Classification of gas burners. Technical characteristics of burners. Household gas appliances Types of wall-mounted gas heating boilers

There are conditions without which everyday life a person will not be considered fully comfortable.

First of all, this various systems life activities, which include heating and source hot water indoors.

The first designs that made it possible to effectively heat the interior spaces of buildings appeared during the Ancient Roman Empire.

Initially, solid fuel (wood, coal, etc.) was used for this process, but the development of civilization led to the possibility of using electricity, liquid fuel, solar energy, and natural gas for such purposes.

History of the development of gas boilers

The first mass production of gas equipment for heating water was established at the beginning of the 20th century in Germany.

The manufacturer was the Junkers company, which also used in its product an innovative technology at that time - an automatic control unit for the entire system.

The first domestic serial gas boiler appeared only in 1947. The model was produced under the name "Conord".

In world practice, the development of heating and water heating equipment depended on the availability of certain resources.

For example, in the USSR they produced mainly gas boilers, since fuel for them was and remains very accessible.

In Europe, models powered by electricity were more valued.

Products that run on diesel fuel have sold well in the United States, and Lately and solar powered.

Varieties and types of gas boilers

Gas equipment is divided according to its functionality and installation location. In the first case, the boilers can be divided:

To single-circuit.

For dual-circuit ones.

In the second:

For wall mounting type.

For floor-mounted use.

Each of these types has its own characteristics that should be taken into account when choosing the required model.

Single-circuit gas boilers

The main feature of this option is that its purpose is only to work in a space heating system. If the owner of the model also wants to use the installed equipment as a source of hot water in the house, then he will have to incur additional financial expenses - he will need to buy a special boiler that can be connected to this gas boiler.

Double-circuit gas boilers

Such equipment, in addition to working in the heating system, is also a source of hot water. Naturally, a double-circuit boiler is more expensive than a single-circuit version, but it is almost always cheaper than a tandem consisting of a boiler and a single-circuit model.

However, it is worth noting that a double-circuit boiler has a number of disadvantages:

The greater the number of hot water consumers, the less efficient such equipment is (it is recommended to count on a maximum of three people who consume the heated liquid from the boiler). Consequently, in other situations, the installation of a boiler or other water heating equipment will still be required, which will lead to additional financial waste.

The further away the water consumption point is, the longer it will take to wait until the liquid reaches an acceptable temperature. Typically, experts do not recommend placing consumer taps at a distance of more than 7 meters of pipe from the boiler. Exceeding this limit will lead to a fairly long wait, as well as wasted water that will have to be drained.

Unlike single-circuit boilers, double-circuit boilers make it possible to connect several models of equipment into one complete system at once, which is sometimes very convenient and efficient.

Wall-mounted gas boilers

The main advantages of this option:

Relative simplicity installation work.

Compact dimensions, which allows you to save on free space when installing a wall-mounted boiler.

The main disadvantage is the lower power, and therefore the productivity of this option, compared to floor-standing equipment. Consequently, such a boiler will be effective in ordinary apartments or small private houses, while in more serious cases this type will not be suitable.

The wall-mounted option for placing equipment imposes certain requirements on its weight. Therefore, such equipment is made from lightweight materials that are not always able to withstand long-term use. This is another disadvantage of wall-mounted boilers - preventative repairs and maintenance will need to be performed more often than similar processes with a floor-standing model

Floor standing gas boilers

The floor-standing version of gas boiler equipment is considered more reliable and durable. One of the most important advantages of this type is its higher power, which allows heating fairly large private households or several apartments at the same time.

Disadvantages of floor-standing gas boilers:

Increased weight of equipment, since the main materials used in their creation are steel or cast iron.

Large dimensions of models. This equipment requires quite a lot of free space, since its operation often requires the installation of additional elements, for example, pumps, taps, a boiler, and so on.

Two main disadvantages contribute to the complexity of the installation process and almost always require a separate room for installing a floor-standing boiler, especially considering the fact that such models make quite a lot of noise during operation.

Differences between different types of boilers

Gas boilers also differ in the type of burner and the method of removing combustion products.

Burners are:

Atmospheric. Natural air supply necessary for flame operation. Requires good ventilation in the premises. Characterized by the presence of an open combustion chamber.

Fans, or as they are also called - turbines. Forced air supply. They are characterized by a closed combustion chamber and the presence of automation. The disadvantages of such systems include increased level noise and the need to connect to electrical network(for operation of built-in fans).

Diffusion-kinetic. Something in between the first two types, when air is supplied to the combustion chamber in certain portions. A rather rare option in household equipment - usually used in industrial settings.

Combined. Allows you to use several types of fuel (gas, wood or fuel oil) without changing the burner. The versatility of the system has led to a number of disadvantages: lower efficiency, high cost, design complexity, which increases the time and cost of preventative and repair work.

According to the type of removal of combustion products, gas boilers are divided:

On a model with natural traction. The combustion products of gas boilers are lighter than air, which is why this fact is used in equipment with natural draft. To operate such models, you must have a special chimney with good air exhaust. Typically, such boilers are installed in private houses, where a riser for gas removal can be built separately.

For equipment with forced gas removal. These models are equipped with fans that forcefully remove combustion products from the boilers. Requires connection to an electrical network. Typically, such gas boilers are installed in apartments.

Advantages and disadvantages of gas boilers compared to boilers using other fuels

The main advantages of gas boilers:

Fuel (natural gas) is cheaper than using electricity, wood, coal or fuel oil for a similar process.

The efficiency of gas boilers is higher than that of analogues.

Main disadvantages:

Higher cost of installation work. The owner of a gas boiler will need to collect additional documents and obtain permission from Gaztekhnadzor. Naturally, this requires a waste of time and additional money.

To ensure the safe operation of gas equipment, the installation of additional systems and structures will be required. This is, first of all, the installation of a chimney and gas alarm.

Requires a gas line in most cases. Equipment operating on bottled gas is not economically viable.

What else you need to know when installing boilers

Gas boilers are considered the most common type of system individual heating in the private possessions of citizens of our country.

Modern gas boilers are controlled by electronic boards that have many sensors to protect against emergency situations.

The boards also control various valves, turbines, control the temperature and automatically ignite the gas.

But they have a drawback - sensitivity to voltage changes and surges.

Installing a voltage stabilizer or voltage control relay will help protect the board from damage and subsequent repairs.

The stabilizer maintains the voltage at a constant level, smoothing it out, and the control relay turns off the voltage if a jump occurs.

There are different types of gas boilers.

Gas boilers are considered the most optimal.

They provide efficient heating of rooms in the absence of access to a centralized heating system. The high demand for this type of heating equipment is justified by the type of fuel consumed. Natural gas is the most accessible resource today, which allows you to get thermal energy. Due to the wide range available, it is possible to select optimal option for heating the room.

Classification of gas boilers

According to the method of execution. There are floor-mounted and wall-mounted types of boilers. Distinctive feature floor-standing gas boilers have a wide range of power regulation. With their help you can heat rooms up to 200 m². At working together with a broiler, using such a boiler ensures maximum supply of hot water. The difference between wall-mounted boilers is their compact dimensions, which save installation space. Wall-mounted boilers are equipped with devices that ensure safe operation (blocking thermostats, flame detectors, draft control sensors, a shutdown mechanism during power outages, and others).
By the number of heating circuits. Single-circuit boilers are designed to heat the coolant or heating system, or hot water supply. Double-circuit ones are used for simultaneous heating of the room and supply warm water. To solve individual needs, it is suitable to purchase a gas boiler with a boiler, which will allow you to have a constant supply of water (40-70 liters), or flow-type equipment.
According to the method of discharging combustion products. With natural draft in heating boilers, combustion products are removed through a constant supply of air from the street. Such devices are installed in non-residential premises or in small houses. If the device is equipped with forced draft with a closed combustion chamber, then air is drawn in using a special chimney consisting of an external and internal pipe. These boilers do not burn oxygen in the room and do not require an additional supply of cold air to maintain gas combustion.
In terms of energy efficiency. Exist convection boilers, using lower calorific value. Such a heating system must be designed to create all conditions that prevent condensation of water vapor, which contains dissolved acids, on the walls of the heat exchanger, firebox and chimney. Condensing boilers use the highest calorific value. Heating of the room occurs due to water vapor that forms on the walls of the economizer.
By type of ignition. With electronic ignition, starting occurs automatically. Such models are more economical due to the absence of an igniter with a constantly burning flame. If the power supply is temporarily interrupted, the boiler turns on automatically when the power is restored. In case of piezo ignition, the boiler will have to be turned on manually.

Gas wall boilers

Like any other gas wall-mounted boilers are the basis of the entire heating system. They are considered the most affordable and widespread heating equipment. Such a boiler is technologically advanced and comfortable when used in a country house.

Heating installation is carried out where the gas pipeline is located. They can operate from a natural gas line, as well as from a liquefied gas cylinder. A liquefied gas cylinder is expensive and less efficient to operate than natural gas. To install a wall-mounted boiler, you must have a list of certain documents. Installation and maintenance of this type of equipment should be carried out by professionals who specialize in this equipment.

The presence of gas burners, gas fittings and a heat exchanger is the main component of a gas wall-mounted boiler. Copper heat exchangers have the lowest cost and light weight. Such heat exchangers are used most often, but there are also steel and cast iron ones. Wall-mounted boilers are equipped with control, protection and self-diagnosis elements.

There are single-circuit and double-circuit wall-mounted boilers. Single-circuit ones are designed for space heating, and to heat the water, a column or electric broiler is installed. Double-circuit boilers can be used for both heating and hot water supply (not simultaneously).

At correct installation and operation, such a boiler can last up to 15-20 years (with a 1-year warranty). At the end of the warranty period, maintenance must be carried out. Maintenance It is recommended to carry out annually.

Gas condensing boilers

Gas condensing boilers are reliable, modern and high-tech devices.

Unlike conventional boilers, which pass combustion products through a heat exchanger grill, condensing boilers transfer their thermal energy to the heat exchanger. Exhaust gases are released into the atmosphere through chimneys, losing some of the heat. Along with the gases, fuel vapor is released, which is formed during combustion, reducing efficiency and taking away some of the energy. This energy is stored by the condensing boiler and transferred to the heating system.

When cooling, steam turns into liquid (condensation), which leads to the release of a certain amount of heat. A special heat exchanger collects condensation and transfers heat to the heating system. During complete combustion of a unit of fuel, heat is generated and released through condensation. This phenomenon is called the higher calorific value of fuel.

Condensing boilers are highly economical. Due to the use of high-tech burners, the preparation of the fuel-air mixture is ensured in the required proportions for a given combustion mode.

This type of boiler can be either wall-mounted or floor-mounted.

For condensing boilers, a heating system is installed with the expectation of a lower coolant temperature. This project takes into account the temperature of the coolant in the return circuit. The temperature cannot exceed 60°C in any climatic conditions.

This type of heating device is the most widespread in Europe. In many countries, it is prohibited to install any gas boilers other than condensing boilers, since these boilers have the lowest emissions of harmful substances and the highest efficiency.

Types of gas burners in heating boilers

Classification of gas burners:

by gas pressure;
by design, which affects the ability to burn gas, as well as its mixing with air during combustion.

According to the pressure of the gas supplied for combustion, burners are distinguished:

low pressure. Up to 0.05 kgf/cm² (5 kn/m², 500 mm water column);
medium pressure. From 0.05 to 3 kgf/cm² (5-300 kn/m², 0.5-30 m water column);
high pressure. From 3 kgf/cm² (300 kn/m², 30 m water column).

According to the design and method of combustion, gas is divided into:

diffuse;
injection;
gas turbine;
two-wire;
combined.

The operating principle of diffusion burners is based on combustion, which occurs when combustible gas and air are mixed inside the combustion chamber. To do this, at a certain pressure, gas is supplied to the burner, and air flows naturally. After mixing, a flammable mixture is formed.

Injection burners operate by mixing gas and air inside the housing. Combustion air is injected and mixed with gas using a special socket and nozzle to release the gas at high speed. They have full and partial mixing of the amount of supplied air.

In the two-wire type of gas burners, air is supplied using a blower fan. In the combustion zone, combustible gas is mixed with air. They can operate at low and medium pressure. This type of burner is compact and silent in operation. Has a wide range of heat output with adjustment.

The design of gas turbine burners involves supplying air using an axial fan, which begins to operate when the turbine, which is located in the flow of exhaust gas, is turned on. The air supply occurs in the opposite direction from the gas flow from the burner. The next article will tell you how much gas wall-mounted gas boilers burn.

A gas stove in the kitchen is a classic of the Soviet era, but in our time, gas kitchen appliances are still relevant. Of course, modern gas stoves have changed significantly. These are no longer the simple devices that our parents used. These days, it is a kitchen appliance with great functionality and a delightful modern design. Let's take a closer look at the question of what models of gas stoves the kitchen equipment market offers us today.

Gas stoves come in the following types:

Floor-standing. This is a complete kitchen equipment consisting of a hob with burners and an oven.
Tabletop. If you only need a hob and do not need an oven, there are models of gas stoves that can be installed on the countertop. These models are mobile. They are often used in country houses and holiday villages.
Built into furniture. Built-in worktop kitchen set a kitchen hob, as well as an oven built into the furniture, are a hit of today.

Burners

The burners are the most important element of the stove. Their number on the hob ranges from 2 to 6 pieces. Moreover, there are combined models where gas burners are adjacent to electric ones. This is very practical and especially relevant for areas where gas supply interruptions occur frequently. “Multi-sized” burners are adapted for cookware of different sizes. Sometimes, in addition to the usual round burners, there is one oval-shaped burner.

Also in new stove models there are multi-level burners, where the flame can be in two or three rows. These are called “crowns”. This allows you to evenly distribute the heat and increase the power of the burner.

crown burner

Hob

The appearance of a gas stove largely depends on the material from which its hob is made. Namely:

Enameled hob

Inexpensive gas stoves most often have an enameled panel. This traditional coating has stood the test of time and has proven itself well. Enamel, as a rule, is a durable coating, but with impact or strong pressure, the surface may chip, which will greatly damage the appearance of the slab. Today, enameled slabs, although produced in new, modern designs, are gradually becoming a thing of the past. They are being replaced by slabs with other, qualitatively new coatings.

Stainless steel panel

Steel is widely used as a hob material for kitchen stoves. Steel coating is always practical and reliable. The metal mirror surface of the plate looks great. Also, the matte surface gives the slab modern look and a special style. Unfortunately, stainless steel is susceptible to stains and streaks.

Aluminium alloy

This material is close in appearance and color to stainless steel, but has a lighter shade. In principle, it is nothing special.

Glass ceramics and heat-resistant glass

It seems that these materials should be brittle. But that's not true. The newest models of gas stoves, called “gas on glass” and “gas under glass,” use this highly durable and heat-resistant material. The beauty and attractiveness of these models is undeniable, but caring for them has its own characteristics.

Oven

An ordinary gas oven, created according to classical canons, is already somewhat outdated. The development of technology has led to the creation of gas cabinets with forced circulation of hot air, that is, with a built-in fan. To prevent the breeze from the fan from blowing out the flame, these ovens use hollow burners. If the flame accidentally goes out, it will flare up again after a couple of seconds.

Safety system

Gas equipment has always been considered unsafe. Unfortunately it's true. Manufacturers, taking care of our safety, have developed and implemented a thermoelectric gas control system in their models. The burners are equipped with special sensors that stop the gas supply in case of unforeseen circumstances when the flame may go out. A similar system is used not only in burners, but also in the oven.

To prevent burns, heat-resistant glass in several layers is inserted into the oven doors.

Useful additions

To make gas appliances more comfortable to use, the designers endowed them with additional functions. New models of gas stoves are equipped with an electric ignition system, which can be manual or automatic. In the first case, to light the burner you need to turn its switch and at the same time press a special button to supply a spark. In the second, when you turn the switch, the fire lights up automatically.

In some models there are also indicators for turning on each burner, a timer and sound signal finishing work. Relatively gas ovens, innovations are: a sliding tray system when the door is opened and automatic cleaning of the cabinet.

Like any household appliance, gas stoves can be divided into classes:

Economy class. These gas stove models are the cheapest and simplest in design. As a rule, they are deprived of many functions that make the equipment comfortable to use. But for little money you can have a full-fledged kitchen stove that can cope with basic tasks.
Comfort class. Models of kitchen stoves with high performance characteristics. Thanks to the ergonomic, modern design will fit perfectly into the interior of any kitchen.
Premium class. These are the most expensive models of stoves, which cannot but impress with their exceptionally beautiful, fashionable design and demonstrating the latest technical achievements in the field of kitchen equipment.

Please rate the article:

Based on the method of removing combustion products and supplying fresh air, the following types of gas appliances are distinguished: Apparatus type A: These devices must not be connected to a chimney or to an outdoor hood. Example: gas stove in the kitchen.

Apparatus type B: these devices must be connected to a chimney to remove combustion products. Fresh air for the burner comes directly from the room where the device is installed.

Example: Wall-mounted boiler.

Apparatus type B1: This is a type B apparatus equipped with a draft breaker/anti-purge in the burner circuit.

Note: This device will be a device type B2, if it does not have a fan installed.

Apparatus type B2: this is a device type B, not equipped with a draft breaker/anti-supercharger.

Note: The device is called the device type C, if it has a closed combustion chamber (room air is not used).

16.6.2.2. Separate chimney for gas appliances
Commodity type B

This is a chimney that serves only one room. A gas boiler can be connected to such a chimney. The removal of combustion products occurs due to natural draft. Such a chimney can be used as an outlet to remove contaminated air from the room, provided that the upper part of the draft breaker inlet is located at a height of at least 1.80 m from the floor (see Fig. 16.42). The cross-section of the chimney is determined from the table. 1 b. 2 depending:

From the height of the chimney (example: chimney height - from 4 to 10 m);

The presence or absence of a change in the direction of the chimney
(Fig. 16.33-16.35) (example: straight chimney or with an elbow);

From the diameter of the connecting pipe (outlet pipe of the device) and possible elbows (see types I - IV in Fig. 16.36) (example: type II, if the connection is type I with a 90° elbow);

From the boiler power (example: boiler with a power of 23 or 28 kW or
more).

Example:

Straight chimney with thermal insulation:

(r≥ 0.22 m 2 °C/W)

Connection of the boiler using a 90° elbow to a type II chimney,

Diameter of connection with the chimney: 125 mm,

Chimney height: from 4 to 10m,

Boiler muna B1: maximum net power 4 kW.

We find from the table:

Horizontal: mun //→Ø=125 mm -> power 41 kW.

Vertical: we rise at right angles from 41 kW to 4 ≤H< 10м.

We get: chimney cross-section 200 x 200 mm.

Note: Rectangular chimneys must meet the condition: length/width ≤ 1.6.

Important! A boiler connected to a chimney with natural draft cannot be installed in a room with mechanical ventilation, since vacuum and reverse draft conditions may be created in the room.

Materials used for chimneys:

Cylindrical ceramic pipe with solid or porous walls;

A cylindrical pipe made of concrete with an admixture of pozzolan (subject to a technical expert opinion);

Metal pipe with double walls;

Casing pipe (shell) (rigid or flexible):

Made from 18/8 stainless steel, titanium stabilized

Made of A5 aluminum (99.5% purity), 0.8 mm thick.

□Pipe casing

Casing is an operation that consists of inserting a separate pipe into the chimney to remove combustion products (Fig. 16.37 - 16.39).

Double-walled chimney with asbestos insulation. Double walls made of stainless steel increase the anti-corrosion properties of the chimney. This method is used when necessary:

Coordinate the cross-section of the chimney with regulatory requirements and the type of heating installation;

Provide protection against corrosion or soot formation on its walls and rapid removal of combustion products.

□Installation: highlights

Ventilation at the bottom and top of the annular space,

Tee with a cleaning hatch at the bottom of the chimney,

Protecting the chimney outlet from rain,

Casing pipe size (see Table 16.2).

□The height of the chimney pipe above the roof

Recommended standards are shown in Fig. 16.40 for a roof with a slope >15°. The pipe mouth must be located at such a height that neighboring obstacles cannot create high pressure conditions at its location.

Note: For roof slopes< 15° жерло трубы должно располагаться как минимум на 1,20 м выше точки выхода трубы и как минимум на / m above the acroteria, if the latter is at a height of > 0.20 m.

Prescriptions

□Room volume

Gas appliances with an open combustion chamber cannot be installed in a room with a volume of less than 8 m3.

□Supplying fresh air to the boiler furnace

For any device with a combustion chamber it is required Fresh air for burner operation. The supply of air and the removal of combustion products directly affect the hygienic condition of the room in which the gas apparatus is located.

Each main room of the house has at least one fresh air inlet.

The modules of the air inputs used are 20 and 30 m 3 /h in the main rooms (living room and bedrooms).

When removing combustion products through natural ventilation it is only necessary to control the sum M of air input modules depending on the power of the installed devices. In this case, two cases are distinguished:

1. There is one gas appliance installed in the room that is not connected to the ventilation system (for example, a gas stove). In this case, M must be > 90.

2. The room has a gas boiler with a chimney and a gas stove without a chimney. In this case, M ≥ 6.2 Ri, where Ri is the sum of the useful powers of the gas appliances connected to the hood.

Example. In a T4 type country house, a 28 kW gas boiler is installed in the kitchen, connected to a natural draft chimney. In 3 rooms, air inlets with a module of 30 m 3 / h are installed -> total module M = 90 m 3 / h. In the dining room there are 3 air inputs with a module of 30 m 3 / h -> total module M = 90 m 3 / h. The sum of all modules is equal to M = 180 m 3 / h. The condition M≥ 6.2 Ri is met (6.2 x28 = 173.6).

□Removal of polluted air

Each service room has several exhaust openings with natural draft or connected to a mechanical ventilation system (Fig. 16.41 and 16.42).

→With natural traction, if there are several in the room
gas appliances not connected to the ventilation system (on
example, gas stove), at the top of the vertical duct
there must be an exhaust hole with a diameter of at least 100 cm 2.

→With an adjustable ventilation system(RSV) drainage contaminated
new air can be carried out:

Through the exhaust opening of the controlled ventilation system (see section 16.6.2.4);

Through the draft breaker of the device, if it is connected to a controlled gas ventilation system (RSV-gas), provided that the upper part of the draft breaker inlet is located at a distance of > 1.80 m from the floor.

In all cases, if it is necessary to quickly remove contaminated air, it is necessary to provide a window with a minimum area of 0.40 mm 2 or a light yard with a width of at least 2 m.

For storage and transportation liquid fuel and liquefied gases there are special tanks. A reservoir for liquids (kerosene, gasoline) is called a fuel tank. Gas reservoir - gas cylinder.

Cylinders They are sold empty and are metal (less often plastic) flasks with a stopper. Since static electricity accumulates on the plastic from friction of the liquid against the walls of the container, metal is preferable as a material for making containers.

Installation of gas cylinders

Gas cylinder- a cylindrical container filled with gas under pressure (up to 15 MPa). In its upper part there is a threaded hole into which the shut-off valve is screwed.

Each filler requires a specific valve design, so it is important to match the container type to the filler fuel.

High demands are placed on the tightness and reliability of containers.

The metal gas tank package includes:

valve;
a body consisting of a welded shell, upper and lower bottom;
support shoe - a steel ring support to maintain stability in a vertical position;
safety cap - a plastic or metal element to protect the valve during transportation and operation;
neck ring - a metal part with a thread onto which the cap is screwed;
sometimes a reducer is a device for equalizing the pressure level.

A standard valve consists of:

housings;
locking element;
flywheel.

The valve body is made of steel and has the shape of a tee.

All three parts of the valve have threads. The lower part is intended for attaching the valve to the cylinder, the upper part is for attaching the valve stem, and the side part is for the plug.

The shut-off element consists of a rod and a bypass valve. The valve regulates the flow of gas through the body, the rod transmits torque from the flywheel to the valve.

The flywheel is connected to the rod using a nut. When the handwheel is turned, the valve opens or closes the flow.

The design of the cylinder follows the design of a gas lighter. Inside there is a substance in two phases: liquid and gaseous. The empty space above the surface of the liquefied substance is filled with the same, but in the form of gas, which enters the proper equipment.

Types of gas cylinders

Classification by body material

Metal gas cylinders

A metal cylinder is the simplest and most economical solution to the problem of storing gases. Its body is made of low-carbon or alloy steel. Metal containers are available with a volume of 5, 10, 12, 20, 27, 40 or 50 liters.

Fifty-liter tanks are stored only outdoors in a special metal cabinet with appropriate markings. Smaller containers can be installed indoors.

The net weight of an empty metal cylinder, depending on the volume, is 4-22 kg.

Composite (polymer) gas cylinders

If there is no need to store a large volume of gas, then it is wiser to choose a composite cylinder.

Its main advantage compared to metal is its lighter weight.

The difference in this indicator is up to 70%, which makes it possible for lovers of sports tourism, hunting and fishing to conveniently use a container with a polymer body.

Additional advantages of composite cylinders compared to metal ones:

increased impact resistance and explosion safety (even when exposed to open flame);
design that prevents leakage of filler;
the appearance of rust on the surface of the device is completely eliminated;
formation of sparks is excluded;
modern attractive appearance.

A composite (polymer) cylinder is a transparent flask filled with liquefied gas and placed in a replaceable plastic casing.

Fiberglass and epoxy resin are used to make the flask.

No boron is added to the fiberglass used to make polymer containers, which is important for people who pay great attention to the environmental safety of the product. During operation, the color of the flask may change, but this is not a defect.

Increased safety of operation of polymer containers is ensured by:

overpressure check valve;
fusible (melting) insert.

Under the influence of an increase in temperature, the gas expands, as a result of which its excess appears, which creates excess pressure on the walls of the cylinder.

The check valve bleeds (releases) these excesses in equal portions, lowering the pressure.

When exposed to particularly high temperatures (for example, during a fire), the fuse link melts and releases gas, but the process is controlled. The fuse link operates irreversibly; after its operation, the container will have to be disposed of.

Stable operation of the composite cylinder is possible at ambient temperatures from -40 to + 60 degrees Celsius. Net weight - up to 8 kg.

Gas cartridges

Compact disposable cartridges with a volume of 100 to 450 g are produced for portable gas burners, lamps, stoves, etc. In appearance, they are similar to aerosol sprays.

Case material - steel coated with tin. When purchasing, you need to pay attention to the temperature range suitable for a specific cartridge model. Some types of portable models do not work at temperatures below -4 degrees Celsius. This indicator depends on the composition of the mixture.

Manufacturers fill cartridges with summer, winter and all-season mixtures.

Another parameter is the connection type. It must match the type of connection on the gas appliance, otherwise an adapter will be needed or operation of the cartridge will simply be impossible.

Classification by purpose

According to the place of installation and purpose, gas cylinders are conventionally divided into:

household - for stoves, boilers and heating appliances;
tourist - for burners, grills, barbecues, lighting and blowtorches, heaters that you can take with you on a hike or fishing;
automobile - for use in a car with an engine running on gas fuel;
medical - for storing breathing mixtures in ambulances, rescuers and firefighters, as well as in intensive care units and for oxygen cocktails;
industrial - for storing gases used in metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, chemical industry, etc.;
universal.

In addition to the listed areas of use of gas storage tanks, there are many more sectors of human activity in which they are needed.

Classification by mixture composition

The gas tank, based on the name of the filler, can be:

propane;
butane;
acetylenic;
hydrogen;
nitric;
argon;
carbon dioxide;
helium;
with compressed air;
oxygen, etc.

For domestic purposes and in tourist cylinders, propane, butane and their mixtures are most often used.

Their technical name is LPG (liquefied hydrocarbon gases).

The composition of the gas mixture determines the appropriate temperature regime. Under normal climatic conditions the difference is small. This parameter is important in cases where a cylinder is needed to work in winter conditions, at high altitudes, or for specific purposes (for example, for a blowtorch).

At low temperatures, a mixture of propane and isobutane (an isomer of butane) performs better. This mixture does not harm the ozone layer.

Inhaling propane or butane is dangerous to humans, even fatal. Direct contact of the human body with liquid butane or a stream of this gas causes cooling to minus twenty degrees Celsius.

In the food industry, these substances are used as nutritional supplements, and in cosmetics in deodorants.

Propane used in the production of solvents.

Butane used in lighters, as a coolant in and. Compared to conventional freon, it is less productive, but is superior in terms of environmental safety.

Acetylene used for welding and cutting metals, in rocket engines, in the chemical industry to produce explosives, rubber, plastics, acetic acid, etc. The substance is explosive when in contact with open air, so activated carbon or kieselguhr (a special porous mass) is added to it.

Hydrogen used in the chemical (in the production of ammonia), food industry (for the production of margarine, vegetable oils), when welding, like rocket fuel.

Nitrogen used in the chemical, oil and gas, metallurgical, pharmaceutical, electronic industries.

Its specific use is purging and cleaning containers, pipes, as well as deep freezing and fire extinguishing.

Argon used in incandescent, fluorescent lamps, in the metallurgical and metalworking industry in the production of many metals, in processes where it is necessary to prevent contact of the molten mass with oxygen (including during fires), during welding, for medical purposes for anesthesia and air purification, in the food industry, as a packaging gas.

Carbon dioxide fills fire extinguishers and inflates tires. It is used in trade as a refrigerant and in the food industry in the production of carbonated drinks.

Helium necessary for welding, cutting, melting metals, for filling balloons, balloons, breathing mixtures for use as a refrigerant in scientific research. Liquefied helium is the coldest liquid on the planet. Its transportation and storage must be carried out strictly in a vertical position.

Compressed air used in many industries, but primarily for the operation of pneumatic devices and for the production of inert gases (helium, etc.).

Oxygen It is used to enrich water bodies with this substance, in the production of acids and explosives, and to produce “oxygen cocktails.”

Ammonia- a poisonous gas, a strong solvent, and therefore requires increased attention to the safety of its transportation and storage.

It is used in the production of nitric acid, fertilizers, explosives and in medicine in the form of a 10% solution with a common name - ammonia.

Chlorine- another toxic substance that is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride and artificial rubber, in everyday life for bleaching fabrics, and in medicine for disinfection.

Methane- LNG (liquefied natural gas), safe for humans. It is used for the production of ammonia, fertilizers, in fire extinguishers, in medicine as a sleeping pill, and as a fuel.

Freons or freons are used in air conditioners and aerosols, as well as in the production of polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam.

Classification by connection method

When purchasing a gas cylinder, you need to find out the type of connection for a specific tank model and its compatibility with a specific device.

The connection can be:

Collet (press or clamp). The connection occurs using a collet, which is a cylindrical part that acts as a clamp for the connected pipe. To connect a cylinder with a collet connection and equipment with a threaded one, you will need a special adapter.
Threaded (Epi-gas). The connection occurs by connecting two threaded parts. It is not reliable enough for use in gas equipment and requires sealing gaskets.
Valve (Easy Click). This connection is much simpler and more reliable than a threaded one, but is used only in some models, mainly in Europe. Its main advantage is the highest degree of protection against leakage.
The disadvantage is that such containers are sold together with burners and it is very difficult to find the same one after the filler has run out.
Puncture. This is a type of connection that involves piercing the shell of the cylinder. The disadvantage of this method is the inability to disconnect the container from the device until the gas is completely used. This type is used mainly for connecting small cartridges for tourist lamps, burners, and stoves.

Which is better

The most preferred ones in everyday life are composite (polymer) containers. The advantages in reliability, compactness and other indicators make them obvious leaders compared to their metal counterparts.

The only disadvantage of a polymer tank is its smaller maximum volume.

If for a metal cylinder this figure is 50 liters, then for a composite cylinder it is 33.5 liters.

That is, it is advisable to purchase a metal tank only in cases where high gas consumption is expected, since the need for refilling will arise less often.

The volume, connection method and other parameters must be selected individually, in accordance with the needs of the buyer.

If you need a supply of fuel for portable, including travel, gas equipment, then you need to choose a product among compact disposable cartridges with the appropriate type of connection.

The choice also depends on the temperature at which the gas equipment will be used. The type of mixture is indicated on the container - winter, summer or all-season.

Operation of gas cylinders

To determine what substance a cylinder is filled with, it is customary to paint its body in the color assigned to this gas. The oxygen tank is painted blue, the propane tank is red, the hydrogen tank is dark green, etc. The color of the composite tank body does not matter.

A container with a volume of 50 liters can only be stored outdoors in a special metal cabinet with holes for ventilation, in a vertical position.

The cabinet is installed on a fireproof base that prevents subsidence, and must be attached to the wall or base of a neighboring building at a distance of at least 50 cm from the windows and doors of the first floor and 3 m from the windows and doors of the basement, as well as cesspools and wells. The base is mounted at a height of 15-20 cm from the ground.

Cylinders with a volume of up to 40 liters are installed in a room not intended for sleeping, away from electrical wires, at a distance of at least 50 cm from, 1 meter from a heating device and 5 meters from an open flame.

Fuel tanks should not be installed or stored in the attic or basement.

There should be no flammable or combustible substances in the room. Containers with a volume of up to 40 liters can also be placed outdoors, subject to the same requirements as for storing a fifty-liter cylinder.

Oxygen tanks can be installed at an angle so that the valve is located above the shoe. Other models must be installed vertically.

The cylinder must be connected to the devices through a reducer, which is designed to equalize the pressure to the level necessary for operating a gas stove or other device.

Persons under 14 years of age are prohibited from using gas storage tanks. Persons under the influence of alcohol or drugs are also not allowed to use.

Before you start using the cylinder, you must carefully study the instructions and rules for the safe operation of the equipment.

Operating equipment must not be left unattended.
Do not use the tank if there is a smell of gas or any malfunction of the device and gas communications. Do not use an open flame to detect leaks.
It is prohibited to use gas pipes for purposes other than their intended purpose.
You cannot connect a gas container to homemade devices.
It is prohibited to use a cylinder with a lost serial number and barcode (if they have been erased during use). It is important to observe this condition, since it is necessary to ensure that the fuel brand matches the type of container.
Periodically you need to check the integrity of the valve, which must be screwed tightly into the corresponding hole.
In winter, a frozen valve can only be heated with hot water.
You cannot install containers with other gases in the same room as the oxygen tank.
It is prohibited to use cylinder fill at 100% volume. The required residual pressure is not lower than 0.05 MPa, for acetylene containers is not lower than 0.3 MPa.

Operating procedure:

Before starting work with a gas tank or cartridge, you must make sure that the valve and threads of the side fitting are in good working order, and that the locking device for the cartridge is working properly.
Check for leaks.
Before connecting the reducer or hose of a gas appliance to the container, you need to loosen the adjusting screw.
After connection, a leak check is carried out again. To do this, the connection point is covered with soap foam. If a leak occurs, bubbles will appear.
If a leak is detected, it is necessary to evaluate the possibility of repairing it yourself. Sometimes it is enough to tighten the threaded connection or change the gasket. If the leak is not eliminated in this way, the cylinder must be sent for repair.
If the cylinder is in good condition, then slowly turn the flywheel to start supplying gas.
After completing the use of the cylinder installed in the room, the valves or taps on it must be moved to the “closed” position.

Once every five years, the metal gas storage tank must be checked to ensure that all parts are in good working order.

Composite products can be checked once every 10 years. A routine check of the tank condition must be carried out each time before, during and after filling the tank with fuel.

The labeling of a suitable product must contain the following information:

manufacturer's trademark;
date of manufacture;
quality control mark of the manufacturer;
cylinder number;
operating pressure;
Net weight;
volume;
date of the last control;
testing point mark;
test pressure;
year of the next inspection.

For acetylene cylinders the following must be additionally indicated:

filling date;
filling station stamp;
filler test date;
a stamp confirming the fact that the filler has been checked.

After inspection, a decision is made on the suitability of the device for further use. If defects and malfunctions are found, the empty gas tank is sent for repair.

Malfunctions and repairs

Warranty and post-warranty repairs of a gas cylinder must be carried out by a qualified specialist.

Attempts to troubleshoot problems on your own lead to tragic consequences.

Reasons why a gas tank is found unsuitable for use during an ongoing inspection and is sent for repair:

malfunction of the valve, pressure gauge (including cracks in the glass that prevent readings from being taken);
damage, displacement or missing shoe;
wear or malfunction of the thread of the neck ring;
violation of tightness, leakage;
for metal containers, color discrepancy or discoloration.

The gas storage tank must be disposed of and not repaired if the following deficiencies are detected:

significant external damage: corrosion, dents, bulges, fistulas, cracks, risks, more than 10% of the container wall thickness;
absence of passport data, markings in whole or in part (if, based on residual information, it is not possible to restore the marking);
cracks on and around the weld more than 0.2 mm wide and more than 30% of its length.

All other containers after warranty or post-warranty repairs are suitable for further use.

Guarantee

Gas cylinders have a warranty period of 1-2 years from the date of sale, depending on the body material. The service life of the tank is up to 30 years.

Conditions for the manufacturer to fulfill warranty obligations:

having a passport;
safety of factory markings and serial number on the device;
strict adherence to the instructions for transportation, storage, installation, operation and maintenance of the device, as well as the user manual;
availability of a warranty card filled out by the seller;
for some manufacturers, a mandatory condition is registration of the warranty on the official website of the plant;
no traces of attempted self-repair or re-sticking of the markings.

The manufacturer undertakes to fulfill warranty obligations.

These include:

testing;
free repair;
replacement with equipment of similar technical characteristics of proper quality;
financial compensation.

The warranty does not apply to the casing of a composite cylinder, as well as to containers with the following external defects that arose during transportation and operation by the consumer:

mechanical damage to the cylinder from contact with a sharp object or resulting from a fall or impact - scratches, gouges, dents, deformation, cracks, abrasions that caused a decrease in the thickness of the cylinder wall;
darkening of the valve color or the appearance of inclusions on its body.

Manufacturers of gas cylinders

The company is a French manufacturer of goods for recreation and tourism. Production is located in China.

One of the areas of its activity is the production of kebabs, grills, blowtorches, burners, stoves, and portable lighting lamps. All these devices are equipped with gas cylinders-cartridges of our own production.

The long history of the company confirms high level quality, reliability and safety of its products. Type of connection - collet, pierced or valve. The warranty on cartridges is 6 months.

This American company is a partner of Campingaz. creates its products using the experience and knowledge accumulated by lovers of tourism, hunting and fishing from all over the world.

The company's product range includes portable burners, lamps and cartridges for them. Connection type: threaded. Warranty - 1 year.

A young company producing goods for tourism. The factory is located in China. The brand's credo is quality for reasonable money. The company's products are certified and fully comply with international standards.

Fire-Maple offers customers cartridges with a threaded connection in volumes of 230 and 450 g. The warranty period for them is 2 years.

The credo of the American company is a completely rethought process of mobile cooking.

For its products, Jetboil produces gas cartridges with a volume of 100, 230 and 450 g with a mixture of propane and isobutane, which is suitable for use in winter.

Kovea

The South Korean company Kovea produces gas equipment and related products. The company itself and its products have received numerous awards, which confirms the high level of quality of the products of this brand.

The company's product range includes cylinders with a collet connection with a volume of 220 g and with a threaded connection with a volume of 230 and 450 g. The warranty on all types of products is 12 months.

MSR

The American brand MSR produces products for tourism and mountaineering. Production is located in South Korea.

Cylinders of this brand are filled with a mixture of butane and propane in a ratio of 80:20, which has shown good performance results at low temperatures. The built-in float sensor will help determine the remaining gas. Cartridge volumes are 110, 226 and 450 g.

The Swedish brand for the production of tourism equipment produces several types of gas cartridges with a threaded connection. Among them there are mixtures for summer, winter and all-season. Cylinder volumes are 100, 135, 190, 230 and 450 g.

Russian brand of goods for tourism and active recreation. All products of this brand are tested in real conditions before going on sale. The company offers two types of mixtures for gas cylinders: all-season and winter. Tank volume 220, 230, 336, 450 g. Connection method: threaded and push-pull.

Trump

The South Korean brand Tramp produces portable gas cylinders with an all-season mixture with a collet and threaded connection with a volume of 220, 230 and 450 g.