74. Read an excerpt from Mickey's Diary of Fbx. What did you find funny?
I have a question. Why did Zinin’s dad say that his “eyes popped out of his head”? They didn’t go anywhere, I saw it myself. Why is he talking nonsense? I crept to the closet, sat down in front of the mirror and rolled my eyes upward with all my might. Nonsense! The forehead is up and the eyes are in their place.
(S. Black)
Remember! In the Russian language there are stable combinations of words - phraseological units. When explaining their meaning, we mean the meaning of the entire phrase as a whole, and not individual words.
Expression eyes widened used in colloquial speech when a person is very surprised by what is happening or experiences severe pain or fear.
Page for the curious
About the phraseological unit “at full speed”
Expression at full speed originally meant a special running of a horse - a gallop, when a horse gallops, leaning simultaneously on both front legs and then on both hind legs.
Now the phraseological unit at full speed has the meaning “very quickly” and is used with verbs run, gallop, rush, rush. Phraseologisms have the same meaning with all your might, with all your might.
75. Read it. Explain the meaning of the highlighted combinations of words (phraseologisms).
1. The guys listened to a fairy tale holding breath, afraid to miss even one word. 2. It was still raining out of a bucket. 3. Pretty kick your ass, it's time to get to work! 4. And Ivanushka went wherever your eyes look. 5. While sitting in class, you cannot count crows. 6. Katya always loved poke your nose in all matters. 7. We walked up the mountain at a snail's pace. 8. Himself I made some porridge, figure it out yourself.
- Write out the highlighted combinations of words from the sentences (separated by commas). Which one is opposite in meaning to the phrase at full speed?
- In which dictionary can you find out the meaning of phraseological units?
e more
76. Read the phraseological units.
Like a chicken's paw, you can't spill water by rolling up your sleeves.
- Express your opinion: which of these phraseological units can be used to sign these pictures?
- Make up sentences or a story based on one of the pictures, using the appropriate phraseology.
At full speed... Spelling dictionary-reference book
at full speed- run at full speed at full speed rush at full speed rush at full speed gallop ... Dictionary of Russian Idioms
See soon... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. at full speed adverb, number of synonyms: 31 ... Synonym dictionary
Leaning with all your strength (feet) on the ground, so that, breathing heavily while running fast, you run forward Wed. They fly home at full speed along the shortest path. A.S. Pushkin. Evg. Onegin. 3, 4. Wed. He runs at full speed. Krylov. Horse and Rider. See in full... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary
at full speed- At full speed (to rush, rush, fly, etc.) Very quickly, swiftly (about riding horses) The riders rushed at full speed towards the forest ... Dictionary of many expressions
At full speed: leaning with all your strength (with your feet on the ground, so that you can breathe heavily while running fast, and run forward). Wed. They fly home at full speed along the shortest road. A. S. Pushkin. Evg. Onegin. 3, 4. Wed. He rushes at full speed. Krylov... ... Michelson's Large Explanatory and Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
at full speed- at full speed (very quickly) ... Spelling difficult adverbs
1. Unlock Very fast. FSRY, 297; BMS 1998, 422; Mokienko 1986, 48; ZS 1996, 496. 2. Psk. Very much; intensively. SPP 2001, 58 ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings
at full speed- in full force... Russian spelling dictionary
at full speed- (rush) ... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language
Books
- Green Zone, Alenikov V.M.. It was a stuffy July day, in its summer haze the outlines of the rat were very blurry, it was more likely to be guessed than seen, and from all this there was a feeling of something ghostly,...
- Excursion into darkness, Anatoly Losev. `This will be an excursion for all excursions! - six inseparable friends who came with their class to Moscow for the holidays think with bated breath. – Just think, together with representatives...
Sections: Primary School
The developmental education system encourages teachers to constantly search for new methods and materials for working with students. Much attention is paid to the development of students’ speech, their mastery of the lexical richness of their native language.
Mastering the Russian language is impossible without mastering its visual and expressive means. In the formation of figurative speech in the process of mastering the native language, the importance of which is emphasized by teachers and psychologists, working with phraseological units can play a huge role.
Phraseologisms according to V.G. Belinsky constitute the folk physiology of the language, its original means and original, native wealth. A feature of phraseological meaning is the presence of connotation: a phraseological unit not only names this or that object, action, quality, but also gives them an additional characteristic. The concept of connotative includes emotional, expressive and evaluative components. Emotionality is understood as “the ability of a lexical or phraseological unit to express the speaker’s emotional attitude to the subject of the message.” Expressiveness is “expressiveness, the impact that certain linguistic units have on the sensitive sphere of a person.” Evaluativeness is understood as “the ability of a lexical and phraseological unit to express the speaker’s positive or negative attitude towards the subject of the message.” Connotation allows writers to use them as a vivid, accurate, apt means of characterizing characters. Word artists often enhance the expressiveness of phraseological units, using various methods of semantic and structural transformation.
K.D. Ushinsky paid much attention to phraseological material. He considered it necessary to introduce phraseological units into school textbooks, starting with “The ABC,” so that “the child would look at objects ... with the keen eye of the people and express himself with his apt word.”
Huge opportunities for the mental, speech, and emotional development of a student lie in working with phraseological units. By giving a clear interpretation of a phraseological unit, and then explaining its meaning through linguistic or logical reasoning, the teacher includes the student in active mental activity, forcing him to think about the meaning of words and expressions, to wonder why we say this, and thereby increases the level of his thinking ability. For example, an explanation of the meaning of the phraseological phrase “to soar in the clouds” should begin with defining the meaning of the outdated word soar, which meant the same thing as to dwell, i.e. “to live, to be.” From here it’s easy to understand what the clouds have to do with it. Having your head in the clouds is like “living on the clouds,” breaking away from the ground, from everything that surrounds you, which is why this expression means “dreaming, forgetting about everything that surrounds you.” . By turning the kids back to school life, you can show how dangerous it is to have your head in the clouds during the lesson.
The explanation of many phraseological units is based on an appeal to the polysemy of the word. For example, we say: “He has a head on his shoulders - he will solve this problem.” Or “This guy has a head - he will accept correct solution" Why do they only say that about smart person, after all, everyone has a head? Students answer this question after finding out the meaning of the word head. Using short contexts suggested by the teacher, such as phrases: shake your head, curly head, smart head, clear head, students determine the direct and figurative meanings of the word head. Then the teacher focuses the children’s attention on the figurative meaning of “mind, consciousness,” which allows them to understand the meaning of these phraseological units.
In Russians folk tales Students encounter exaggerated phraseological expressions, which they intuitively understand by guessing from the context. It is clear that walking by leaps and bounds means “very fast,” and being far away or living in a distant kingdom means “very far.”
However, understanding the true meaning of these expressions as a source of figurative meaning is possible only when the teacher includes them in lexical work.
Thus, the meaning of the word “seven-mile” is determined based on the analysis of its composition seven + miles. Naturally, such steps can only be taken by fairy-tale heroes, and even then only those who have boots - walkers. From a fairy tale, this hyperbole entered our language, receiving a figurative meaning. And figuratively, these expressions are used in speech when it is necessary to emphasize the great remoteness of something.
Working with such phraseological units turns students directly to the language, arousing interest in it, without which the task of speech development cannot be solved.
In the Russian language there are many phraseological expressions that have a comparison structure and begin with the conjunction like - like the wind blew away, the speed of someone’s disappearance is compared with the speed of the wind, like two drops of water - the similarity of someone is compared with the absolute sameness of two drops of water, like water in mouth filled - someone’s silence is compared to the forced silence of a person who took water into his mouth, as if he fell through the ground - no one saw him leave, but he was not there, disappeared. The explanation of these expressions relies on the logical source of comparison. In addition, they are, as they say, “visible” for children, you just have to suggest or imagine a real situation: can you sit calmly on needles, for example, on a hedgehog. Hence the expression to sit on pins and needles, i.e. “to be in a state of great anxiety.”
Knowledge of the phraseology of the native language is not only a way to enrich students’ vocabulary and form speech figurativeness, but also a means of expanding their horizons and accumulating extra-linguistic information. For example, the humorous name of a tall man “Vest Kolomenskaya” is associated with a historical fact from the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Versta is an ancient measure of length, used before the introduction of the metric system. The pillars, installed at a distance of a mile from each other, were called milestones and served as indications of the distance traveled. For people on foot and on horseback, a mile is a considerable length of the journey; from the comparison with a mile, such a characterizing name for a tall man arose. And the Kolomenskaya verst was called because the first milestones were installed on the road from Moscow to the village of Kolomenskoye, the summer residence of the Tsar.
Phraseologism can tell about the customs of Rus' in pagan times. For example, after rain on Thursday, i.e. never or unknown when. It is advisable to include this phraseological unit in a speech situation close to students: “And when will Anton start studying with us?” "After the rain on Thursday!". How can rain affect Anton, especially on Thursday? Of course, not for Anton, but maybe for the harvest. And our ancestors believed that if you pray to the stern god Perun for rain on Thursday, he will send rain and there will be a good harvest. Rain does not always happen or does not happen at all. Therefore, an expression was born that contains doubt about the possibility of the desired event.
Why is a kind, honest, simple-minded person called “soul wide open.” This expression is associated with old folk beliefs that the soul of a person is located in the dimple on the front of the neck where the collar is fastened. If the collar is unbuttoned, then it is open, the neck is visible, and the soul is open to people. But the soul is always kind; it is no coincidence that we call an evil, cruel person soulless.
Information about the origin of certain expressions enriches children with a wide variety of knowledge.
Getting acquainted with the etymology of the phraseological unit, “goal like a falcon,” students learn that in ancient times people used battering guns in war, which were huge logs covered with iron. With them, suspended on chains, they pierced the fortress walls and gates of enemy villages. Nowadays such a weapon is called a ram, and in the old days it was called a falcon. It is with this falcon, truly “naked,” that the poor, poor man is compared.
The inclusion of such phraseological units in lexical work in Russian language and reading lessons will allow not only solving language problems, but also cultivating the curiosity of children. Annex 1 .
Turning to phraseological units that were born in the language on the basis of human observations of animals contributes to the development of observation skills in the child.
For example, keep your ears on top of your head, i.e. “to be on alert, on guard.” If you watch a dog, you can easily notice how its ears tense up; when it becomes alert for any reason, its ears seem to rise above the top of its head.
Working with moral phraseological units that contain personality characteristics is useful for educational purposes. The phraseology “Princess and the Pea” is instructive, characterizing a person who is unable to tolerate inconvenience and is accustomed to complete well-being. Students will easily remember the fairy tale by H.H. Andersen and understand the ironic comparison of such a person with a princess.
Students’ comprehension of the phraseology of their native language can occur as phraseological units are found in the texts of textbooks and fiction. In this case, the teacher, explaining the meaning of the phraseological unit and its origin, focuses the students’ attention on both the emotional coloring and the stylistic function. The teacher helps the student to see the originality and expressiveness of the language of a work of art. This is how a real reader is formed, capable of appreciating the artistic value of a work and able to enjoy reading.
Phraseological units already mastered by students can be used in creative tasks: make up a sentence or a short story, draw a portrait of a friend, using the proposed phraseological units (don’t be a coward, don’t give in, don’t hang your nose, stand like a mountain).
Exercises aimed at repeating and consolidating students’ knowledge about the meaning of phraseological units.
1. Distribute phraseological units into two groups. What groups are these?
Roll up your sleeves, sweat your brow, don’t lift a finger, fold your arms, don’t hit finger on finger, tirelessly.
2. How many groups can phraseological units be divided into?
Headlong, and it's over, at full speed, it's in the bag, remember the name.
3. Write down next to each phraseological unit the phraseological unit opposite to it in meaning.
For three nine lands, hang your head, lose your temper, even a dime a dozen, pull yourself together, perk up, just a stone's throw away.
An exercise aimed at developing the imagery of speech of younger schoolchildren.
Read the sentences. Which of the sentences, in your opinion, is more expressive and figurative?
I don’t remember anything, everything flew out of my head. I don’t remember anything, I forgot everything.
Acquaintance with phraseological units can occur not only in Russian language and reading lessons. For example, you can devote a few minutes to phraseological units related to the concept of units of measurement in a mathematics lesson: like an arshin swallowed, two inches from a pot, an oblique fathom in the shoulders, by leaps and bounds. A large number of phraseological units related to nature and animals can fit into lessons about the surrounding world: walking like a gogol, a bear stepped on your ear, where crayfish spend the winter, like water off a duck's back. In the lessons of the surrounding world, students can learn that the expression at full speed initially characterized only the running of a horse; when a horse gallops, it leans (supports) on its front and hind legs at the same time. And then they began to talk about the fast running of any animal or person. Therefore, we can say: “The cyclists raced at full speed.” In the same way, the expression “rush at full speed”, when running fast, the horse carries its legs far forward, while the shoulder blades stand out clearly. Students will be able to supplement the synonymous series built in the Russian language lesson with two more phraseological units: run quickly - rush at full speed - rush with all their might - rush at full speed - rush at full speed.
The interdisciplinary connection carried out in this way increases the interest of students both in the lessons of the Russian language and reading, and in all lessons.