History of long distance running. Run. History of development, rules History of development of middle distance running

Modern middle-distance running originated in England in the 18th century.

For men, the 800 and 1500 m running was included in the program of the 1st Olympic Games of our time. Women first began to compete in the 800 m at the Olympic Games in 1928. This distance was then excluded from the games program until 1960.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the results in middle distance running for men lagged behind the level of world achievements: 800m - 2.00.3, 1500m - 4.12.9 (I. Willemson, Riga, 1917). Among women, the highest achievement was recorded only in the 800 m run - 3.20.2 (Milyum, Riga, 1913).

In Belarus, the development of athletics essentially began only under Soviet rule. The first records of the republic were registered in 1924 (1500 m - 4.50.0, G. Nikiforov). Mass competitions held in the early 1930s revealed many capable runners: I. Boyko, M. Ivankovich, F. Barabanschikov, A. Aleksandrov.

Before the Great Patriotic War the level of BSSR records among men was quite high. Thus, M. Sidorenko showed the following results: 800 m - 1.56.1; 1000 m - 2.30.2; 1500 m - 4.06.4.

After a delay caused by the war, it was not until 1950 that there continued to be a significant increase in performance in middle distance running for both men and women. Thus, M. Sidorenko consistently updated the republic’s records in the 800, 1000 and 1500 m running (1.54.5; 2.28.4; 3.56.4, respectively). For women, N. Kabysh raised the republic's record in the 800 m run from 2.26.7 (1948) to 2.08.4 (1954), and in 1957 E. Ermolaeva ran 800 m in 2.06.6 s.

By the mid-1950s, especially during the preparation and holding of the 1st Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR (1956), a large group of runners appeared who significantly improved the republican records. S. Plavsky at a distance of 800 m (1.56.6 and 1.50.8 s in 1955), at 1500 m S. Zakharov (3.54.0 s in 1953), E. Sokolov (3.52.4 s in 1955). E. Sokolov performed most successfully at the 16 Olympic Games in Melbourne, whose highest achievements were: 800 m - 1.50.0 (1958) and 1500 m - 3.41.7 s (1957).

In the 1960s, M. Zhelobkovsky became the leading middle-distance runner: 800 m - 1.47.7 (1967), 1500 m - 3.39.6 s (1971). His results were surpassed only after the mid-1970s: A. Nalyotov (800 m - 1.47.0 s in 1975); V. Podolyako (800 m - 1.46.2 s in 1978); A. Fedotkin (1500 m - 3.38.4s in 1979)

Only 20 years later, E. Ermolaeva’s record in the 800 m race was exceeded by I. Podyalovskaya (2:05.2, and then 2:04.56, 1977). In 1978, G. Pyzhik showed a record time of 2.03.56, and a year later L. Kirova improved it to 1.59.9. At this time, the republic's records in the 1500 m race increased significantly from 4.37.4 (S. Khvoshchevskaya, 1967 g.) to 4.16.8 (I. Kovalchuk, 1977). R. Smekhnova shows a number of record results: 4.13.4 (1978); 4.12.6; 4.10.7 and 4.05.2 (1979).

The performances of Gomel resident N. Kirov can be considered especially successful, who significantly raised the ceiling of Belarusian records (800 m - 1.45.6 in 1980, 1.45.11 in 1981, 1500 m - 3.36.3 in 1980, 3.36.34 in 1982). At the 22nd Olympic Games in 1980, N. Kirov took an honorable third place in a bitter struggle with the record holders in the 800 and 1500 m running, the Englishmen S. Ovett and S. Coe.

Speaking at the Olympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, A. Rakipov made it to the finals, where he set a republican record in the 1500 m race - 3.36.16s. A significant number of athletes have currently mastered the results of 1.45s in the 800 m race: A. Makarevich, A. Rudnik, A. Komar.

Success among women is associated with the names of N. Dukhnova and A. Turova. Thus, at the 2002 European Winter Championships, A. Turova took an honorable 3rd place with a result of 4.07.78s.

Currently, the country's record results have stabilized and are significantly inferior to world records.

Long distances (stayers) include distances from 3000 to 20,000 m inclusive. At all times, running has occupied a significant place both in the athletics program of the Olympic Games and in the system of physical education. progressive countries. Already the program of the ancient Olympic Games included long-distance running (up to 24 stages - 4614 m).

During the period of feudalism in the most developed countries In Western Europe, long-distance running, along with other physical exercises, was part of the training system for knights.

In a capitalist society, a great incentive for the development of running was the need for good physical training of soldiers. During this period, not only in the army, but also among civilian population Long-distance running is becoming increasingly popular. He was given a significant place in sports circles and clubs. Since 1845, running competitions have been constantly held in England, and since 1874, athletics matches between Cambridge and Oxford universities have been systematically organized. Since 1875, similar competitions began to be held between American colleges. Thus, university sport has become an important link in the development of long-distance running. The most outstanding runners of the late XIX-XX centuries. were the Englishmen W. Jordan, A. Robinson and A. Shrubb.

At the beginning of the 20th century. the first world records were registered at classical long distances for men: 5000 m - 15.01.2 (A. Robinson, Great Britain, 09.13.1908, Stockholm, Sweden); 10000 m - 31.02.4 (A. Shrubb, Great Britain, 5.11.1904, Glasgow, Northern Ireland).

The inclusion of long-distance running in the men's athletics program of the modern Olympic Games has been a powerful impetus for improving results at these distances. For the first time at the modern Olympic Games, a long distance of 5 miles (8046.57 m) for men was held in London in 1908. In the classic long distances of 5000 and 10,000 m, men competed for the first time at the Olympic Games in Stockholm in 1912.

The first Olympic champion in running these distances was X. Kolekhmainen: 5000 m - 14.36.6; 10,000 m - 31.20.8 s. At that time, the results shown were both Olympic and world records.

Progress in long-distance running came to a halt in 1914 as a result of the outbreak of the First World War.

From the 1920s to the 1940s, largely thanks to the efforts of Finnish runners, a rapid increase in results at distance distances began. The most prominent figure of those times in long-distance running was the Finnish runner P. Nurmi, who set 25 world records at distances from 1,500 to 20,000 m.

Second World War led to another stagnation of results. Only G. Hegg, a representative of Sweden, which was not involved in hostilities, managed to repeatedly improve world records. In 1942, for the first time in the world at a distance of 5000 m, he showed a result of 13.58.2 s.

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, intense competition in long-distance running developed between representatives of the English, Czech, Hungarian, Soviet, and somewhat later New Zealand and Australian running schools. World records and Olympic victories belonged to the most famous representatives of these schools: the Englishmen G. Peary, K. Chataway and B. Tallo, the Czech E. Zatopek, the Hungarians S. Iharos, L. Tabori, I. Rozhaveldi and I. Kovacs, the Soviet runners V. Kuts and P. Bolotnikov, New Zealander M. Halberg and Australian R. Clark. These achievements became possible thanks to outstanding coaches: the Englishman F. Stumpfl, the Hungarian M. Igloy, the Soviet coach G. Nikiforov and the New Zealander A. Lydiard.

It is worth noting the successes of the Soviet school of long-distance running from the 1950s to the mid-1960s. During these years, the Soviet stayers V. Kuts and P. Bolotnikov, who won the Olympic Games of 1956 and 1960, played a leading role on the world stage. races at three long distances out of four. During the same period, they repeatedly improved world and Olympic records at distances of 5000-10,000 m. Some results were far ahead of their time. Thus, the winning result of V. Kuts at the Olympic Games in Melbourne in 1956 at a distance of 5000 m - 13.39.6, set on a slow cinder track, was an Olympic record for 16 years. It was beaten by L. Viren at the 1972 Olympic Games in Montreal, when fast synthetic tracks were introduced.

During this period, representatives of the African continent began to appear on the world athletics scene. The first harbingers of the “African revolution” in long-distance running were K. Keino and N. Temu (Kenya), M. Wolde (Ethiopia) and M. Gammoudi (Tunisia), winners and medalists of the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games.

The 1970s became new era Finnish runners. In the pre-war years, the Finns achieved their last significant success at the 1936 Olympic Games, when in the 5000 m race representatives of Finland took 1st and 2nd places (G. Heckert, L. Lähtinen), and in the 10,000 m race the entire the pedestal was Finnish (I. Salminen, A. Askola, V. Iso-Hollo). After a 35-year break, the era of the Finns begins again. Thus, from 1971 to 1978, out of eight stayer distances of two European Championships and two Olympic Games, seven were won by Finns (European Championship 1971 J. Väätäinen - 5000 and 10,000 m, Olympic Games 1972 and 1976 L. Viren 5000 and 10,000 m, European Championship 1978 M. Vainio 10,000 m). The secret of the success of the Finnish stayers in these years was that in 1968 the New Zealand coach A. Lydiard began working there. His methodological concepts, combined with a comprehensive plan for reorganizing the work of Finnish athletics, were the basis for the outstanding success of Finnish runners during this period.

In subsequent years, right up to the present day, thanks to the efforts of African runners, there has been a constant improvement in results in long-distance running. World records and gold medals at the Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000 in both long distances belonged to representatives of Africa.

In Belarus, the republic's records in long-distance running have been recorded since the early 1920s. Thus, the first record holder of the republic in the 5000 m race in 1924 with a result of 18.58.0 s was the runner from Vitebsk G. Nikiforov. Subsequently, he became an outstanding coach of Olympic champions and world record holders V. Kuts and P. Bolotnikov.

Before the Great Patriotic War, records at both distances were set in 1940 by F. Barabanshchikov: 5000 m - 15.41.4 and 10,000 m - 32.13.8 s. These results were improved only in 1950 by M. Saltykov - 14.53.0 at 5000 m and 31.06.0 at 10,000 m. In 1956 (the year of the First Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR) the record at 5000 m was improved to 14.17.8 E Sokolov, participant of the Olympic Games in Melbourne. During this period, the 10,000 m records were improved twice by J. Burvis: 29.31.2 (1959) and 29.27.6 (1960).

From the late 1960s to the mid-1970s, the best stayer in Belarus and one of the best stayers in the USSR was M. Zhelobovsky (coaches: G.S. Vilkitsky and T.R. Rennel, honored coaches of the BSSR). A participant in the Olympic Games in Mexico City (1968) in the 1500 m race, in 1973 he twice improved the republic's records in the 5000 m race, first to 13.30.2, and then to 13.29.02, which were also USSR records.

Of the Belarusian stayers, A. Fedotkin (coach A.F. Agryzkin, Honored Coach of the BSSR, RSFSR and USSR) performed successfully at the Olympic Games, taking 8th place in the 5000 m final at the XXII Olympic Games in Moscow with a result of 13.24.01 , and two years earlier he became the silver medalist of the European Championship in the 5000 m running. He still holds the Belarusian records at both distances: 5000 m - 13.17.66, 10,000 m - 27.41.89.

Women's stayer running has more short story. At classic distance distances, world records for women began to be recorded relatively recently: 5000 m - 15.24.6 (E. Sipatova, 06/09/1981, Podolsk, USSR), 10,000 m - 31.53.3 (M. Slaney, 07/16/1982, Eugene , USA).

The 5000 m distance for women was first included in the Olympic Games program in 1996 in Atlanta (USA), and the 10,000 m distance in 1988 in Seoul (South Korea).

As in other countries of the world, long-distance running among women has a short history in Belarus.

Classification and characteristics of athletics exercises
Athletics in the system of physical education classes in educational institutions
- Contents of physical education curricula in various educational institutions and planning of educational work
- Training in athletics exercises (running, jumping and throwing)
- Methods for developing physical qualities using athletics exercises
Athletics in the system of recreational activities
- The place and importance of athletics in the system of recreational activities
- The influence of athletics exercises on the human body
- Methodological recommendations for conducting health-improving running and walking classes
- Control and self-control of those engaged in recreational running and walking
Fundamentals of athletics technique
Race walking
Sprinting
- Basic rules for sprinting competitions
Relay race
Middle distance running
- Basic rules for middle distance running competitions
Long distance running
- Basic rules of competition in long-distance running
Ultra-distance running
- Basic rules of competition in ultra-long distance running. Highway running
Hurdling
Running with obstacles
Running long jump
- Basic rules for running long jump competitions
Running triple jump
- Basic rules for running triple jump competitions
High jump
- Methodology for teaching the high jump technique using the “Fosbury flop” method
- Methodology for teaching the technique of high jump using the “stepping over” method
Pole vault
Throwing javelin, grenade and ball
- Basic rules of competitions in grenade and ball throwing
Shot put
Discus throw
Hammer throwing

Running history

The first Olympic competitions BC were held only in running. According to legend, the first Olympic Games were organized by Hercules in 1210 BC. e. From 776 BC e. records were kept about the Olympic games that were held only in running one stage (192 m). In 724 BC e. Two-stage competitions have been added. In 720 BC e. a race of seven stages was added and, as an example to the winner, athletes began to compete naked, this was facilitated by the culture of society which extolled tanned athletic bodies. Women of childbearing age were not allowed to participate in the games; only men competed in running.

Running and running competitions are known in the history of Homo sapiens at all times, on all continents, of all peoples, starting with Homo sapiens. These are the physical exercises that were necessary for girls ancient Greece, for the birth of healthy children. (Aristotle wrote about this, criticizing legislation that does not oblige parents to play sports with girls)

Running is the simplest, most accessible and physiological sport. It would seem that it could be simpler - put on sportswear, sneakers, go to the park or stadium and run for your health. However, this simple approach often results in overwork, injury and frustration for beginners.

Gordon Pirie

For effective training, you need not only the right equipment, but also some technical preparedness. Thus, running technique, correct calculation of training intensity, frequency of training, proper nutrition and even shoes.

Secrets of Runners' Success

Do you want to run effectively, feel the joy of exercise, and avoid injuries? A famous athlete will reveal to you all the wisdom of running. Gordon Peary in his book “Run Fast and Without Injury.” The multiple British champion at various running distances, Olympic medalist and famous record holder shares his sports experience, recommendations for building a training program, secrets of preparing and restoring the body, the nuances of running techniques and competitive strategies.

This book will be useful not only for beginner runners, but also for professional athletes who want to eliminate obstacles on the path to victory, improve their level of training and achieve high results.

Way to success

Gordon Pirie, born in 1931 in Britain, began his sports career in 1948. That year, Emil Zatopek won the Olympics in London. It was his achievements that prompted Gordon Pirie to begin active running training. And the result was not long in coming.

Gordon Peary

The beginning of the 50s was marked for Piri by a whole series of victories and records. In 1951, at a distance of 6 miles, he set a record, which he himself updated over the next two years, twice (28 minutes, 19.4 seconds).

The next “fruitful” year for success in Gordon Peary’s career was 1953. The National Cross Country Championships brought him the title of winner, and records at distances of 5000 meters (14 min 02.6 sec) and 10000 meters (result 29 min 17.2 sec). In addition, he became the winner and record holder in the 3 mile run, and also set a world record in the 4x1500 meter relay. He followed that up with a victory in the 1 mile, where Gordon beat American athlete Wes Santee in 4:06.8, demonstrating the breadth of his running ability. By the way, Piri became the winner of the British National Cross-Country Championship three times.

Strong rivals are a reason to work on yourself

1956 was a successful but difficult year for Gordon Pirie. In the race, held on June 19 in Bergen, Peary set a new world record at a distance of 5000 meters, covering this distance in 13 minutes 36.8 seconds. At the same time, he improved his previous own record by 25 seconds and overtook his main rival, the famous Vladimir Kuts, by 3 seconds. And three days later a new victory followed - Piri ran 3000 meters in 7 minutes 55.6 seconds.

Gordon Peary

The confrontation between Vladimir Kuts and Gordon Pirie continued at the Olympic Games in Melbourne. In the 10,000m, Pirie and Kutz initially set a very high pace, but several powerful bursts exhausted the British athlete, resulting in Kutz reaching the top of the podium with a result of 28.45.6. Piri came only eighth. But failure did not break the runner.

Piri took into account his mistakes and five days later, in the 5000-meter race, he chose a different tactic. True, the championship again remained with Kuts (as did the next Olympic record - 13 minutes 39.86 seconds). But Gordon came second, showing a result of 13:50.78.

Sports centenarian

Gordon Pirie is a real long-liver in sports. 13 years into his career, he was still setting records. Gordon Pirie celebrated his tenth anniversary in the 3 mile race in 1961 with a new British record of 3 miles in 13 minutes 16.4 seconds.

Sports centenarian

Retiring from professional sports did not force him to give up running. He took part in amateur races for a long time and continued his daily training. For many famous athletes, Piri became a coach and mentor.

His career lasted a total of about 45 years and ended, as befits a true athlete, with a record. During his life, he ran 240,000 miles, getting into the pages of the Guinness Book of Records with this achievement.

Gordon Pirie died of cancer in 1991. But his book “Run Fast and Without Injury” remains one of the best guides on running for both amateurs and professional athletes.

Gordon Peary's running rules

running with correct technique cannot cause injury
running is a sequence of jumps landing on the front of the foot, with the leg bent at the knee
When landing, the foot should be directly under the center of gravity of the body
everything you put on your body impairs your running technique
the speed at which you exercise will be your running speed
walking is bad for running
running step frequency – from 3 to 5 per second
arm strength and leg strength should be proportional
correct posture is critical for running, do not lean forward
speed destroys stamina, stamina destroys speed
Only one training program is suitable for each runner - one that reflects his unique characteristics
Static flexibility exercises lead to injuries
Mouth breathing is mandatory as running is an aerobic exercise

Steeplechase as a form of athletics, it originated in England. The first competitions were held in 1837 in Rugby. Steeplechase debuted at the Olympic Games in 1900 in Paris. Medals were played at two distances - 2500 m (champion D. Orton(Canada) - 7.34,4 ) and 4000 m ( D. Rimmer(Great Britain) - 12.58,4 ). The 3000 m steeplechase was run for the first time at the VII Olympic Games in Antwerp (Belgium), where an Englishman became the Olympic champion P. Hodge (10.04,0 ). For a long time, Finnish runners excelled in steeplechase. The first champion to run the distance faster than 10 minutes ( 9.54,2 ), in 1922 became P. Nurmi. At the last four pre-war games (from 1924 to 1936), Finnish steeplechasers won 9 out of 12 medals. They became Olympic champions V. Rittola, T.Loukola And V.Iso-Hollo(twice). However, the Swede was the first to overcome the 9-minute mark E. Elmsetter in 1944 ( 8.59,6 ). Since 1968, the Olympics have been won by representatives of Kenya (with the exception of 1976 and 1980, when Kenya refused to participate in the Olympic Games), and in 1992 in Barcelona, athletes from this country occupied the entire podium. Became Olympic champions A.Bivott(1968, 8.51,02 ), K. Keino(1972, 8.23,64 ), D. Korir(1984, 8.11,80 ), D.Kariuki(1988, 8.05,51 ), M.Birir(1992, 8.08,94 ), D. Keter(1996, 8.07,12 ), R.Kosgei(2000, 8.21,43 ), E.Kemboi(2004, 8.05,81 ). The first to break the 8-minute barrier B.Barmasai(Kenya) in 1997 ( 7.55,72 ). IN last years XX century The 3000 m steeplechase race for women began to be held. However, due to the fact that this discipline for women was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, World and European Championships, the results were low. In 2005, at the World Championships, medals were awarded for the first time in women's steeplechase, which served as a good incentive for the growth of results. Steeplechase is one of the most difficult types of athletics, requiring from athletes not only endurance, but also strong technical skills - the ability to overcome obstacles set along the distance in conditions of increasing fatigue. In each lap of the 3000m steeplechase, the runner overcomes five obstacles, one of which is particularly difficult (a water pit). There are 35 obstacles along the entire distance, so only by achieving rational technique can you gain a significant amount of time. In running, all obstacles on the track are overcome by the athlete with one, and more often with two legs, which makes it easier to choose where to place the leg before attacking the barrier. “Attacking” an obstacle is of great importance for rationally overcoming it. Best place to place a leg in front of an obstacle - 130-185 cm. If an athlete runs close to an obstacle, then he cannot actively move the pelvis and swing leg forward, so the overall center of gravity moves over the obstacle along a steeper trajectory. When taking off farther in front of an obstacle, the flight phase increases, which makes landing behind the obstacle more difficult and reduces the speed when dismounting. Length last step before pushing off onto an obstacle, it should be slightly less than the length of the previous ones, which is achieved by actively bringing the hips together in the flight phase and more quickly placing the leg at the place of the push, and this, in turn, reduces the braking effects of the ground reaction force. Lengthening the last step in front of an obstacle increases braking effects, since the leg is placed far ahead of the projection of the general center of gravity. When pushing off onto an obstacle, the steeplechaser’s torso moves forward, and the bent swing leg is carried forward and upward by the knee. As the pelvis moves forward, the pushing leg extends. At the final moment of push-off, the torso and pushing leg form a close to straight line. Extension of the swing leg in knee joint occurs the moment the knee reaches the level of the obstacle. To maintain balance, the hand opposite the swing leg is sent forward. In an unsupported position, the swing leg straightens at the knee joint, the torso leans forward even more, the pushing leg bends, is pulled towards the torso and is carried somewhat sideways over the obstacle. At this time, the hand opposite the swing leg moves down and back, slightly towards the pushing leg. When leaving the barrier, the tilt of the body gradually decreases, and the steeplechaser lands on the forefoot. During landing, the runner assumes a position similar to the position at the moment of “attack”. When steeplechasers run up to an obstacle in a large group, it is difficult to accurately get to the take-off point; sometimes it is more economical to use the “advancing” method of overcoming. It is less time efficient, but more economical in terms of energy costs. Unlike the strongest runners, all low-skilled steeplechasers have 10-12 m before the obstacle due to the definition the right place To push off onto the barrier, the running speed drops. This is especially noticeable among steeplechasers with undeveloped visual calculation, among those who constantly overcome obstacles with one leg. The obstacle in the form of a hole with water is the most difficult along the distance. Steeplechasers usually overcome a pit with water using the “stepping” method, although in Lately many overcome it unsupported in the first laps of the distance. There are several opinions about the most rational way to overcome a water hole. Some experts believe that you need to push off from the ground with your weakest leg and place your strongest leg on the obstacle in order to quickly overcome the hole with water and jump further. But most often, steeplechasers push off from the ground with their usual foot, and place their weakest foot on the obstacle, landing in the hole on their strongest foot. This does not knock them out of their usual rhythm, and landing on their strongest leg allows them to start running more quickly after overcoming an obstacle. There are steeplechasers who can equally successfully overcome both ordinary obstacles and a pit with water using both legs. This allows you to run up to an obstacle without changing the rhythm of your steps or running speed.

Previously, it was believed that a runner should push off as hard as possible from the barrier and then land in a hole of water. In this case, athletes bring their swing leg far forward and, when landing, bump into it, dampening the horizontal speed. Currently, steeplechasers often land 60-70 cm before the edge of the pit and quickly move to a two-support position, making the first step short. This allows you to maintain a high running speed. The decrease in speed after overcoming a hole with water is significant. Steeplechasers of the highest ranks reach the speed they gained before the obstacle 7-8 m after overcoming the water hole.

The technique of running between obstacles is no different from the technique of long-distance running. The differences in the structure of cross-country and hurdles are:

the position of the shin at the moment of placing the foot on the track when running between obstacles and in front of obstacles;
changes in the take-off angle when running between obstacles and at the moment of overcoming an obstacle;
the position of the lower leg when placing the foot while running between obstacles and at the moment of landing behind the obstacle;
the duration of the flight phase in running between obstacles and when overcoming obstacles. The smaller the difference in flight time during normal running and when overcoming an obstacle, the better the runner's technique.

Some kinematic characteristics depend on the level of sportsmanship and reflect the technical preparedness of the athlete; others - from individual characteristics and are not related to the level of sportsmanship. These include: the tilt of the torso at the moment of vertical, at the moment of running between obstacles, the position of the shin when placing the leg, the position of the leg when pushing off onto the obstacle, the distance from the place where the leg was placed to the barrier.

The running of a high-class athlete is characterized by freedom and ease of movement, which is achieved thanks to rational technique. Particularly important in the 3000 m steeplechase is the technique of overcoming barriers and water holes. Due to this, you can significantly improve the result. A runner's technical skill can be assessed by the difference in speed in a smooth 3000 m run and in a 3000 m steeplechase run (for the strongest runners it is 25-28 s).

The technical training of a steeplechaser is closely related to physical training.

With the growth of sportsmanship and physical fitness, the technique stabilizes, however, changes are observed in the kinematic characteristics of hurdle running:

the angle of foot placement increases after overcoming an obstacle (for runners of the III and II categories - 83.78 ± 1.58°; masters of sports - 87.00 ± 4.14°);
the support time when “attacking” barriers is reduced, respectively, from 197.42 ± 12.14 to 164.26 ± 12.50 ms;
the flight time over the obstacle is reduced accordingly from 554.42 ± 20.81 to 460.21 ± 38.54 ms;
the distance between the upper obstacle bar and the hip joint decreases, respectively, from 51.68 ± 6.49 to 33.11 ± 5.91 cm;

the loss of time when overcoming an obstacle is reduced, respectively, from 112.89 ± 10.71 to 95.47 ± 10.68 ms.

Sprinting (sprint), characterized by the performance of short-term work of maximum intensity. Short-distance running includes distances of 60, 100, 200 and 400 m. In England, the USA, Australia and some other countries, sprint competitions are held at distances of 100, 220 and 440 yards, respectively 91.44, 201.17 and 402, 34 m.

Sprinting, like many types of athletics, was revived in the 19th century. The first Olympic Games of modern times were held in Greece at the Athens stadium on April 5-14, 1896. Sprinting at these competitions was represented by two distances - 100 and 400 m for men. An athlete from the USA became the winner in both distances. T. Burke (12,0 And 54.2 s). At the II Olympic Games (Paris, 1900), two more sprint distances were added - 60 and 200 m. At these competitions, all sprint distances were won by US athletes (60 m - E.Krenzlein (7.0 s); 100 m - F. Jarvis (11.0 s); 200 m - D. Tewksbury (22.2 s); 400 m - M.Long (49.4 s). Since the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908), the 60 m race was no longer included in the competition program. American sprinter achieves outstanding results in sprint D. Owen, winner of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) in the 100 and 200 m race ( 10,3 And 20.7 s). The world record he set in the 100 m race ( 10.2 s) lasted 20 years.

Despite the convincing victories of American athletes in short-distance running, the first track and field athlete to show a result in the 100 m race 10.0 s, became an athlete from Germany A.Hari(1960), in the 200 m race the result 20.0 s was shown in 1966 T. Smith(USA). In the 400 m race, he overcame 44.0 with the first L.Evans in 1968 - 43.8 s.

To long (stayers) include distances from 3000 to 20,000 m inclusive. At all times, running has occupied a significant place both in the athletics program of the Olympic Games and in the physical education system of progressive countries. Already the program of the ancient Olympic Games included long-distance running (up to 24 stages - 4614 m).

During the period of feudalism in the most developed countries of Western Europe, long-distance running, along with other physical exercises, was part of the training system for knights.

In a capitalist society, a great incentive for the development of running was the need for good physical training of soldiers. During this period, long-distance running became increasingly popular not only in the army, but also among the civilian population. He was given a significant place in sports circles and clubs. Since 1845, running competitions have been constantly held in England, and since 1874, athletics matches between Cambridge and Oxford universities have been systematically organized. Since 1875, similar competitions began to be held between American colleges. Thus, university sport has become an important link in the development of long-distance running. The most outstanding runners of the late XIX-XX centuries. were the Englishmen W. Jordan, A. Robinson and A. Shrubb.

The first Olympic champion in running these distances was H. Kolekhmainen: 5000 m - 14.36.6; 10000 m - 31.20.8 s. At that time, the results shown were both Olympic and world records.

Progress in long-distance running came to a halt in 1914 as a result of the outbreak of the First World War.

The Second World War led to another stagnation of results. Only G. Hegg, a representative of Sweden, which was not involved in hostilities, managed to repeatedly improve world records. In 1942, for the first time in the world at a distance of 5000 m, he showed a result of 13.58.2 s.

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, intense competition in long-distance running developed between representatives of the English, Czech, Hungarian, Soviet, and somewhat later New Zealand and Australian running schools. World records and Olympic victories belonged to the most famous representatives of these schools: the British G. Pirie, K. Chataway and B. Tallo, the Czech E. Zatopek, the Hungarians S. Iharos, L. Tabori, I. Rozhaveldi and I. Kovacs, the Soviet runners V. .Kuts and P.Bolotnikov, New Zealander M.Halberg and Australian R.Clark. These achievements became possible thanks to outstanding coaches: the Englishman F. Stampfl, the Hungarian M. Igloy, the Soviet coach G. Nikiforov and the New Zealander A. Lydiard.

It is worth noting the successes of the Soviet school of long-distance running from the 1950s to the mid-1960s. During these years, the leading role on the world stage was played by Soviet stayers V. Kuts and P. Bolotnikov, who won the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. races at three long distances out of four. During the same period, they repeatedly improved world and Olympic records at distances of 5000-10,000 m. Some results were far ahead of their time. Thus, the winning result of V. Kuts at the Olympic Games in Melbourne in 1956 at a distance of 5000 m - 13.39.6, set on a slow cinder track, was an Olympic record for 16 years. It was beaten by L. Viren at the Olympic Games in 1972 in Montreal, when fast synthetic tracks appeared.

During this period, representatives of the African continent began to appear on the world athletics scene. The first harbingers of the “African revolution” in long-distance running were K. Keino and I. Temu (Kenya), M. Wolde (Ethiopia) and M. Gammoudi (Tunisia), winners and medalists of the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games.

The 1970s marked a new era for Finnish runners. In the pre-war years, the Finns achieved their last significant success at the 1936 Olympic Games, when in the 5000 m race representatives of Finland took 1st and 2nd places (G. Heckert, L. Lähtinen), and in the 10,000 m race the entire the pedestal was Finnish (I. Salminen, A. Askola, V. Iso-Hollo). After a 35-year break, the era of the Finns begins again. Thus, from 1971 to 1978, out of eight stayer distances of two European Championships and two Olympic Games, seven were won by Finns (European Championship 1971 J. Vää-tainen - 5000 and 10,000 m, Olympic Games 1972 and 1976 L. Viren 5000 and 10,000 m, European Championship 1978 M. Vainio 10,000 m). The secret of the success of the Finnish stayers in these years was that in 1968 the New Zealand coach A. Lydiard began working there. His methodological concepts, combined with a comprehensive plan for reorganizing the work of Finnish athletics, were the basis for the outstanding success of Finnish runners during this period.

Women's long distance running has a shorter history. At classic distance distances, world records for women began to be recorded relatively recently: 5000 m - 15.24.6 (E. Sipatova, 06/09/1981, Podolsk, USSR), 10,000 m - 31.53.3 (M. Slaney, 07/16/1982, Eugene , USA).

The 5000 m distance for women was first included in the Olympic Games program in 1996 in Atlanta (USA), and the 10,000 m distance in 1988 in Seoul (South Korea).

In a relatively short period of time, competition in these types of running has intensified significantly.

To extra longAll distances over 20,000 m are included. The classic ultra-long distance is the marathon - 42,195 m (26.2 miles). Distances longer than a marathon are usually called ultramarathons.

Of the variety of ultra-long distances, in addition to the marathon, which has been included in the program of the Olympic Games since the first modern games, it is worth highlighting the distances at which the World and European Championships are held: half marathon - 21,097.5 m (13.1 miles) and ultramarathon distances - 100 km run and daily run.

No other sport attracts such a huge number of participants from different age groups to its competitions. For example, in recent years, more than 30 thousand runners of different ages have started in the New York Marathon.

The popularity of ultra-long distance running is due to the following factors: the relative simplicity of the technique, the low cost of equipment, the ability to conduct training and competitions in the absence of expensive special facilities and equipment, and a strong health-improving effect. One of the most important factors- the heroic story of the origin of the main classical distance of marathon running.

No other sport in general, and athletics in particular, has such an ancient and exciting history as marathon running. In 490 BC. e. the Persians intended to expand their territory and conquer Europe. They landed near Athens in the Marathon Valley and prepared for battle. The Persian troops significantly outnumbered the Athenian troops. The Athenian generals decided to turn to the soldiers of Sparta for help. The time before the start of the battle was limited, so they decided to send one of the toughest warriors, a professional runner named Filipidis, to Sparta for help. The distance of 225 km passed through very mountainous terrain. It took the Athenian warrior about 36 hours to cover this distance. Sparta agreed to help the Athenian army, but for religious reasons they could only fight after the full moon period had passed. This meant that they would not be able to help the Athenians in the upcoming battle. Filipidis traveled 225 km from Sparta to the village of Marathon and reported disappointing news. As a result, the Athenian troops were forced to engage in an unequal battle against the Persians. The number of Athenian warriors was almost 4 times less than their opponents. However, the Persians lost about 6,400 soldiers in the battle. The losses of the Athenians amounted to only 192 soldiers.

The remnants of the Persian troops retreated to the sea and headed on ships to the south of Athens with the aim of attacking the city. To convey the good news of the victory over the Persians and warn the townspeople about the approach of Persian ships to Athens, Filipidis had to set off again, but now to Athens. From the village of Marathon it was about 40 km. With incredible efforts, Filipidis managed to overcome the fatigue from the previous forced march and battle. It took him more than three hours to deliver the message. Exhaustion reached its limit, and the brave warrior-runner, having demonstrated miracles of endurance, soon died.

Many centuries later, at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, marathon running competitions for men were held for the first time in Athens. The marathon distance differed from the currently accepted one and was 40 km, or 24.85 miles.

The result of the first Olympic champion in this type of program, the Greek S. Louis, was 2:58.50

In 1908, at the fourth Olympic Games in London, the marathon distance was changed and reached the classic distance of 42,195 m (26.2 miles). This was the distance from Windsor Palace (where the Olympic marathon started) to the Royal Box (from where the royal family wished to watch the finish of the marathon).

Heated discussions lasted 16 years before the distance of 42,195 m, or 26.2 miles, was approved as the official marathon distance at the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. (For comparison, the length of the marathon distance at the Olympic Games was: in 1896 - 40,000 m, in 1900 - 40,260 m, in 1904 - 40,000 m, in 1908 - 42,195 m, in 1912 - 40,200 m, in 1920 - 42,750 m.)

The first world record in marathon running for men was registered on August 21, 1908 (2:55.18, D. Hayes, USA). Over 94 years, through the efforts of 13 countries, the world record was improved by more than 50 minutes.

Women's marathon. The first world achievements in the women's marathon, by modern standards, were very modest. The women's marathon has a shorter Olympic history compared to the men's. It was included in the program of the Olympic Games in 1984 in Los Angeles (USA).

The result of the first Olympic champion in women's marathon running, American D. Benoit, was 2:24.52.

Despite the fact that women competed in the Olympic marathon for the first time, they immediately showed very good results. For comparison: the result of the first Olympic champion D. Benoit in 1984 was the second result in the world in the entire history of the women's marathon. At the same time, he was slightly inferior to the results of men. It is interesting that the result shown by the first Olympic champion D. Benoit was better than thirteen of the twenty Olympic results of men in the period from 1896 to 1984. This became possible due to the fact that even before inclusion in the Olympic program, the women's marathon was quite popular and women female marathoners have already used advanced training techniques adopted in the practice of training male marathoners.

The first registered world record in women's marathon running belongs to W. Piercy, Great Britain (3:40.22, 10/03/1926, Chiswick).

Modern middle distance running originated in England in the 18th century. For men, the 800 and 1500 m races were included in the program of the First Olympic Games of our time. Women first competed in the 800m at the Olympic Games in 1928. This distance was then removed from the Games until 1960.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the results in middle distance running for men lagged behind the level of world achievements: 800 m - 2.00.3, 1500 m - 4.12.9 (I. Willemson, Riga, 1917). Among women, the highest achievement was recorded only in the 800 m run - 3.20.2 (Milyum, Riga, 1913).

World records, except for the result of J. Kratahvilova (Czech Republic) in the 800 m of 1.53.28 (1983), tend to increase and amount to 3.50.46 s in the women's 1500 m run - Tsu Yunsna (PRC); in the men's 800 m run - 1.41.11 with U. Kipketer (Denmark), in the 1500 m - 3.26.00 with I. El Guerouja (Morocco).

Short distance running (sprint), characterized by performing short-term work of maximum intensity. Short-distance running includes distances of 60, 100, 200 and 400 m. In England, the USA, Australia and some other countries, sprint competitions are held at distances of 100, 220 and 440 yards, respectively 91.44, 201.17 and 402, 34 m.

The history of sprinting begins with the ancient Olympic Games (776 BC). At that time, two distances were very popular - a stade run (192.27 m) and two stages. The running was carried out on separate tracks and consisted of heats and a final; participants in the heats and tracks were distributed by drawing lots. The run began on a special command. Athletes who started early were punished with canings or sentenced to a fine. The Olympic Games were held separately for women. They consisted of one type - running over a distance equal to 5/6 of the length of the stadium (160.22 m).

Sprinting, like many types of athletics, was revived in the 19th century. The first Olympic Games of modern times were held in Greece at the Athens stadium on April 5-14, 1896. Sprinting at these competitions was represented by two distances - 100 and 400 m for men. The winner in the race at both distances was the athlete from the USA T. Burke (12.0 and 54.2 s). At the II Olympic Games (Paris, 1900), two more sprint distances were added - 60 and 200 m. At these competitions, all sprint distances were won by US athletes (60 m - E. Krenzlein (7.0 s); 100 m - F .Jarvis (11.0 s); 200 m - D. Tewksbury (22.2 s); 400 m - M. Long (49.4 s). Since the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908) 60 m run stopped being included in the competition program.Outstanding results in the sprint were achieved by the American sprinter D. Owen, winner of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) in the 100 and 200 m race (10.3 and 20.7 s). He set a world record in the 100 m race (10.2 s) he lasted 20 years.

Despite the convincing victories of American athletes in short-distance running, the first athlete to show a result of 10.0 s in the 100 m race was the athlete from Germany A. Hari (1960), in the 200 m race the result was 20.0 s was shown in 1966 by T. Smith (USA). In the 400 m race, L. Evans was the first to overcome 44.0 s in 1968 - 43.8 s

Women first took part in the modern Olympic Games in 1928 (IX Olympic Games, Amsterdam). Women competed at a distance of 100 m. The winner in this event was the athlete from the USA E. Robinson with a result of 12.2 s. The 200 m race for women was included in the XIV Olympic Games (London, 1948). At these competitions, both sprint distances were won by the athlete from Holland F. Blankers-Koen, showing 11.9 s in the 100 m and 24.4 s in the 200 m. In the 100 m race, women competed for medals only at the XVIII Olympic Games (Tokyo, 1964). The winner in this type of program was the athlete from Australia B. Cuthbert (52.0 s).

A bright mark in short-distance running was left by athletes S. Walasiewicz (Poland, 1935, 200 m, 23.6 s); V. Rudolph (USA, 1960, 11.2 and 22.8 s); V. Thayes (USA, 1968, 100 m, 11.0 s); I. Shevinyzha (Poland, 1974, 200 and 400 m, 22.5 and 49.3 s); M. Koch (GDR, 1985, 200 and 400 m, 21.71 and 47.60 s.

Middle distance running technique

End of form

This is a way to implement the most rational and optimal movements of a runner, allowing you to run a certain distance at a planned speed. The methodology for modifying and improving technology should be based on the consistent development of its individual elements and the integral structure as actions according to the levels of movement control. This is realized through increasing the efficiency, variability and efficiency of movement parameters in the appropriate forms of general, special and holistic exercises.

For middle-distance running, it is very important to be able to change your technique as fatigue sets in, when the body is filled with lactic acid.

To analyze running technique, isolate start, starting acceleration, distance running And finishing.

Start and starting acceleration . In middle distance running, a high start is used. At the sound of a whistle or the command “Ready”, runners quickly take their starting position, placing their starting foot forward towards the line without stepping on it. The second leg is placed on the toe behind, at a distance of one foot from the heel of the leg in front. Both legs are slightly bent, the weight of the body is transferred to a greater extent to the front leg, and the gaze is directed in front of you. Different name ahead standing leg The arm bent at the elbow together with the shoulder is brought forward, the second arm is pulled back. The fingers are bent freely. At the command “March” or a shot, the runner, bent over, actively pushing himself, quickly begins to run. The starting acceleration should provide the most optimal running speed for a given distance. A faster increase in speed causes unnecessary energy expenditure and early acidification of the body. Most runners accelerate to the 60-70 m distance using a natural increase in frequency and stride length. Starting acceleration, when the running speed exceeds the average distance speed, is divided into a set of speed and its gradual decrease to the distance speed, which must be worked out in the training process.

Running the distance. In middle-distance running, the stride length is 190-220 cm at a frequency of 3.5-4.5 steps/s. An almost vertical position of the torso (the forward tilt does not exceed 4-5° and can vary within 2-3°) provides optimal conditions for moving the legs forward. The arms are bent at approximately 90° and move freely back and forth in accordance with the movements of the legs. Hand work ensures balance and helps speed up or slow down the pace of movement.

The feet are placed on the track on either side of the midline with the forefoot.

The moment of effective repulsion is carried out at an angle of 50-55° and is characterized by full straightening of the leg. In this position, the shin is parallel to the pushing leg. Active push-off is facilitated by the swing of the free leg, which ends with braking of the hip due to the activation of the muscles of the posterior surface. Through push-off and swing, the body transitions into flight, where the runner receives relative rest. The leg, finishing the push, relaxes and, bending at the knee joint, reaches behind the thigh. In this case, the shin of the second leg is reactively brought forward. A more effective push-off ends with a turn in hip joint towards the swing leg. The active abduction of the hips, which begins in this phase, ensures the landing with the leg slightly bent at the knee, which reduces its braking effect at the moment of planting on the forefoot. The positioning of the leg is carried out not by a passive, but by an active “capture” mechanism, which in the depreciation phase allows for greater energy recovery. This also provides the runner with inertial vertical passage. The shin of the leg located behind is pressed against the thigh, facilitating some rest for the runner and quickly moving the leg forward and upward. The rear push phase provides maximum push-off effect through a combination of inertial, reactive and concentrated muscle contraction forces. In this case, fine differentiation of the sequence of muscle activation between the hip and ankle joints is necessary. The emphasis of the push is individually felt in pushing through the big toe.

When running around a turn, the torso is slightly tilted inside the track, the foot of the right foot is placed with a slight turn of the heel outward. Right hand works more actively and somewhat inward.

The main features of the technique are defined as follows: the torso is slightly tilted forward, the shoulders are slightly apart, the pelvis is slightly pushed forward, the head is held straight, the chin is lowered, the muscles of the face and neck are not tense, the movements of the arms and legs are wide and free.

History of ultra-distance running

Ultra-long distances include all distances over 20,000 m. The classic ultra-long distance is the marathon - 42,195 m (26.2 miles). Distances longer than a marathon are usually called ultramarathons.

The popularity of ultra-long distance running is due to the following factors: the relative simplicity of the technique, the low cost of equipment, the ability to conduct training and competitions in the absence of expensive special facilities and equipment, and a strong health-improving effect. One of the most important factors is the heroic origin story of the main classic marathon distance.

The result of the first Olympic champion in this type of program, the Greek S. Louis, was 2:58.50.

The result of the first Olympic champion in women's marathon running, American D. Benoit, was 2:24.52.

The first registered world record in women's marathon running belongs to W. Piercy, Great Britain (3:40.22, 10/03/1926, Chiswick).

History of middle distance running

Modern middle-distance running originated in England in the 18th century. For men, the 800 and 1500 m races were included in the program of the First Olympic Games of our time. Women first competed in the 800m at the Olympic Games in 1928. This distance was then removed from the Games until 1960.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the results in middle distance running for men lagged behind the level of world achievements: 800 m - 2.00.3, 1500 m - 4.12.9 (I. Willemson, Riga, 1917). Among women, the highest achievement was recorded only in the 800 m run - 3.20.2 (Milyum, Riga, 1913).

History of steeplechase

Steeplechasing as a form of athletics originated in England. The first competitions were held in 1837 in Rugby. Steeplechase debuted at the Olympic Games in 1900 in Paris. Medals were played at two distances - 2500 m (champion D. Orton (Canada) - 7.34.4) and 4000 m (D. Rimmer (Great Britain) - 12.58.4). The 3000 m steeplechase was run for the first time at the VII Olympic Games in Antwerp (Belgium), where the Englishman P. Hodge (10.04.0) became the Olympic champion.

For a long time, Finnish runners excelled in steeplechase. The first champion to run the distance faster than 10 minutes (9:54.2) was P. Nurmi in 1922. At the last four pre-war games (from 1924 to 1936), Finnish steeplechasers won 9 out of 12 medals. V. Rittola, T. Loukola and V. Iso-Hollo (twice) became Olympic champions. However, the Swede E. Elmsetter was the first to overcome the 9-minute mark in 1944 (8.59.6). Since 1968, the Olympics have been won by representatives of Kenya (with the exception of 1976 and 1980, when Kenya refused to participate in the Olympic Games), and in 1992 in Barcelona, athletes from this country occupied the entire podium. Olympic champions were A. Biwott (1968, 8:51.02), K. Keino (1972, 8:23.64), D. Korir (1984, 8:11.80), D. Kariuki (1988, 8.05.51), M. Birir (1992, 8.08.94), D. Keter (1996, 8.07.12), R. Kosgei (2000, 8.21.43), E. Kemboi (2004 ., 8.05.81). The first to overcome the 8-minute barrier was B. Barmasai (Kenya) in 1997 (7:55.72).

In the last years of the 20th century. The 3000 m steeplechase race for women began to be held. However, due to the fact that this discipline for women was not included in the program of the Olympic Games, World and European Championships, the results were low.

In 2005, at the World Championships, medals were awarded for the first time in women's steeplechase, which served as a good incentive for the growth of results.

History of relay racing

Relay running is a team sport of athletics that surpasses other types in terms of emotionality and excitement. Relay races are held inside and outside the stadium. The main thing in the relay race is that during the run, team members take turns running sections of the distance determined by the rules of the competition, passing the baton to each other in a designated 20-meter zone.

Relay running as an athletics competition began to be cultivated in the 19th century. For the first time it was included in the program of the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908). At these competitions, the relay race included various distances - 200 + 200 + 400 + 800 m. The first winners were the US athletes, who showed a result of 3.29.4 s, the second was the German team, and the third was the Hungarian team. At the next Olympic Games (Stockholm, 1912), athletes competed for medals in two relay races - 4x100 m and 4x400 m. The winners were, respectively, the teams of Great Britain (42.4 s) and the USA (3.16.6 s). At the XXVIII Olympic Games, gold medals in the 4x100 m relay race were won by athletes from Great Britain (38.07 s), the 4x400 m relay deservedly went to American athletes - 2.55.91 s.

For the first time, Olympic medals among women were played at the IX Olympic Games (Amsterdam, 1928). The competition program also included the 4x100 m relay. The first in this event were women from Canada (result of 48.4 s), the second were athletes from the USA (48.8 s), and the third place was taken by the German team (48.8 s). The 4x400 m relay race for women began to be included in the programs of major competitions only in 1969. The first official record in this event was set by athletes from Great Britain (3.30.8 s). Subsequently, records in the 4x100 and 4x400 m relay races were repeatedly improved and most often belonged to athletes from the GDR and the USA. Currently, the record in the 4x100 m relay is 41.37 s and belongs to athletes from the GDR (Canberra, 1985), in the 4x400 m relay - 3.15.17 s and belongs to athletes from the USSR (Seoul, 1988).

History of sprinting

Short-distance running (sprinting) is characterized by short-term work of maximum intensity. Short-distance running includes distances of 60, 100, 200 and 400 m. In England, the USA, Australia and some other countries, sprint competitions are held at distances of 100, 220 and 440 yards, respectively 91.44, 201.17 and 402, 34 m.

Sprinting, like many types of athletics, was revived in the 19th century. The first Olympic Games of modern times were held in Greece at the Athens stadium on April 5-14, 1896. Sprinting at these competitions was represented by two distances - 100 and 400 m for men. The winner in the race at both distances was the athlete from the USA T. Burke (12.0 and 54.2 s). At the II Olympic Games (Paris, 1900), two more sprint distances were added - 60 and 200 m. At these competitions, all sprint distances were won by US athletes (60 m - E. Krenzlein (7.0 s); 100 m - F .Jarvis (11.0 s); 200 m - D. Tewksbury (22.2 s); 400 m - M. Long (49.4 s). Since the IV Olympic Games (London, 1908) 60 m run stopped being included in the competition program.Outstanding results in the sprint were achieved by the American sprinter D. Owen, winner of the XI Olympic Games in Berlin (1936) in the 100 and 200 m race (10.3 and 20.7 s). He set a world record in the 100 m race (10.2 s) he lasted 20 years.

History of long distance running

Long distances (stayers) include distances from 3000 to 20,000 m inclusive. At all times, running has occupied a significant place both in the athletics program of the Olympic Games and in the physical education system of progressive countries. Already the program of the ancient Olympic Games included long-distance running (up to 24 stages - 4614 m).

During the period of feudalism in the most developed countries of Western Europe, long-distance running, along with other physical exercises, was part of the training system for knights.

The first Olympic champion in running these distances was H. Kolekhmainen: 5000 m - 14.36.6; 10000 m - 31.20.8 s. At that time, the results shown were both Olympic and world records.

Progress in long-distance running came to a halt in 1914 as a result of the outbreak of the First World War.

From the 1940s to the early 1960s, intense competition in long-distance running developed between representatives of the English, Czech, Hungarian, Soviet, and somewhat later New Zealand and Australian running schools. World records and Olympic victories belonged to the most famous representatives of these schools: the British G. Pirie, K. Chataway and B. Tallo, the Czech E. Zatopek, the Hungarians S. Iharos, L. Tabori, I. Rozhaveldi and I. Kovacs, the Soviet runners V. .Kuts and P.Bolotnikov, New Zealander M.Halberg and Australian R.Clark. These achievements became possible thanks to outstanding coaches: the Englishman F. Stampfl, the Hungarian M. Igloy, the Soviet coach G. Nikiforov and the New Zealander A. Lydiard.

During this period, representatives of the African continent began to appear on the world athletics scene. The first harbingers of the “African revolution” in long-distance running were K. Keino and I. Temu (Kenya), M. Wolde (Ethiopia) and M. Gammoudi (Tunisia), winners and medalists of the 1964 and 1968 Olympic Games.

The 5000 m distance for women was first included in the Olympic Games program in 1996 in Atlanta (USA), and the 10,000 m distance in 1988 in Seoul (South Korea).

In a relatively short period of time, competition in these types of running has intensified significantly.

History of hurdles

Steeplechase first appeared in England in the 19th century. (games of English shepherds who competed in the speed of running through sheep folds). Subsequently, competitions began to be held on lawns equipped with simple obstacles that were driven into the ground, and then with portable obstacles shaped like a “goat” for sawing wood. After 1900, lighter barriers appeared, shaped like an inverted "T". In 1935, an L-shaped barrier with a weighted base was invented that would topple when a force of 8 pounds (3.6 kg) was applied to it.

The first recorded record in 1864 in the 120-yard dash (109.92 m) belongs to A. Daniel (17.75 s). The search for a rational technique led to an “attack” of the barrier with a straight leg and an increase in the tilt of the body when overcoming the obstacle. This technique was first demonstrated by the Englishman A. Cruz in 1886, showing a result of 16.4 s. 12 years later, the American A. Krenzlein demonstrates an excellent technique of “running over barriers” and, showing a result in the 120-yard race of 15.2 s, becomes the champion of the II Olympic Games in 1900. Further improvement in the technique of overcoming the barrier belongs to the American F. Smithson. It consisted of a delayed extension of the pushing leg, which made it possible to avoid turning the body and maintain balance when leaving the barrier. F. Smithson became the winner of the 1908 IV Olympic Games in the 110 m hurdles with an outstanding result of 15.0 s for that time. It took athletes more than 50 years different countries to improve this result by 2 s. In 1975, Frenchman Guy Dru showed a result of 13.0 s. In the future, world records are recorded only by electronic timing. The first record holder is the Cuban hurdler A. Kasanyans - 13.21 s. R. Nehemiah improves the world record twice: in 1979 - 13.00 and in 1981 - 12.93 s. In 1993, the world record returned to England: it was set by K. Jackson, showing a result of 12.91 s.

The 400 m hurdles race was included in the program of the Second Olympic Games (Paris, 1900). US athletes made a huge contribution to the development of this type of hurdling. The first Olympic champion J. Tewksbury showed a result of 57.6 s. Through the efforts of F. Loomis (USA), D. Morton (USA), S. Petersen (Sweden), D. Gibson (USA), F. Taylor (USA) and G. Hardin (USA), it improved by 7 s over half a century - 50.6 s. In 1953, Yu. Lituev (USSR) intervened in the American dispute - 50.4 p. Following him, the record holders were again the Americans G. Davis (49.5 s) and W. Kroom (49.1 s). These results were improved by the Englishman D. Hemery (48.1 s) and Akia Bua from Uganda (47.82 s). From 1976 to 1981, the record holder was E. Moses. Over the years he improved it and brought it to 47.02 s. In 1992, K. Young shows 46.78 s.

Hurdling for women was first included in the program of the X Olympic Games in 1932 in Los Angeles. At a distance of 80 m hurdles, M. Didriksen (USA) became the first Olympic champion with a result of 11.7 s. In 1968, Soviet hurdler V. Korsakova set the last record at this distance - 10.2 s.

The obstacles to further improvement in results were the placement of barriers and their height.

Since 1968, a new distance in hurdle running for women has been established - 100 m. The struggle for records in this event has unfolded among athletes from European countries. The first record holder is K. Balzer (GDR): in 1969 - 12.9, in 1971 - 12.6 s. Her compatriot A. Erhard improved the record four times and brought it to 12.59 s. In 1978, the Polish hurdler G. Rabsztyn took the world record - 12.48 s; in 1980 she brought it to 12.36 s. In 1988, the Bulgarian athlete J. Donkova showed an even higher result - 12.21 s.

The first competition in the women's 400 m hurdles took place in 1971 in Bonn. Since 1974, the IAAF began to register world records in this type of hurdles. The first record holder was K. Kasperchik (Poland) - 56.61 s. Then the world record was successively improved by: T. Storozheva (USSR, 55.74 s), K. Kasperchik (Poland, 55.44 s), T. Zelentsova (USSR, 55.31 s), M. Makeeva (USSR, 54, 78 s), M. Ponomarev (USSR, 53.58 s), S. Bush (GDR, 53.55 s). In 1986, M. Stepanova twice improved the world record and for the first time ran faster than 53 seconds (52.94 s). In 1993, S. Gunnell (Great Britain) showed a result of 52.74 s, and in 1995, K. Batten and T. Buford (USA) ran faster than the world record at the World Championships - 52.61 and 52.62 s, respectively.

Prepared by: Sergey Koval

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Run is a natural human movement that children learn in the first years of life. Running fast helped our distant ancestors be more successful in hunting or escape from predators. In the ancient world, where physical strength and endurance were considered the main qualities necessary for a long and successful life, running became one of the indicators of fitness.

It is known that running competition speed tests were carried out long before our era in the ancient countries of the Near East (Interfluve, Mesopotamia, Egypt). These competitions were traditionally timed to coincide with holidays.

100 m start (Olympics 1896 in Athens)

Travel speed ancient and medieval armies depended on the speed of movement of its least mobile part - the infantry. Running training (forced marches with full gear) was an integral part of the life of any army. Particularly gifted warriors who could run long distances at high speed were appointed messengers. They carried scrolls of information from city to city.

First official running competition- Olympic Games 776 BC. e. At these competitions, sprinters ran only one stage (192 m). In 724 BC. e. A two-stage race was introduced. Another four years passed, and the ancient Greeks decided to introduce 24-stage running into the program. There are records that confirm that already at that time the ancient Greeks had their own systems for training runners. We practiced mixed-paced training and special running exercises (running with high lifts, shin sweeps, jumping runs). The winners of the games became heroes in their cities, monuments were erected to them and they were sung in poetry. Thanks to such odes, the names of the first athletics stars - Astil, Echion and Fanas - have reached us after three millennia.

IN 394 AD e. ancient olympic games ceased to exist, and in the dark times that came, practically no running competitions were held. Speed races were held during long medieval festivals, but were not as popular and numerous as in ancient times.

Running as an independent discipline received further development only in the 18th century.

Running became most popular in Foggy Albion: competitions were held here on the big roads between cities or on the tracks of hippodromes. Hour running competitions were also held. In 1837, the first steeplechase race was held in England, in which students from Rugby College took part. In 1845, a long-distance race was organized in England.

However, the real triumph of sports, including running, took place in 1886 g, when the first Olympic Games of our time opened under the leadership of Pierre de Coubertin. The following distances were presented at the competitions in Athens: 100, 400, 800, 1500, 110 m hurdles and marathon. Gradually, more and more new ones were added to the game program cross-country sports. It was possible to start in these competitions from any position convenient for the runner.

Nowadays, running is constantly evolving. Despite the fact that the basics of running technique (sprinting and staying) were formed more than a century ago, modern talented coaches are developing new approaches to the training process and improving technique. Recovery tools are being improved, giving runners greater endurance. Separately, it is necessary to say about the widespread use of jogging. In developed countries, running through parks, city streets, and sidewalks is a common thing. Running enthusiasts participate in all kinds of mass runs and join clubs. The greatest development of amateur running is observed in the marathon and long distances.

At large mass races there are so many people willing to take part that the start lasts several hours.

In Russia The origin of the running movement is associated with the creation in 1888 of a circle of sports enthusiasts. It was formed in the town of Tyarlevo near St. Petersburg by Pyotr Moskvin, who attracted young people on vacation to classes. A year later, the first official running competitions took place.

Members of the circle made their debut at international competitions in 1901 in Sweden. Only 50 athletes (from the capital and Riga) took part in the first national championship in 1908 in St. Petersburg. In 1912, a delegation of Russian athletes participated in the Olympic Games for the first time.

However, due to low level development of running in Russia, understaffing of the team, none of the domestic athletes won prizes. The main problem with running in pre-revolutionary Russia was that this sport was chosen only by wealthy citizens.

IN Soviet time running has truly become a mass phenomenon. At the first USSR athletics championship in 1923, 389 athletes from 40 cities of the country participated. Already 1,300 athletes took part in the 1928 Spartakiad not only from the Soviet Union, but also 15 foreign countries.

For the first time, USSR track and field athletes participated in the Olympic Games in 1952. Their performance was successful. At the 1960 Olympics, the Soviet track and field team defeated American runners. Subsequently, in addition to the Olympic Games, match meetings between the USSR and the USA became the main international competitions, during which both rivals alternately won.

Over time, thanks to the improvement of the training process, the use of new technologies in the manufacture of treadmill surfaces, the modernization of athletes' clothing and methods of measuring time, the results increased.

Treadmill The ancient Olympic Games were unpaved. The athletes started, leaning on marble slabs. The running track of the first modern Olympic Games was made of compacted soil. The next step was to cover the paths with a layer of soot. Progress did not stand still; running surfaces were made of concrete, asphalt, and rubber bitumen.

Now they are installing polyurethane coatings on an asphalt base.

Running shoes are also being improved. At the dawn of the development of running as a sport, athletes practiced in ordinary soft shoes. With the advent of cinder tracks, shoes with long, sharp spikes were used for better traction. When stadiums began to be covered with rubber-bitumen and polyurethane tracks, the length of the spikes on running shoes decreased. Modern training shoes completely follow the curves of the feet, allowing them to soften the impact of running on joints and ligaments. Track and field athletes' clothing is undergoing changes in the direction of reducing its area (especially for women). Long T-shirts and shorts are a thing of the past. Runners now train and compete in crop tops and mini shorts.

Entire sports laboratories are working to improve the characteristics of materials. If previously precious seconds were measured using a manual stopwatch, now this process is carried out automatically: using a system of sensors that are installed in the starting blocks. The result can be measured with an accuracy of one hundredth of a second.

Every year the number of participants in mass races is growing, athletes unite in running clubs, which exist in almost every major city in Russia.

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