagara flows. She broke the ice that covered the lake, and large blocks of ice blocked the flow of water from the lake into the river bed...
There are waterfalls in Russia too. They are found in the Far East, Siberia, Karelia and the Caucasus. The championship in height is held by Ilya Muromets in the Kuril Islands - 141 meters. “The waterfall,” writes Yu. Efremov, “bursts out of the ravine, as if from a drainpipe, almost horizontally, bends in the air and falls freely. It turns out a vertical column of collapsing water, several meters away from the plumb wall... The wind, now stronger, now weaker, deflects the falling stream, and it bends now to the right, now to the left, as if alive..." In the Sayan Mountains (Eastern Siberia) "dancing water" attracts attention - Grandiose waterfall, two hundred meters high. It flows in cascades from the ice grotto.
In Central Asia, in the western Tien Shan, the Arstanbap waterfall is known, translated as the Lion's Gate. It falls in three cascades from sky-high heights - from a four-kilometer mountain!
The peoples of the world give beautiful, poetic names to “dancing water.” In Sweden there is the Hare's Leap waterfall, in Korea - the Seven Dragons, in Kyrgyzstan - the Pigeon Watering Place, and in the Caucasus - Maiden's Hair and Water Throat. The highest waterfall in India (252 meters) - Wonder Corner... Are all the waterfalls open yet? Probably not. Here is one of the newspaper reports from the end of the last century:
“A new waterfall was discovered from an airplane in the tropical jungle at a distance of 250 kilometers from the capital of Guiana. It is four times higher than Niagara and twice as tall as Victoria Falls. The newly opened waterfall falls from a height of about two hundred meters. They named him Kaleter."
The most unusual rivers
RIVERS PLAY HIDE AND HIDE
The Kara-Balta River flows from the Kyrgyz ridge, giving its waters to wheat fields, sugar beet plantations, orchards. Examining its bed, scientists discovered that even before entering the valley, the river loses about a third of its flow. When they drilled a well, it turned out that this river was two stories high! Seeping through the pebbles and sand, part of its water formed, as it were, a second, underground stream.
In 1981, hydrogeologists established that across the territory of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic a large underground river runs parallel to the Volga, and in some places even adjoins it. It also happens that part of its path a river or stream passes on the surface, part of it goes underground.
In the Perm region, not far from the village of Kyn, the tributaries of the Chusovaya River perform such a trick: they seem to dive underground and then reappear on the surface. The place where they disappear is called dive by local residents, and where they come into the light again is called dive. The local river Kumysh has cut itself such a channel that for six kilometers it is almost invisible, and only then does it break out from under the rock and again become an ordinary river. In the Urals, about fifteen rivers, large, small and very small, are distinguished by such inconstancy - sometimes they are visible, sometimes they are not, hidden. The right tributary of the Kosva, the Gubeshka, is not visible for ten kilometers; the Vezhey River is hidden for eight kilometers.
One place is unusually beautiful on the South Ural River Sim, where it, encountering a rock on its way, disappears under it, its noisy running is again heard somewhere below, in the dense thickets of bushes.
A rare sight - a key on the right bank of the same river Sim, one and a half kilometers below the mouth of another river - Berda. It shoots straight out of the cliff, but it’s interesting that the water pours out in spurts: for about three minutes, vigorously, and then calmly for the same amount of time.
In Yugoslavia there is a river that first carries its waters in a narrow gorge, and then completely disappears into huge caves. Having walked a long way through the underground galleries, she disappears into a deep crack. Exactly - it disappears, because no one knows where it goes. They tried to find out with the help of dyes, but colored water was found in many springs around Trieste and even in the city water supply...
THE RIVER MAKES A CIRCLE
There is a river in the Gorky region with a curious name - Piana, a tributary of the Sura. And the river is interesting because its source and mouth are very close. Having run in a circle for more than four hundred kilometers, it reappears almost at the place of its birth and only then flows into the Sura. “Almost” is three dozen kilometers. And “running in a circle” is not entirely accurate. Wandering somewhere hundreds of kilometers, it makes so many zigzags and unexpected turns that it’s time to talk not about a circle, but about some other figure.
"NOVGOROD MIRACLE"
This happened a long time ago, in those days when Novgorod was an independent feudal republic and was called nothing less than Mister Veliky Novgorod. This event did not go unnoticed by the chronicler. Still would! After all, it concerned a person who occupied a prominent place in the church hierarchy - the bishop. In addition, this bishop, named John, stood at the head of the city council. What happened to him?
That year turned out to be difficult for Novgorodians: first, drought burned the fields, and then its eternal companion - hunger - fell on the city. The bishop, a lover of women, was blamed for everything: for his sins, they say, God sent misfortune. At first they wanted to drown him, but they changed their minds and decided to simply expel him from the city. They put together a raft, put the lascivious bishop on it and took him to the middle of the Volkhov - let him float with the flow! But the raft... didn’t want to go with the flow, but swam against it! One can imagine what was happening on the shore with the God-fearing Novgorodians. The chronicler (and, as we know, they were mainly monks) naturally interpreted what happened in the sense that God in this way condemned the little people who raised their hand against his servant.
However, it is doubtful that such a phenomenon as a river turning back was an isolated fact. It is even more doubtful that no one in the city knew the cause of this phenomenon. After all, in order to establish it, you just need ordinary observation, since cases when rivers and streams temporarily change the direction of flow are not so rare. This happens (and then, of course, it happened), for example, on some lowland rivers during spring floods: a large river “locks” the tributaries, and then they either stop and overflow, or even flow backward for some time.
Well, in Novgorod everything is explained even more simply. Volkhov, in essence, is a natural, miraculous canal connecting two large lakes - Ilmen and Ladoga. The river is full-flowing, with a slight natural slope. In the year of the “Novgorod miracle,” there was a dry summer in the upper reaches of the Volkhov, and the level of Lake Ilmen dropped. It was enough for heavy rainfall in the lower reaches, that is, over Ladoga, for the Volkhov flow to slow down or even turn back for a while.
By the way: the Greek river Avor changes its flow direction regularly, in the rhythm of fluctuations in the level of the Aegean Sea caused by ebbs and flows.
THE FUNNIEST NAME
The funniest name, of course, goes to a small river in the Vologda region - Kuku River. “Shouldn’t we go fishing on the Kuku River?” You can also do your laundry nearby – in the Portomoyka River.
The largest ravine on Earth
If we abstract from everyday life, from our petty worries and passions, then we can say that on the edge of the Grand Canyon of Colorado you clearly feel the breath of Eternity. And you realize the insignificance of the segment of existence allotted to us. And you feel like a speck of dust in the grandiose temple of the Universe.
The Grand Canyon is a huge ravine 350 kilometers long, dug by the Colorado River into the layered sedimentary rocks of the plateau of the same name. Its width in the upper part is 8–30 kilometers, at the river’s edge it is less than 1 kilometer (in some areas up to 120 m). The depth in some places is up to 1800 meters. The steep, sometimes highly dissected slopes are replete with bizarre protrusions in the shape of bastions, columns and pyramids. The river cuts through horizontally lying layers of rocks: from Archean crystalline to Upper Paleozoic sedimentary - limestone, sandstone, shale, etc., having different colors. The canyon was formed in the Cenozoic as a result of river erosion, intensified by the gradual rise of the plateau. The Colorado River in the Canyon has an average drop of 1.5 m per 1 km and flows at speeds of up to 25 km/h.
During high water, a river can transport about two million tons of silt in a day - it colors its waters, and 20 percent of pebbles and gravel must be added to this huge amount of abrasive material. Therefore, it is not surprising that over millions of years the river completely removed 12 of the top 25 layers of sandstone, limestone, shale and other sedimentary rocks along its path, and deeply cut through the remaining layers. 225–280 million years ago there was an ocean in this place, but over the past geological epochs it was repeatedly replaced by desert. Layers of multi-colored ocean and wind-blown sediments are cut through in places by lava flows of ancient volcanoes. On this thickness of stone pages you can read the entire geological history of the continent and draw conclusions about climate change.
The surface of the plateau, once the floor of an ancient ocean, was the uppermost of many layers of sandstone, shale and limestone laid down during the Paleozoic era, 600–250 million years ago. These rocks were deposited on top of even older crystalline schists formed in the Precambrian, 2 billion years ago.
According to various estimates, it took the river from 1.7 to 9 million years to carve this giant gorge. If we take average figures, it turns out that Colorado carried 2.5 billion cubic meters of rock into the ocean every year, and the erosion rate was a meter deep per thousand years.
People settled in the Grand Canyon at least 4,000 years ago. In 1930, rock carvings (petroglyphs) of the ancient inhabitants were discovered here; The subjects were mainly animals. Earlier than 500 BC. e. In the Canyon lived small groups of semi-nomadic Indians from one of the desert cultures, characterized by basket making. Their dwellings were carved out of rock or made of clay. Then the territory was occupied by Indians belonging to the Anasazi archaeological culture. They hunted deer and cougars, and grew corn, pumpkins and beans in the side branches of the canyon. And at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 11th century AD. e. Pueblo Indians lived here and built stone houses. A century and a half later they were replaced by the ancestors of the current local tribes.
Around 1540, Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco de Coronado came here in search of gold, but, standing on the edge, they bypassed the inhospitable gorge. Apparently, they gave the name to this unique geological formation (canyon - translated from Spanish as “chimney”). In 1776, the Spanish missionary Father Garces entered the canyon to convert the Havasupai Indians to Christianity. They did not convert to Christianity, but Father Garces left his mark here: he gave the river the name Colorado, which in Spanish means “colored” or “colored.”
In 1848, after a successful war with Mexico, the American government claimed these lands as its own. Lieutenant Ives, who commanded a party of military surveyors who explored the area in 1858, wrote in his report: “We were the first, and most likely the last, party of white men who ever visited this completely useless, bare country. It seems to have been destined by nature that the Colorado River should flow undisturbed throughout most of its lonely and proud course.”
The first person to cross the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River and survive was John Wesley Powell. This significant event took place in 1869. Powell was the first to study and describe the remains of the Canyon Indian civilizations. After this expedition, which took place in 1869, American interest in the unique monument of nature and history grew. However, this attention resulted in drama for the local tribes. After deposits of lead, zinc, asbestos and copper were discovered here in the 1870s, the Indians were forcibly moved to reservations.
Later, despite the economic benefits of mining the Canyon's minerals, preference was still given to the development of tourism. The first tourist groups visited the valley as early as 1883; by the beginning of the 20th century they were here railway. In 1919, Senator Harrison introduced a project to create National Park Grand Canyon; then US President Wilson supported this proposal. Since then, the status of the Canyon has remained unchanged. Its area is almost 500 thousand hectares.
After 1919, the Grand Canyon was visited by approximately one hundred million tourists. In 1979, the canyon was included in the list of “sites of world significance” compiled by UNESCO.
Athletes from all over the world come here to raft the Colorado, overcoming more than a hundred rapids in canoes, kayaks, paddleboards, rubber boats or rafts. Classical music concerts are held in natural caves located in some places in the walls of the gorge - the acoustics here are excellent.
To the unaccustomed eye, these harsh places may seem lifeless, but the Grand Canyon contains many plants and animals. On the bottom, where it is dry and hot, you can find a variety of desert creatures, such as the spotted skunk, yellow scorpionfish and whip-tail lizard. Purple ferrocactus and mesquite trees grow beautifully here. The brush-eared Kaibab squirrel is found only on the north side, while the Abert's squirrel prefers the warmer south. The cool slopes of the canyon provide shelter for Arizona gray foxes and rock chipmunks. Mountain lions also roam the rocks, but there are very few of them left, just like the people who once lived here. Tourists flown by helicopter to Havasu Canyon to see the remaining Havasupai Indians are seeing the last of the area's original inhabitants.
Where the Colorado bursts out of the Grand Canyon on the Arizona-Nevada border to form 115-mile Lake Mead, sits the Hoover Dam, the largest dam in the world. It was built between 1931 and 1936 and named after former President Hoover in 1947. The dam was built at about the same time as the first stage of the famous Soviet Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (1927–1932). Its height is 220 meters, and its thickness at the base is 180 meters (the height of the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station is 60 m). The Hoover Dam is far from the only one built on the Colorado River along its entire length, but it is the largest.
Its power plant capacity is 1.25 million kW, and it irrigates vast areas of Northern California, Arizona, Nevada and New Mexico. It is also a source of energy and water for the entire region. This is exactly how it was conceived – as multifunctional. During the construction of this hydraulic miracle, they used Newest technologies. The dam, begun during the Great Depression, provided jobs to tens of thousands of unemployed Americans. And although work on the dam was fraught with great risk, and over five years more than a thousand people died during its construction, the influx of labor did not become scarce.
In total, along its 2,333 kilometers, the Colorado River rotates the turbines of 30 power plants. Dams hold back the flow of the river, silt and other abrasive materials settle at the bottom of the reservoirs, and further deepening of the Canyon has virtually ceased. However, the river can wait: what is two or three centuries, during which the dams can stand, compared to millions of years?
Based on materials from Yu. Ryazantsev
HAVE SCIENTISTS REVEALED THE ORIGIN OF THE GRAND CANYON?
The rocks in which the Colorado River carved the Canyon are composed of sandstone that hardened about 150–300 million years ago. Where so much sand came from in these places remained a mystery.
According to research conducted by Bill Dickinson and George Gehrels of the University of Arizona in Tucson, at least half of the hardened sand of the Grand Canyon was once part of the Appalachian Mountains, which stretch along the east coast of the United States and are located several thousand kilometers from the Grand Canyon. According to scientists, sand came to the west along with powerful river flows. Then it settled in the territory of modern Wyoming, after which it was carried south along with the winds, where it turned into dunes.
In their study, the scientists used the uranium-lead dating method. The sand rocks contain particles of zircon, a mineral containing uranium. Once the zircon crystallizes out of the liquid magma, the uranium begins to decay and the uranium naturally turns into lead. The amount of lead in zircon particles allows us to determine the age of the zircon. The age of zircon particles from one mountain range can then be compared with the age of zircon from other mountains.
Half of the zircon samples taken from the Grand Canyon formed either 1.2 billion years ago or about 500 million years ago. This age coincides with the age of granite in the Appalachians. Only a quarter of the zircon particles match the age of the Rocky Mountains. Also, a small amount of sand came to the western United States, apparently from Canada.
This method has proven effective in determining the route of movement of tectonic strata across the Earth's surface. By comparing the age of zircon in the sandstone of one continent with that of zircon in the mountain ranges of another, reliable evidence can be obtained that the two continents were once one.
The largest known landslide is located in the Heart Mountains in Wyoming (USA). It covers an area of two thousand square kilometers and, judging by the remaining traces, in some places it spread at a speed of one hundred kilometers per hour. This catastrophe happened in the very distant past - about thirty million years ago.
In Europe, the first place belongs to the Flim landslide, which occurred in the Alps. Scientists suggest that it occurred before the Ice Age and before the appearance of humans here (about a million years ago).
Twelve cubic kilometers of loose material moved into the Rhine River valley. This happened on the territory of what is now Switzerland near the city of Chur - where the village of Flim (canton of Grisons) is now located. The landslide fell into the Rhine, and the river valley was buried to a height of about six hundred meters. At first a lake two hundred meters deep formed, but it did not last long. The Rhine found another way, and the lake was drained.
And the largest landslide of historical time is considered to be the event that occurred on February 18, 1911 in the Pamirs. The landslide was caused by a strong earthquake, after which a fantastic amount of loose material—2.2 billion cubic meters—slipped from the slopes of the Muzkol ridge, from a height of five thousand meters above sea level. The village of Usoy with all its inhabitants, their property and livestock was overwhelmed. Rock formations blocked the valley of the Mugrab River. A huge dam with a diameter of four to five kilometers and a height of more than seven hundred meters stopped the flow of the river for four years. A new lake in the Pamirs appeared - Sarez, which began to grow rapidly and in turn flooded the villages of Sarez, Nisor-Dasht and Irkht.
In 1913, the length of Lake Sarez reached 28 kilometers, and its depth was almost 130 meters. Then the waters of Mugrab made their way through the stone blockage, but the lake still continued to grow. Today its length is already 75 kilometers, and its depth is about five hundred meters.
The force of the impact of the mass of earth and stones falling from a great height was so great that it generated a powerful seismic wave. It was recorded by seismic stations around the world, as it circled the globe several times.
The mystery of the Usoi landslide is its exceptionally large size. Until now, scientists cannot say for sure whether there has ever been such a landslide on the globe (in historical times). Traces of a more gigantic one have not yet been found.
The roar of collapsing rocks (some scientists attribute this landslide to landslides) was heard by residents of Tajik villages located twenty kilometers from the village of Usoy. People called this place “Death Valley” and walked around it for a long time.
And the most tragic in terms of the number of victims was a landslide that occurred in the Chinese province of Gansu in 1920. Most The territory of this province is occupied by a loess plateau, which suffered a terrible earthquake. Not only the strength of the earthquake, but also the specific soil conditions of Central China played a fatal role here. The affected area was in the center of the “land of loess” - fertile dust blown by winds from the Gobi Desert at the beginning of the Quaternary period. The fertility of the soil was the main reason that this area was densely populated.
Loess is very porous, but at the same time it has quite significant strength. Therefore, canyons and valleys with steep slopes are formed in loess areas. When the cohesion of the loess was disrupted by the earthquake, the slopes became unstable. Loess strata moved literally in entire hills. These hills buried tens of thousands of people who lived in caves dug in the loess. In one cave lived the Muslim prophet Ma the Blessed with his community of three hundred of his followers. They were cut off from the whole world and doomed to a slow and painful death. For a whole month afterwards, relatives and fellow believers of the victims dug up the loess cover that closed over their cave, but they could not find anything.
The tragedy was made even worse by the fact that it happened on a winter night. The ensuing darkness and cold forced almost the entire population to take refuge in their homes. At 7.30 pm a dull noise was heard from the north, “as if huge, heavily loaded vehicles were rushing at breakneck speed along the bad pavement.”
One missionary, who miraculously survived, later said:
“When I heard the noise, I thought it was an earthquake and ran outside. But as soon as I found myself on the street, I felt as if something had hit me in the back with terrible force.
With my legs spread wide, like a drunkard trying to stay on his feet, I felt a strong rotational movement of the earth beneath me...
This first and longest shock lasted two minutes. He was followed by five or six others, and so quickly that it was almost impossible to separate them from one another...
The shocks followed one after another with an interval of several seconds and merged with the deafening roar of collapsing houses, the screams of people and the roar of animals that came from under the rubble of buildings.”
The resulting landslides reached enormous proportions. Seven of the most gigantic of them cut the slopes of mountains, and thousands cubic meters Loess filled up valleys and covered cities and villages. One of the houses, captured by loess, was carried on a moving mass of rocks and simply miraculously remained on the surface. There was a man and a child in this house, but in the pitch darkness and deafening noise they didn’t even really understand what had happened. In the morning, a truly apocalyptic picture opened before them - “the mountains moved,” and they did not even recognize their native places.
The section of road that moved along with their house (about four hundred meters long) moved down one and a half kilometers. Having stopped, it subsequently almost retained its former appearance, and the tall poplars on both sides of the road continued, as before, to sway their branches. The house made a path of almost one kilometer, and then two other landslides caused the avalanche to change direction.
This place is also called “Death Valley” because 200,000 people were buried here.
In our country, landslides occur very often in the Nizhny Novgorod region. This was even reported in ancient chronicles. For example, in the 15th century, a landslide descended from Gremyachaya Mountain, which destroyed a large settlement. This is how this event is recorded in the chronicle: “And by God’s will, sin for our sakes, the mountain crawled from above the settlement, and one hundred and fifty households with people and all kinds of livestock fell asleep in the settlement.”
A large landslide also occurred on the night of June 17, 1839, near the village of Fedorovka on the left bank of the Volga between Saratov and Ulyanovsk. The earth moved underfoot, houses cracked and shook, there was noise and roar in the air.
Nobody understood what happened. People did not know where to run and how to save their lives. Women and children screamed and cried loudly. Dawn came, but it did not bring peace - everything around remained the same, and the earth even began to shake even more. In places it swelled, and in place of lowlands, hills grew, and in place of hills, gaps and cracks gaped.
The vibrations of the earth's surface (sometimes strong, sometimes weak) lasted for three whole days. And all this time the population was in constant anxiety and excitement. And when everything calmed down, it turned out (to the great amazement of the residents!) that the village of Fedorovka had “moved” closer to the Volga by several tens of meters.
Most often, landslides occur when the bedrock layer, consisting of limestone or other carbonate rock, is “eaten” by acidic rocks. groundwater, sags after heavy rains or is damaged due to pipe ruptures. Such sudden collapses are especially dangerous, for obvious reasons, in cities, where entire houses can suddenly go underground. Below you will find photographs from the sites of the largest landslides in recent decades:
In May 1981, this giant hole appeared within the city of Winter Park (Florida). Local authorities decided to strengthen the edges and turn the resulting hole into a picturesque city lake.
In 1995, two houses in a fashionable area of San Francisco fell into this hole (18 m deep, 60 m long and 45 m wide).
In 1998, after unusually heavy rainfall and a rupture sewer pipe in San Diego, a giant crack has formed. Its length is about 250 meters, width – 12 meters and depth – more than 20 meters.
In 2003, rescuers had to pull out this bus with a crane after it suddenly fell into the ground on a street in Lisbon (Portugal).
This hole swallowed up several houses in the capital of Guatemala in February 2007. Three people are missing.
Bird's eye view.
In March 2007, in the Italian city of Gallipoli, a road collapsed into a network of underground caves underneath.
In September 2008, a car driving along one of the streets in the Chinese province of Guangdong suddenly found itself in a hole 5 meters deep and 15 meters wide.
This giant crater was formed in May 2010 in Guatemala City after Tropical Storm Agatha swept through it.
The same funnel from a closer distance.
In May 2012, as a result of a soil collapse on the roadway in the Chinese province of Shaanxi, this hole appeared 15 meters long, 10 meters wide and 6 meters deep.
And another landslide in Shaanxi (6 meters deep and 10 meters wide) damaged three gas and one water pipe in December 2012.
This giant hole formed one December night in 2012 in southern Poland. Its depth is about 10 meters, width is about 50 meters.
In January 2013, part of a rice field in the Chinese province of Hainan fell into the ground. Over the previous four months, there were about 20 similar incidents in the district.
The most catastrophic collapses in America
A selection of photographs from the sites of the largest landslides in recent decades in America. 
100 great records of the elements [with illustrations] Nepomniachtchi Nikolai Nikolaevich
The biggest collapse in the history of the earth
Most mountain falls occur in the spring. This is no coincidence. Autumn rains wet the rocks and water collects in their cracks. In winter, it freezes and at the same time expands, puts pressure on the walls, and pushes cracks apart. Thus, acting repeatedly, the ice “wedges” loosen the blocks and split them into pieces. Finally, the moment comes when individual parts break off from the parent rock and fall down.
Often the power of ice, acting quietly, is actively assisted by flowing waters. Washing the slope of the valley, they gradually undermine the ice, and at some point, under the influence of their own gravity, the washed away rocks collapse down and fill up the river valley. Mountain lakes appear in these places. An example is such pearls among lakes as Ritsa, Lake Sarez and many others.
Of all the collapses that occurred in historical times, the largest was Usoi; it occurred in the Central Pamirs in the area of the former village of Usoy. Here, on the night of February 17-18, 1911, from the slopes of the Muzkol ridge, from a height of about 5000 meters above sea level, a fantastic amount of earth and rock fragments fell into the valley of the Murghab River.
A strong earthquake was observed in the same area simultaneously with the collapse.
When scientists carried out a thorough examination of the area where everything happened and made the necessary calculations, it turned out that, firstly, the epicenter of the earthquake coincided with the site of the collapse and, secondly, the energy of the earthquake and the collapse were equal. This means that the collapse was the cause of the earthquake.
But the mystery of the Usoi collapse for a long time remained the question of its phenomenally large size. Until now, no one knows whether there has ever been a similar collapse on the globe in historical times.
Only after many years of research did geologists reveal the secrets of the Usoi collapse. It turned out that the strata that make up the mountain slopes are inclined towards the Murgab River valley. The mass of the rubble consisted of rocks that were stronger than those that underlay them. Over the course of thousands of years, the Murghab River washed away the steep right slopes of the valley, and thus their connection with the base was weakened.
The force of the impact of the earth and stones falling from a great height was so great that it generated a powerful seismic wave that circled the globe several times. It was recorded by all seismic stations in the world.
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