The development of agriculture today occupies one of the leading positions in the economy. Even during the 2015 crisis, agriculture continued to grow and develop successfully. This is evidenced by the growing indicators - 2.9% compared to 2014. Nevertheless, this article will focus not only on the prospects for the development of agriculture, but also on the problems associated with this sector of the economy.

Current state and prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Despite the fact that the development of agriculture in the 1990s. cannot boast of great achievements, in the 2000s. the situation has changed radically, since a successful policy in this area has been resumed. This is due to government support and the introduction of a system of agricultural insurance and credit, which led to an improvement in the prospects for agricultural development.

2015 not only raised agriculture on its feet, but also became an indicator of successful government policy, the results of which exceeded expectations: the agricultural productivity index in all categories was 103%. In total, 104.8 million tons of grain were harvested, and this is 5% higher than the expected outcome of the State Program for the development of agriculture. Poultry and livestock raising reached 13.5 million tons, which is 4.2% more than in 2014. At the same time, egg production improved by 1.6%.

In 2014, agricultural products worth $ 39.9 billion were imported, in 2015 - by $ 26.5 billion. By the end of the year, imports of fresh and frozen meat decreased by 30%, fish - by 44%, and cheese and cottage cheese - by 36.5%. Basically, agricultural products were imported from foreign countries and the CIS.

Also in 2015, the export indicators of agricultural products increased due to the improved prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia. Thus, the export of pork and poultry meat increased by 20%. The indicators of export of sunflower oil and wheat improved. Again, cooperation went, for the most part, with countries of the far abroad and the CIS.

Today, the prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia continue to grow. In this regard, exports are supported by the institutes "EXIAR", "ROSEXIMBANK", "Russian Export Center" and others. By the end of 2016, the most popular exported agricultural products were:

• pork and poultry;
• grain (wheat and barley);
• fresh and frozen fish, seafood;
• vegetable oil of different categories.

The main trend in the development of agriculture in Russia is the modernization of agricultural equipment. Due to the devaluation of the ruble and the increase in prices for imported equipment, by the end of 2017, a slight decrease in the rate of modernization is expected. State support in the form of subsidies for the production of agricultural products is an equally important prospect for the development of agriculture in Russia. This will involve greenhouse vegetable growing, pig breeding, parent herd development, seed production, etc.

State payments attract very large investors to the agricultural market, who can also help in the development of agriculture. But even in the process of subsidizing, a lot of new problems arose, one of which is uneven distribution money... So, for example, a sufficient number of subsidies are allocated for the development of the livestock sector, but payments for feed production are insignificant, which causes an imbalance. Agricultural producers also complain about the lack of funds for the modernization and reconstruction of storage facilities and greenhouses.

The issuance of loans by the state for the development of agriculture is also growing. So, in 2015, the state allocated 263 billion rubles for the development of agricultural production. Already by May 2016, this amount of loans had doubled compared to May 2015.

However, official statistics do not give a complete picture of the prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia. In fact, there are a lot of unresolved issues. Lending services concern only large agro-industrial complexes, while small agricultural lands suffer from a lack of financial resources due to a highly developed system of bureaucratization and other problems. To receive state support, small agricultural enterprises need to collect a lot of certificates, conduct a huge number of examinations, and face hidden conditions that are not mentioned in official documents.

Despite a lot of unsolved problems concerning the prospects for the development of agriculture, this branch of the state's economy continues to develop successfully. Production figures are on the rise. However, in 2017, there is a high likelihood of a strong gap between supply and demand. In almost every market area in 2017, there is a drop in demand due to the unstable financial situation in the country. This fact can adversely affect the prospects for the development of agriculture and not only.

Problems and prospects of agriculture in the world

Before proceeding to consider the problems and prospects of agriculture in the world, let us examine its general characteristics at this stage of market relations between countries.

Scientific advances (breeding, breeding of new hybrid varieties of cereals) in the field of agricultural development provide an improvement in agricultural productivity in many countries. This fact was promoted by the so-called "green revolution": the massive use of fertilizers, an increase in the scale of irrigation work, increased mechanization, etc. However, this affected only a small part of the countries that participated in the "green revolution".

The main reason for the difficulties encountered in the development of agriculture is the backwardness of their agrarian relations. For example, in Latin America, the so-called latifundia are widely developed, which are huge estates of an agricultural type. And in Asia and Africa, in addition to large agricultural territories of local and foreign capital, feudal and semi-feudal possessions are still popular. Agricultural development in these countries is hampered by vestiges of the communal land tenure past.

The motley and backward character of agrarian relations is combined with vestiges in the organization of society, as well as the presence of active tribal and intertribal relations, the enormous popularity of animism and faith of a different nature. When considering the prospects for the development of agriculture, it is important to pay attention to the socio-psychological aspects of the people, which includes the consumer mentality. Among other things, the history of local peoples with colonies in the past has a huge influence.

With all that said, the agriculture of many developing countries cannot meet their food needs. In this regard, today there are a huge number of people living in these territories and suffering from hunger.

Even as hunger is gradually eradicated, the number of people in need of food is still huge, reaching the 1 billion mark. Every year in developing countries, food shortages kill about 20 million people. And this is another problem of agricultural development.

The prospects for the development of agriculture in a number of developing countries are also unsatisfactory because many traditional dishes are low in calories and an acute lack of proteins and fats. This fact negatively affects the physical endurance of people living in South and East Asia.

The difficult situation with agricultural development and the difficulties in food security pose a problem of food security for many developing countries. It is about getting enough food, which is important to ensure normal human life. The UN FAO experts have set the food security threshold, which is 17% of the world consumption of the last harvest reserves, which is 2 months of food security.

At the same time, UN specialists found out that in most of the developing countries there are a huge number of people suffering from a lack of vital resources, which also became a consequence of the problems of agricultural development. Violation of food security was observed in 24 countries at once, with 22 states located in Africa. In connection with the emerging critical living conditions, a number of measures were taken to eliminate food problems. We are talking about food aid: donation and provision of resources on concessional lending terms.

Food donations are made, for the most part, to the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The first place in terms of supplies is occupied by the United States. In recent years, the role of the EU states that donate food to the countries of Asia and Africa has strengthened.

Prospects for the development of agriculture at the international level

Above, we talked about the fact that today much more food is produced than in previous years. Nevertheless, the number of hungry people still leaves much to be desired. The population is busy with the development of agriculture for the benefit of providing food to all those in need. So, for example, if we pay attention to the volume of food in the United States, then we can conclude: by 2030 food reserves will only be enough for 2.5 billion people, although the population of the planet at that time will be approximately 8.9 billion. food at the beginning of the XXI century, it turns out that by 2030 we will fall to the level of India, which is 450 g of grain per 1 person daily. In turn, this problem of agricultural development will cause numerous wars.

In no case should the process of agricultural development be allowed to drift through production, consumption and redistribution. It is important to develop a plan for the prospects for agricultural development at the international level. In this case, you can rely on 4 directions.

1. Expansion of the land fund

Today, approximately 0.34 hectares of land are allocated for agricultural land per person. In theory, the area can expand significantly to 4.69 hectares per person. Considering this fact, one involuntarily ponders the problems of agricultural development in the world, because the planet's land reserve allows expanding areas. However, it is worth considering the fact that not every soil is suitable for the development of agriculture. In addition, it will take a huge amount of money to expand the farm holdings.

2. Improving the efficiency of agricultural production

Ultimately, it is this option that gains the most weight: improving the financial stability of the economy by increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. Experts in the field of agricultural development considered that with the use of the latest technologies in the agricultural sector at the present stage, it would be possible to safely provide food for at least 12 billion people. In addition, technological progress does not stand still and continues to develop even now. Therefore, the prospects for the development of agriculture would constantly grow for the better, and not only due to biotechnology, but also due to the success of geneticists.

3. Social empowerment

However, the real way to improve the prospects for agricultural development follows from taking into account the social opportunities of citizens. This is another direction of the strategic plan for the development of agriculture. The goal at this stage is to implement global agricultural reforms in developing countries, based on the characteristic features of each of the countries. The result should be overcoming the backwardness of existing agrarian structures. During reforms, it is important to pay special attention to such problems of agricultural development in developing countries as troubleshooting due to the wide participation of primitive relations in many African states, latifundism in Latin America and the spread of fragmented small-peasant holdings in Asia.

During agricultural reforms, it is best to build on the existing experience of developed countries. For example, to increase the role of the government in the development of agriculture by issuing subsidies for replacing old equipment with new ones, as well as in the sphere of financial support for small and medium-sized agricultural businesses. It is important to give a special place to the solution of issues related to voluntary cooperation, the abundance of forms and financial incentives for players.

The next task of carrying out social reform with an increase in financial efficiency is to reduce the gap at the consumer level between different groups of states.

Undoubtedly, the improvement of government activity also applies to the population reproduction zone, whose rise may be more controlled with the use of effective means.

4. International cooperation

In the end, the fourth stage of the strategic plan to improve the prospects for agricultural development may well be international cooperation, as well as assistance from developed countries to developing countries. The mission of such a project is, firstly, to overcome food shortages, and secondly, to identify the internal potential of developing countries. To reveal the entire hidden reserve, it is necessary to solve problems in all directions: economy, education, healthcare, etc.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in the world in the long term

The OECD and FAO are assessing the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world. Their forecasts are calculated for 10 years ahead. Thus, you can learn about the development of agriculture in the world in the long term, but only taking into account the modern agricultural industry.

Based on the analyzed data, it was possible to establish several ways of developing agriculture in the world economy at once. 4 hypotheses became the prerequisites.

1. The acreage under the main agricultural crops (wheat, corn, rice) will not decrease, but will even increase. Food crisis 2007-2009 allowed to draw such a conclusion. If a number of measures are not taken, then we are in danger of a repeated crisis phenomenon of the past years.
2. In all countries, more and more resources will be spent on the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in agriculture. This fact will have a positive effect on the use of the benefits of nature. This is, first of all, about water and land resources.
3. Developing countries in many regions will increase their protein intake from meat and dairy products. Hence, the popularization of growing plants for the purpose of their further use for animal feed.
4. In most countries, the trend will continue to use agricultural resources, primarily for food purposes. States with special natural and political conditions that allow competent use of the benefits of the land to create biofuels will remain on the sidelines. We are talking about the United States, Brazil, as well as some states of Southeast Asia.

According to forecasts for 2020, wheat production will significantly improve - up to 806 million tons, which will amount to an increase of 18% by 2008, while by 2050 the wheat harvest will reach 950 million tons (an increase of 40% against 2008). ... However, do not forget that the population of the planet is constantly growing and by this time it will increase by 30-35%. Hence the improvement in the per capita supply of wheat.

Since wheat is actively used in animal husbandry, the growth of imports of these cereals from 24-26% to 30% is possible in developing countries. Moreover, faster growth rates are expected in less developed countries. This prospect of agricultural development in less developed countries guarantees a decrease in the share of imports from 60% to 50%. But even such an indicator cannot be considered successful. In any case, the help of developed countries will be needed so that less developed countries can rise to a higher level in agricultural production.

There are also reports on forecasts of the prospects for the development of agriculture in the meat and dairy industries. It turned out that the rate of milk production is developing much faster than the increase in the world's population. This may lead to the fact that by 2050 the volume of milk produced will amount to 1,222 million tons, and this is 80% more than in 2008.

It is the developing countries that play a huge role in this process, since, based on the forecasts obtained, milk production in these countries will increase 2.25 times. But even this data cannot hide the fact that the difference in the volume of milk produced in developing and developed countries will be huge. There is a likelihood of a decrease in the number of cows in a number of developing countries with increased productivity. Such a step will help to get rid of two problems of agricultural development at once: to increase the production of plant products and to increase the amount of milk protein in the food menu of the poor part of the population.

However, the problem of the development of agriculture in the meat industry remains unresolved, because the nutrition of the world's population largely depends on it.

According to forecasted data, improvements are expected in the meat industry by 2050: production and consumption of beef will grow by 60%, pork - by 77%, poultry - by 2.15 times. At the same time, the difference between the growth rates of the meat industry and the demographic situation on the planet will remain again. If developing countries begin to promote their own meat product in the domestic market, then they may well be able to increase the efficiency in this area of \u200b\u200bagricultural development. In less developed countries, it should be expected that most of the beef and pork the population will receive through domestic production, but 40% of poultry meat will be satisfied by imports.

Thus, based on the above data, we can conclude: with an increase in the efficiency of agricultural production with the replacement of old equipment with innovative technologies that significantly save resources, it is quite possible to improve the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world with a program for 40 years. It remains to solve one more problem of the development of agriculture in the world associated with hunger.

When forecasting food consumption, the calculation is carried out per capita of the planet and is constantly growing. But growth will decrease significantly over time. In the period from 1970 to 2000. there was an increase in food consumption per capita per day by 16%. According to estimated data in the period from 2001 to 2030. food costs will increase to 2950 kcal. However, this is only a 9% increase in 30 years.

By 2050, consumption is expected to increase to 3130 kcal per capita, and the increase will be 3% over 20 years. These data take into account the fact that food consumption in developing countries will grow much faster than in developed countries. In this regard, there is a high likelihood of equalization of food consumption indicators in developed and developing countries, which also improves the prospects for agricultural development at the world level.

Today, only half of the total population of the planet can afford adequate nutrition. Literally 30 years ago, the situation was different: only 4% belonged to the circle of "fully secured". By 2050, about 90% of the world's population will be getting 2700 kilocalories per capita without hindrance.

All of these achievements constitute the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world for the long term and depend on a number of innovative changes in the agricultural sector of the economy.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

1. Import substitution in agriculture

Import substitution today helps to solve a lot of problems in the development of agriculture in Russia. It's no secret that in 2014 Russia fell under the "distribution" of sanctions from European countries, the USA, Canada, Australia and Japan. As a result, the Government of the Russian Federation has taken a number of measures, banning the import of a certain list of food products, for the most part we are talking about agricultural products.

Due to import substitution in modern stores of the Russian Federation, 80% of food is a domestic product and only 20% is foreign. Work is underway to develop domestic agriculture. By the end of 2017, a significant increase in grain crops is expected (over 100 million tons). The buckwheat harvest will also exceed expectations. However, special attention should be paid to the meat, dairy and vegetable industries. Prospects for the development of agriculture in these sectors give forecasts for achieving the expected growth in 2-3 years, and only in the dairy sector - in 7-10 years. In 3-5 years, a full transition to domestic trade in vegetables and fruits is expected.

2. Increasing the role of the state in the development of agriculture in Russia

Over the past decade, the prospects for agriculture in Russia have improved significantly, thanks to the growing role of the government in this sector of the economy. The agrarian reform of the State Program fixes the popularization of state actions for the development of agriculture in the country:

1. Providing financial support to the agricultural industry with the participation of the regions.
2. Distribution and redistribution of income received.
3. Issuance of loans for agricultural needs within the framework of state support.
4. Agricultural insurance.

Agricultural producers can thus receive more than thirty types of state support. The main emphasis is on subsidizing part of the interest on lending in the long term, as well as providing per hectare assistance.

Among other things, the Government of the Russian Federation has developed a number of innovations for the development of agriculture for novice farmers: a grant for the creation of farmland, which includes 1.5 million rubles and 300 thousand rubles for household amenities, as well as the issuance of subsidies for investment loans and part of the first installment for leasing of agricultural machinery.

Many banks, for example, "Rosselkhozbank", are also actively involved in supporting the development of agriculture in the country, developing new lines of financial products. If you are the owner of a small or medium business, you can get an annual loan at a reduced rate - from 15.95%. At the same time, the loan portfolio of "Rosselkhozbank" in the period from 2014 to 2015. jumped by 13.2% and now amounts to more than 1.5 million rubles.

Agricultural development prospects Russian Federation depend mainly on loans. At the present stage, the problem of lack of investment in the long term remains unresolved.

3. Attracting investment

As we mentioned above, the problem of attracting investment in the development of agriculture is the main one at the present stage of the agro-industrial complex. Since most agricultural enterprises have a low level of income, there are very, very few people willing to invest in the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation. However, the attraction of investments can be positively influenced by the fact of subsidizing export enterprises and such industries as pig breeding, greenhouse vegetable growing, and seed growing.

2017, according to experts, will be favorable for investment in the areas of dairy products (in particular, cheese), pork, poultry, fish. However, one should not forget about the risks of financial investments.

The Government of the Russian Federation manages to attract investors to the development of agriculture through a number of active measures. For example, 20% of the amount spent on capital construction is returned to the depositor. Thus, investors in the vegetable growing industry will be able to return their 20% this year. In 2017, a sum of 16 billion rubles will be allocated for the implementation of this idea.

The average payback period for investments in agricultural development in Russia is 5 years.

4. Development of our own scientific base and manufacturability of the industry

Perhaps one of the fundamental factors for improving the prospects for the development of agriculture in the country is the provision of the agro-industrial complex with highly qualified specialists. In this regard, the state is trying to actively support agricultural universities. Today in the territory of the Russian Federation 54 agricultural universities are engaged in the education of specialists in the field of the agricultural industry. Every year they release 25 thousand ready-made personnel.

At the present stage of development of agriculture in the country, the identification of the necessary innovations in the agrarian sphere is analyzed: experiments in the field of selection and genetic engineering. Also, completely new species of flora and fauna are created, which have better vitality and productive qualities.

Do not forget about the development of the branches of feed production and veterinary medicine.

5. Development of farming

According to statistical data, 355 thousand agricultural producers work in the Russian Federation, most which are individual entrepreneurs and small organizations. The Association of Peasant (Farming) Farms and Agricultural Cooperatives of Russia has established that 38% of the total rural population is very interested in the development of farming.

The question arises: is it possible for farmers to appear in our country? Of course available. And there is strong evidence of this. So, for example, the Oryol region is at the present stage of agricultural development the most popular in this area: 90% of the land is allocated for the agro-industrial complex. Moreover, more than 300 thousand people live in the villages, which is 40% of the total population of the Oryol region. Private farms are the main target of the country's agricultural development prospects.

Practitioner tells

Tatiana Antipenko, chief Editor portal Agro.ru, Moscow

On July 1, 2017, a law banning the cultivation and breeding of genetically modified plants and animals in our country comes into force. Exception: cases when this is done for scientific purposes.

As early as January 1, 2016, a new GOST came into force - “Organic Products. Rules for production, storage, transportation. " In addition, a new uniform standard for food labeling has emerged. This will change the perception of the population about the quality of domestic products for the better.

There is already a craving for Russian products; this can be considered one of the manifestations of the growth of patriotic sentiments. The desire to eat healthy food is gaining popularity. The growing demand is supported by the opening online stores of farm products. However, in such a short time, consumers are unlikely to change their minds about local producers.

Distrust of inspection systems is firmly embedded in the minds of Russians. In addition, we did not have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bthe difference between certified organic products and farm products. Agricultural producers will have to carry out serious propaganda work to convince buyers that Russian products are not inferior in quality to imported ones.

Introduction …………………………………………………………….…. 3

Chapter 1 The place and role of crop production in the national

economic complex of the Russian Federation ………. 5

1.1 Structure of crop production ……………………………………….

Chapter 2. Development and placement of crop industries

Russian Federation……………………………………. 8

2.1. Characteristics of the main crops of crop production ... ... ... 8

2.2. Placement of plant growing industries on the territory

Russian Federation ………………………… .. …………… 17

Chapter 3. Basic technical and economic indicators

development of crop production in 1995 - 2004 …………… .. 24

Chapter 4. Problems of crop production development.

Industry development prospects …………. …………. …… 31

Conclusion ……………………………………………………… .. 34

Bibliographic list ………………………………………… 36

Appendices ……….… .. ……………….… .. ………….… .. ………… 38

Introduction

The main sectors of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Plant growing industries produce more than 40% of all agricultural products in the country. Crop production is the backbone of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development.

The leading role in the structure of crop production belongs to grain farming. It is grain crops that occupy almost 55% of all sown areas in the country.

Average annual grain yield in Russia in 1994-2002 was at the level of 13.0 c / ha (3-4 times less than in Western European countries). However, the cost of production is 1 cent. our grains are comparatively small, and of higher quality (in particular, thanks to durum wheat).

Russia ranks first in the world in the production of barley, oats and rye, and one of the first in gross wheat production. In general, the country is in fourth place in the world for the production of cereals and legumes (after China, the USA and India).

Grain farming is one of the main branches of crop production. The wide distribution of grain crops throughout the agriculturally developed territory of Russia is due to a significant variety of their biological characteristics, a variety of species and varieties. Grain of cereals is of great nutritional value, and also serves as a valuable feed for animals.

The natural basis of agriculture is land, and primarily agricultural land.

Agricultural land is part of the land used for agriculture. They have a complex structure, a significant part of them fall on arable land, hayfields and pastures. In Russia, agricultural land occupies 220 million hectares (13% of the country's area), of which arable land - 120 million hectares (7% of the country's area), hayfields - about 20 and pastures - 60 million hectares. Their area is slowly and gradually decreasing due to an increase in demand for the territories of various settlements, primarily cities, industrial construction, transport and other types of infrastructure construction. Compared to other countries of the world, Russia has a high supply of agricultural land, including arable land. At the same time, in different parts of the country, the specific indicators of the provision of residents with agricultural land, including arable land, differ significantly, as well as their quality. The degree of agricultural development of the territory is increasing from north to south.

Chapter 1. The place and role of crop production in the national

economic complex of the Russian Federation

The total area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land in Russia in the mid-90s. exceeded 200 million hectares, or accounted for only 12% of the country's territory. In the structure of agricultural land, arable land prevailed - 60%, 11% fell on hayfields and 29% - on pastures.

During the years of Soviet power, up to 1975, in Russia there was an increase in sown areas largely due to the development of virgin and fallow lands in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the southern Urals and Western Siberia. By 1975, the sown area of \u200b\u200bRussia had more than doubled in comparison with the pre-revolutionary period and reached 126.5 million hectares, and then began to decline, which continues to this day (see Fig. 1). More than half of all sown areas in Russia (53%) are occupied by grain and leguminous crops (2/3 - under spring crops and 1/3 - under winter crops). However, due to the more than two-fold excess of the average yield of winter crops in comparison with spring crops, winter crops prevail in the total volume of grain production in Russia.

Fig. 1. Dynamics of sown areas in Russia

Bread and bakery products have always occupied a dominant position in the diet of the inhabitants of Russia due to their high nutritional value, excellent taste, non-palatability, good digestibility and saturation, ease of preparation, comparative stability in storage and cheapness. According to biological norms of nutrition, on average per capita per year, in our conditions, 120-140 kg of bread products are needed. But besides bakery products, a person needs meat, milk and other products.

Crop production provides 40% of all agricultural production in Russia: 43% - in 1970, 42% - in 1980, 37% - in 1990, 55% - in 2000. Animal husbandry has always depended on its development, since its fodder base is largely provided by crop production.

A particularly tense situation in the grain economy of modern Russia took place in the lean 1995, when grain production in the country fell to 428 kg per capita (see Fig. 2). This is the level of 1948 or tsarist Russia at the beginning of the century. Experts say that if this figure drops to 400 kg, then the normalized distribution of products will be inevitable. And 300 kg per capita will turn into real hunger. Fortunately, for Russia the following year 1996 was more productive, which made it possible to avoid serious difficulties in supplying population bread products, and livestock - concentrated feed.

In recent decades, the area under barley has grown especially rapidly and the gross yield of this crop has increased, as a result of which today it has firmly taken the second place among the country's grain crops after wheat. Oats and rye follow in terms of total harvest. All other grain crops (corn, millet, buckwheat, legumes and rice) do not play a significant role either in the sown area or in the total grain yield in the country.

1928 1945 1960 1990

Fig. 2. Gross grain harvest in Russia in 1928-1997

Of the industrial crops, fiber flax and hemp are of great national economic importance. Their fiber is used in the textile and hemp industry for the manufacture of linen, ropes and other products. Flaxseed and hemp oils are produced from the seeds of these plants, which are used for food, as well as used in various industries. Waste from the processing of fiber flax and hemp seeds go to livestock feed. Industrial crops - fibrous, oil-bearing, sugar-bearing plants - provide the production of raw materials for the light and food industries: textile, oil extraction, sugar, etc. Industrial crops occupy only 5% of the total sown area (6 million hectares), but they are more expensive and their specific the weight in gross agricultural output is much higher.

Chapter 2. Development and placement of crop industries

Russian Federation.

2.1. Characteristics of the main crops of plant growing.

Wheat - the most important grain crop in Russia, providing a significant part of the country's food grain basket. In recent years, it has accounted for only slightly less than 1/2 of the total domestic grain production, and the sown area under this crop exceeds the total area under all other grain and leguminous crops taken together.

In Russia, two types of wheat are sown - spring and winter. Due to the fact that the yield of winter wheat is two or more times higher than the yield of spring wheat, wherever agro-climatic conditions permit, it is winter wheat that is cultivated. In general, in the western part of the country (with the exception of the northern regions) up to the Volga, winter wheat crops prevail, to the east - spring wheat.

Winter wheat is sown in autumn and uses autumn and spring precipitation during the growing season. The provision with moisture contributes to the rapid vegetation and, consequently, the early ripening of the crop and determines its higher yield than the spring crop.

Compared to winter rye, winter wheat is more thermophilic and suffers more from cold weather. The total amount of active temperatures required during its growing season, depending on the variety, ranges from 1200-1500 ° C. Low winter temperatures with an insignificant snow cover make it difficult for winter wheat to move eastward, especially to the steppe regions of the Trans-Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. The cultivation of winter wheat in the northern regions is hindered by the long duration of the snow cover and late spring frosts.

The poor development of the root system determines the high demands of winter wheat to soil conditions. This culture develops best of all on structural chernozems with a high content of nutrients. Winter wheat does not tolerate acidic, peaty, waterlogged and highly saline soils. On acidic soils, crops can only be grown after liming.

Spring wheat is sown in early spring and uses late spring rainfall. The best conditions for its growth are temperatures of 15-20 ° C. The culture tolerates spring frosts well. The growing season is estimated to be 90-120 days. The sum of active temperatures is 1200-1700 ° C. Spring wheat soil requirements are similar to those of winter wheat. Among the varieties of spring wheat, hard wheat with a high protein content and high baking qualities are especially appreciated. It is highly regarded in the world market. It is from the flour of this wheat that the best in taste is made pasta, cakes, pastries and other confectionery products.

The growth of wheat acreage in Russia throughout the Soviet period was mainly due to the expansion of the area of \u200b\u200bcultivation of spring wheat. Almost all of the cultivated areas of virgin and fallow lands allocated for wheat were occupied by spring wheat. The main disadvantage of spring wheat is its low yield (in Russian conditions, on average, 8-10 c / ha).

Barley - the second largest grain crop in terms of production, providing about 1/4 of the gross grain harvest in Russia. In the conditions of our country, this is, first of all, a fodder crop, on the basis of which concentrated feed for animal husbandry is produced. As a food crop, it is used to make beer, cereals, concentrates and some other products.

A very important advantage of barley is its early maturity (the duration of the growing season is only 85-95 days). In addition, barley is characterized by a low temperature of the beginning of growth, low sensitivity to frost and drought tolerance. In this regard, the area of \u200b\u200bbarley cultivation is extremely extensive: it penetrates further than other grain crops to the north, south and southeast. In the south and southeast, barley begins to ripen early, better than other crops uses the spring moisture reserves in the soil and suffers less from summer droughts.

Rye - a winter crop used both for food purposes and for feeding livestock. Winter rye has been one of the most important food crops in Russia since the founding of Russia. Already the first Russian chronicler Nestor, in the life of the Monk Theodosius of Pechora, mentions rye bread as the daily food of the Pechora monks. Festive bread in Russia has always been wheat, and everyday bread - rye. Thus, rye bread has long become a traditional food product of the Great Russians. Culture spread to the latitude of Moldova and Ukraine only at the end of the 19th century.

Today, much less rye is harvested than before the revolution, and its share in the total grain production has significantly decreased. Nevertheless, Russia retains the first place in the world in terms of gross grain harvest of this valuable crop.

Rye is relatively undemanding to agro-climatic conditions. It needs significantly less heat than winter wheat and has a much shorter growing season. Amount of active

temperatures of this culture are only 1000-1250 ° C. Compared to winter wheat, rye is less demanding on moisture and has a strong, well-developed root system, which allows it to be cultivated on a wide variety of soils. Rye, unlike wheat, tolerates acidic soils well, has greater frost resistance, a lower temperature of the beginning of growth. It tolerates droughts better than winter wheat.

The main distribution area of \u200b\u200brye is the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia. Recently, from the best in agroclimatic conditions for its cultivation, rye has been pushed aside by the more valuable and high-yielding winter wheat.

Oats - primarily a forage crop, which in the past was used on a large scale as feed for horses. However, as the number of horses in Russia decreased and the harvest of barley increased, the sown area of \u200b\u200bthis crop decreased significantly.

Oats begin their growth at temperatures not as cold as barley, vegetate longer and tolerate drought worse than other grain crops. The most important advantage of oats is their tolerance to acidic soils.

Corn - high-yielding grain crop. In terms of its productivity in Russia - 30-35 centners / ha - it is second only to rice. The value of the crop lies in the fact that it allows both to replenish grain resources and to obtain good silage and green fodder for livestock.

For food purposes, corn grain and flour, cereals, corn flakes and vegetable oil made from it are used. In addition, corn can be used to make starch, molasses, alcohol, and many other products. The abundant green mass of this plant is an excellent succulent forage in animal husbandry.

Corn is a thermophilic crop. To cultivate it for grain requires the sum of active temperatures in the range of 2100-2900 ° C, and for maize in the phase of milky-wax ripeness - 1800-2400 ° C.

Corn is sown relatively late. The temperature of the beginning of growth is about 10-12 ° C. The main period of culture growth is mid-summer. Among many varieties of corn, there are early ripening, but the most high-yielding - late ripening varieties. Corn does not tolerate summer frosts and is a short-day plant, which prevents it from moving north.

Maize has increased moisture requirements shortly before flowering and in a short period after it. The rest of the time it is a completely drought-resistant plant. The most favorable soils for the cultivation of maize in Russia are powerful chernozems; on chestnut soils and degraded chernozems, its yields are noticeably reduced. Corn for silage and green mass can also be cultivated on acidic soils when liming them.

Millet - a low-yielding crop (in the conditions of Russia, the average yield is 8-10 c / ha), which is not widely spread in our country.

Millet, like corn, begins growing at rather high temperatures - 10-12 ° C, is sensitive to frost, and is a short-day plant. The main advantage of the culture is its greater ability to tolerate drought than that of all other cereals, thanks to which it advanced further into arid regions than other plant domesticates. Millet successfully uses the moisture reserves created in the steppe zone by far from regular summer precipitation.

Buckwheat - valuable cereal crop, low-yielding (usually 6-7

c / ha). It has an extremely short growing season (70-85 days), but a rather high temperature of the beginning of growth (6-8 ° C), in case of frost the plant does not die, but sharply reduces the yield. Buckwheat does not tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil and dry winds, but it is well adapted to acidic soils.

The main area of \u200b\u200bdistribution of culture is the southern part of the forest and the north of the forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia. On the example of buckwheat, the dependence of yield on the ecological state of the areas of cultivation of this crop is clearly demonstrated. The yield of buckwheat noticeably increases when it is pollinated by bees, and the main area of \u200b\u200bits cultivation coincides with the location of the country's largest chemical industry enterprises, which has a detrimental effect on beekeeping. Hence the unjustifiably low yields of buckwheat in Russia and its insignificant gross harvest.

Rice - a valuable food crop, the highest-yielding of all cereals cultivated in Russia (yield - up to 40 kg / ha and more). However, it is the most thermophilic of all grain crops (the temperature of the beginning of growth is not less than 12-15 ° С, and the sum of active temperatures for various varieties cultivated in our country ranges from 2200-3200 ° С).

Legumes did not receive wide distribution in Russia. Under the conditions of our country, of all legumes, it is economically expedient to cultivate only two crops - peas and lentils. Even in the most fruitful years, the gross yield of legumes in Russia never reached 5 million tons. To one degree or another, legumes are common in all economic regions of Russia, if only because they play a significant role in crop rotation as crops that accumulate nitrogen in the soil.

The main industrial crops in Russia are sunflower, sugar beet and fiber flax.

Sunflower - the most common technical culture in Russia. Almost all domestic vegetable oil Sunflower is picky about soil conditions, this crop gives the highest yields on well-structured chernozems, but much less than sugar beet, it is picky about moisture. An important condition for obtaining sunflower seeds with a high percentage of oil content is a large number of sunny days.

Sugar beet -

Modern Russia is not able to fully meet its needs for sugar at the expense of domestic sugar beets, which is primarily due to the extremely limited area of \u200b\u200beffective cultivation of industrial varieties of this crop in terms of agroclimatic conditions.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beet, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems), good and uniform soil moisture are required throughout the summer. Any temporary deterioration in the water supply of this crop reduces the sugar content in the tubers and reduces the yield. The technical varieties of sugar beet also place higher demands on sunlight. To increase the sugar content in tubers, a sufficiently large number of sunny days is required.

Fiber flax - the oldest industrial crop cultivated in Russia. It was sown back in the days of Kievan and Novgorod Rus. Linen homespun products were an indispensable commodity at domestic fairs and were highly prized abroad. Pre-revolutionary Russia, and then the Soviet Union, were the world's largest producers of fiber flax.

On the eve of the revolution, the total sown area under this valuable crop on the territory of modern Russia reached 1 million hectares. Before the Great Patriotic War, it increased to 1.5 million hectares, and the gross yield of fiber flax in value terms exceeded the total production of all other industrial crops cultivated in our country combined. However, in the post-war period, a rapidly progressive decline of domestic flax began, which continues to this day. Compared to the pre-war period, the total sown area under fiber flax has decreased 6 times.

The main reason for the degradation of domestic flax growing is a sharp decline in the rural population in the main flax-growing regions (the south of the forest zone). Mechanized technologies of cultivation of crops did not receive much development in our country, which predetermined an acute shortage of labor in this extremely labor-intensive branch of crop production and, as a result, a drop in production volumes.

Fiber flax starts growing at low temperatures and has a short growing season. Because of this, its crops moved further north than other industrial crops. High quality fiber and large yields are obtained only in areas with cool, rainy and cloudy summers, where varieties of fiber flax with a long unbranched stem are cultivated. Flax is sown in crop rotations after favorable predecessors that enrich the soil with plant nitrogen on well-cultivated soils.

In areas with a dry warm climate (in the steppe Trans-Volga region, in the south of the Urals and in the Kulundinskaya steppe), curly flax is grown. The stem of such flax develops little in length, is highly branched and is not suitable for the manufacture of textile fibers.

Curly flax is cultivated exclusively for seed for the production of flaxseed oil, which is mainly used for technical and medical purposes.

Hemp is grown from other fibrous crops in our country. Hemp products can be replaced to a much greater extent with artificial fiber, which has led to a significant reduction in the area of \u200b\u200bthis crop in recent years.

Potato growing - an important branch of Russian crop production. The role of potatoes in the diet of Russians is especially significant. No wonder it is called the second bread. In addition to food purposes, potatoes are widely used as feed in animal husbandry, especially in pig breeding, and it is also used for technical purposes.

Vegetable growing and melon growing is one of the weakest links in Russian plant growing. A significant part of the vegetables consumed in Russia is imported from abroad (mainly from the former Soviet republics).

The most widespread in Russia are cabbage, beets, carrots, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini and eggplants. Over the past decades, the azonality in the production of most of the vegetables has sharply increased, expressed in their territorial concentration in the suburban areas of large cities and urban agglomerations. This was facilitated by an increase in the share of households, in particular urban dwellers, in the production of vegetables (in 1995 - about 70% of all-Russian production), and the expansion of the system of greenhouse and greenhouse production of these crops.

2.2. Placement of plant growing industries on the territory

Russian Federation

The nature of the distribution of agricultural crops on the territory of the country is determined both by their biological characteristics, corresponding to certain types of natural environment, and by socio-economic factors. The degree to which the biological characteristics of cultivated plants correspond to one or another type of natural environment must be considered in close connection with modern farming systems and the economic efficiency of production. This makes it possible to explain the differences between the existing distribution of crops and the areas of their possible cultivation.

Each crop corresponds to a natural complex and its individual elements. For example:

growing season (rye - 100 days, corn - 160 - 180 days);

the required sum of positive temperatures required during the growing season (rye - 1000 - 1100 ° C, cotton - 4000 ° C);

soil quality (wheat - black earth and chestnut; rye is less demanding, it tolerates podzolic and sod-podzolic soils well);

the degree of moisture (rice, cotton - irrigated crops, millet - dry drought-resistant crop);

light requirements (flax is a long-day plant, corn is a short-day crop).

The main areas of distribution of winter wheat in Russia:

North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region in the first place), Central Black Earth Region, right-bank part of the Volga region.

The main areas of distribution of spring wheat: the Volga region, the South Urals (Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and other regions), the south of Western Siberia (south of the Siberian railway), the south of Eastern Siberia (also south of the mainline, including Khakassia), the Far East ( the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region).

Sowings of spring and winter wheat make up the "wheat belt". There are also wheat crops to the south and north of it, but they occupy relatively small areas.

Barley crops are widespread from Primorsky Krai in the east, Arkhangelsk region in the north to the Caucasus in the south. Spring barley is sown in all economic regions of the country. Its crops are especially extensive in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, Central Black Earth and other regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the south of Siberia. Crops of winter barley are mainly located in the North Caucasus.

Currently, barley is grown mainly for fodder purposes, although it also has food value, and germinated seeds (malt) are used in brewing.

Oats are widespread in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, often on poor sandy loam soils. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the value of oats in the composition of grain crops decreases. In addition to the non-chernozem and forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia, oats are sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Corn sowing is small and concentrated mainly in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia, which in terms of natural conditions (in its western part) is comparable to the famous “corn belt” in the Midwest of the USA. In the central zone of the European part of Russia, in the south of Siberia corn is also sown, but for green fodder and silage, which are valuable fodder, and not for grain.

Peas are most often cultivated in the Non-Black Earth Zone, lentils - in the northern strip of the Central Black Earth Region, beans and soybeans as crops of tropical origin are cultivated in the more southern parts of Russia. Soy is a more moisture-loving plant, its significant areas are concentrated in the Far East (on the Zeya-Bureinskaya plain and in the Khankayskaya lowland).

Cereals (millet, buckwheat, rice) occupy a very small area. They have different distribution areas due to their biological characteristics.

Millet is cultivated mainly in the steppe zone, in areas where lighter soils are spread within the European part of Russia. The main areas of distribution are the Volga region and the south of the Urals.

Buckwheat, unlike millet, does not tolerate drought well and is demanding on soil moisture. The yield of buckwheat increases in connection with the development of beekeeping in the areas of its cultivation due to better pollination of flowers, which are valuable honey plants. The cultivation area of \u200b\u200bbuckwheat is extensive: from the Arkhangelsk region to the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region in the European part of Russia, as well as Siberia and the Far East.

Rice crops in Russia are located in the floodplains of the Don and Kuban rivers in the North Caucasus, in the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain of the Astrakhan region, the Sarpinskaya lowland in Kalmykia and in the Far East in the Khanka lowland. (see Appendix 1)

The cultivation of industrial crops leads to a much more intensive use of land in comparison with grain crops (the output per hectare is much higher in value terms). Nevertheless, the cultivation of industrial crops does not have such a wide geographical distribution as cereals. Industrial crops are widespread in narrowed areas, because: they are strictly limited to the region of the natural conditions necessary for their cultivation, in comparison with grain crops; growing most industrial crops is a very laborious process; high material consumption during their processing determines the territorial concentration of crops in the immediate vicinity of processing plants (for example, sugar beet crops tend to sugar plants).

Unfortunately, due to climatic conditions, not all industrial crops can be grown on the territory of Russia. This is, first of all, cotton - an important industrial crop for complex use (both textile fiber, and vegetable oil, and valuable cellulose, and raw materials for many chemical industries). The areas of effective cultivation of sugar beets and soybeans are also relatively small in Russia.

Sunflower crops in Russia occupy about 1/2 of all the land allotted for industrial crops. Its crops are mainly located in the steppe and dry steppe zones. There are also significant tracts of this culture in the forest-steppe. The main producer of sunflower seeds is the North Caucasian economic region. It accounts for over 60% of the Russian collection of sunflower seeds.

Large tracts of industrial varieties of this crop outside the North Caucasus are located in the Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions. The distribution area of \u200b\u200bsunflower crops for silage is more extensive and is somewhat displaced to the north of the main areas occupied by its technical varieties.

Of all the other oilseeds cultivated in Russia, soybeans stand out, grown mainly in the south of the Far East (Primorsky Territory and the south of the Khabarovsk Territory).

Sugar beet - multipurpose culture. In Russia, both technical (intended for the production of sugar) and its fodder varieties are grown, but the former prevail. After processing industrial sugar beets into sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is a valuable juicy feed for livestock and pig breeding.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beet, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems), good and uniform soil moisture are required throughout the summer. The highest yield and maximum sugar yield per hectare of crops are achieved in the forest-steppe zone, especially in its western parts, where the frequency of droughts decreases. Sugar beets do not tolerate acidic soils. An important condition for its agricultural technology is the increased labor intensity, in connection with which technical varieties of sugar beets can be cultivated only in areas with good labor supply.

About 1/2 of the gross domestic harvest of sugar beet comes from the Central Black Earth Region, about 1/4 from the North Caucasus. Outside these main areas, technical varieties of sugar beets are cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, the Urals and, on a very small scale, in the southeast of Western Siberia (Altai Territory).

Sugar beet occupies 1.5 million hectares, mainly in the steppe zone. About ½ of the gross harvest falls on the Central Black Earth Region (where the first sugar factories in Russia appeared in the last century), about ¼ - in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar Territory). Along with these regions, sugar beets are cultivated in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, Volga, Ural and West Siberian regions, but their share in the overall Russian production is low.

The question of the inexpediency of cultivation of beets in the Central, Volgo-Vyatka, partly in the Volga, Ural and especially in the West Siberian regions has been repeatedly raised. However, it should be borne in mind that the former USSR met more than 1/3 of its sugar needs by importing raw sugar (mainly Cuban sugar), and within the USSR, about 60% of sugar was produced in Ukraine. Therefore, now Russia is struggling to meet its needs for sugar, mostly through imports, the cost of which has increased dramatically, while transport costs have also increased. That is why, at this stage, it has become necessary to grow sugar beets in all of these areas without expanding the sown area for this crop.

In the European part of Russia, sugar beets are also grown in the south of the forest zone, but there are fewer sunny days, and therefore, the sugar content of the tubers is lower. Therefore, these areas are dominated by fodder varieties of sugar beet.

As already noted, sugar beet is a labor-intensive crop, therefore, at this stage, when unemployment has swept over all sectors of the national economy and regions in general, the reduction or elimination of sugar beet crops will lead to a sharp increase in unemployment in the agro-industrial complex.

The main area of \u200b\u200bflax growing is confined to the southern part of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. In recent years, the Central Economic Region provides about 60% of the domestic gross yield of flax fiber, the Northern and Volgo-Vyatka regions - about 10% each. And all the eastern regions of Russia account for only 5-7% of the crop of this crop.

Despite a deep decline in domestic flax growing, which intensified during the years of the socio-economic crisis, Russian flax growing has good prospects for further development. In recent decades, prices and demand in the world market for natural linen fabrics have sharply increased, and Russia, which has favorable agro-climatic conditions for this culture and has extensive production experience, could well not only fully meet its own needs for linen fabrics, but also produce them on export. However, this requires a radical reconstruction of the industry and, first of all, the widespread introduction of modern mechanized technologies into flax growing.

Crops of curly flax (oilseed) are widespread in the central and eastern parts of the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Ryzhik, which differs from oil flax in a shorter growing season and drought resistance, is cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia.

Mustard, which has a high drought tolerance, is widespread in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.

The biological characteristics of potatoes make it possible to cultivate it over vast areas. However, the territories of the forest and forest-steppe zones are more favorable for its cultivation, especially in their western and central regions with a mild climate and better moisture conditions. The placement of potatoes as a very labor-intensive crop is also influenced by economic factors, in particular labor resources. Potato crops are 90% concentrated in the European part of Russia (Central Region). Potato farms have been established near large cities and potato processing enterprises.

Due to the relatively low demand for heat, fiber flax crops are located in many economic regions of Russia: Central (Tver, Kostroma, Smolensk and Yaroslavl regions), North-West (Novgorod and Pskov regions), Severny (Vologda region), Volgo-Vyatsky (Nizhny Novgorod , Kirov region). Ural (Udmurtia and Perm region), in Western Siberia (Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk regions).

Chapter 3. Basic technical and economic indicators

development of crop production for 1995 - 2004.

According to the Goskomstat of Russia, in 2003 the production of agricultural products by all agricultural producers (agricultural organizations, peasant (farmer) owners and households) in current prices, according to calculations, amounted to 1134.5 billion rubles. - 1.5% more than in the previous year. (In 2002, compared with 2001, the growth of gross agricultural output was also 1.5%). The industry's share in the production of the country's gross domestic product and gross value added in 2003 (January-September) fell to 5.6% (in the same period in 2002 - 6.6%).

The gross harvest of grain in the Russian Federation in 2003, according to preliminary data, amounted to 67.2 million tons (in mass after processing), which is 22.6% less than in 2002. The decrease in its production is due to a decrease in the yield of grain crops and decrease in harvested areas (by 14.6%).

Last year, the gross harvest of the main industrial crops increased - sugar beet (factory), sunflower seeds, as well as potatoes and vegetables. The growth in the production of sugar beet and sunflower seeds occurred as a result of an increase in yields and an expansion of harvested areas (by 18.8 and 28%, respectively), gross harvests of potatoes and vegetables increased mainly due to increased yields. Flax fiber production increased due to an increase in yields and an expansion of harvested areas (by 5.2%).

Data on gross harvests and yields of the main agricultural crops are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Dynamics of the main indicators of crop production in the Russian Federation

Compared to the average annual production in the pre-reform five-year period (1986-1990), in 2003, there was an increase in the gross harvest of sunflower seeds (by 58%), potatoes (by 1.9%) and vegetables (by 32.1%). At the same time, gross grain production (in bulk after processing) was by 35.6%, sugar beet (factory) - by 41.9%, and flax fiber - 2.2 times less than the average for the year in 1986. 1990's

In 2003, with a decrease in the yield of most grain crops in comparison with the previous year, the gross harvest of corn for grain, buckwheat and millet increased. The dynamics of grain production by types of crops can be seen from Table 2.

Table 2.

Cereals production dynamics

From the data in Table 2, it follows that the gross harvests of virtually all major grain crops are still much less than the average for the year in the last five years, preceding the start of a radical breakdown of agrarian relations in the country.

In the structure of grain production in 2003, compared with the pre-reform years, the share of wheat (from 41.8% on average per year in 1986-1990 to 50.8% in 2003) and barley (from 23.1 to 26.8%), the share of corn for grain remained stable (3.2%), the share of oats (12.1 and 7.7%, respectively), rye (12 and 6.2%), legumes (from 4.2 up to 2.9%), as well as cereal crops (from 3.6 to 2.4%).

Agricultural organizations are the main producers of grain and industrial crops. In 2003, they produced 84.2% of grain against 86.9% in 2002 (in 1995 - 94.4%), sugar beet (factory) - 88.9% (in 2001 - 91, 9%, in 1995 - 95.9%), sunflower seeds - 76.9, 78.5 and 86.3%, respectively.

In the structure of production of these crops, the share of gross collections of peasant (farmer) households has increased. In 2003, farmers received 14.4% of the total grain harvest in farms of all categories (4.7% in 1995), sunflower seeds - 21.8% (12.3%), sugar beet - 10% ( 3.5%).

Potato production is concentrated on household farms. In 2003 they cultivated 92.8% of the total harvest of this crop (in 1995 - 89.9%). Most of the vegetables are also produced in households (in 2002 - 80.1%, in 1995 - 73.4%).

The decrease in gross grain harvest in the past year to a certain extent caused a systematic rise in prices for food grains. If at the beginning of November 2003 the average price (sale and purchase) of grade 3 wheat in Moscow and the region was 5000-5300 rubles / ton, in the Central region - 4800, in the South Urals and in the Trans-Urals - 4325 rubles / ton, then by at the end of December, it was 5800-6000.5400, 4843 rubles / ton, respectively. In this regard, in order to stabilize prices on the grain market, the government, albeit with a delay, began commodity interventions there.

The main results of 2002 characterize it as a period of relative stability of production and the adoption of a number of decisions that ensure further market transformations of the agricultural sector. Compared to 2001, the volume of agricultural production increased, but the relatively high growth rates that took place in 2000 and 2001 were not maintained. A good harvest of grain crops has been observed for the second year in a row. Thanks to a particularly favorable foreign trade environment, Russia emerged in 2002 as one of the largest net exporters of grain in the world market.

During 2002, prices for basic agricultural products were falling, while prices for industrial resources were rising, which exacerbated the problem of price disparity. The financial condition of agricultural producers continued to deteriorate, their debt obligations grew. Important events in 2002 were the practical completion of the first stage of land reform, including the cadastral valuation of agricultural land, government procurement interventions to regulate the grain market, subsidies from the federal budget for 2/3 of the Central Bank's discount rate on loans received by enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex, including including for medium-term loans for up to three years.

In 2002, as compared to 2001, the sown area and gross yield of wheat, rye, corn for grain increased, which led to an expansion of the sowing of all grain and leguminous crops by 1.6 million hectares and an increase in their gross harvest by 1.3 million tons. The entire increase in the gross harvest of grain crops was due to an increase in the production of winter grain crops and corn for grain. Gross harvests of spring wheat, spring barley, cereals and leguminous crops decreased. The yield of all grain crops increased by only 0.2 c / ha. Thus, the main source of growth in the production of grain crops in 2002 was the expansion of cultivated areas in the main grain-producing regions. Relatively high grain yields and low domestic grain prices contributed to an increase in grain exports from 3.3 million tons in 2001 to 12-13 million tons in 2002 (according to the Center for Economic Conditions). Grain exports, coupled with low domestic prices, provided large revenues for trading companies. The interests of the trading company do not always coincide with the interests of the state and manufacturers. It may happen that, having sold grain abroad in 2002 at relatively low prices, the country will be forced in 2003 to purchase it at higher prices. There are already prerequisites for a decrease in grain production in 2003 - the sown area of \u200b\u200bwinter grain crops for the 2003 harvest decreased by 2 million hectares, their wintering conditions worsened in most of the European part of Russia, due to low domestic prices for grain, the motivation of producers to expand sowing decreased. areas and an increase in the production of grain crops.

In 2002, as compared to 2001, the sown area of \u200b\u200bsugar beet (factory) and sunflower expanded, which, along with an increase in yield, led to an increase in the gross harvest of these crops by 6.3% and 35.2%, respectively. The production of potatoes, vegetables, fodder crops and flax fiber has decreased.

Chapter 4. Problems of crop production development.

Industry development prospects

The formation and development of market relations in the agro-industrial complex require agrarian reforms. They have their own characteristics in different regions, they proceed at different rates and with unequal success, but the main directions of agrarian reforms are the same for all regions.

The main steps taken in recent years to restructure the agro-industrial complex of the country as a whole, as well as its regions, are aimed at implementing ways out of the crisis.

The main goals of the structural restructuring of the agrarian economy are: social reorientation of the economy, the formation of a highly developed consumer sector capable of providing an adequate level of well-being for all segments of the population.

To achieve these goals, first of all, it is necessary to stabilize agricultural production, create a modern base for processing and storing agricultural products.

The main directions of structural adjustment are land reform, the formation of market relations, a variety of forms of ownership, improvement of the sectoral structure of the timber industry with special attention to the priority development of the industry for the processing of agricultural raw materials, the creation of new small and joint enterprises in the food industry, especially in rural areas to solve the problem of rural employment.

One of the most important forms of management in market conditions is creation of peasant farms. At the same time, the very process of forming farms in crisis conditions is very complex. The creation of a modern commodity profitable farming requires huge financial costs and government support. Farmers need subsidies, tax and credit breaks. The historical path of development of farms in developed countries shows that highly profitable and simply profitable farms did not appear as a result of decrees and decrees, but emerged and strengthened as the market economy developed. It should be borne in mind that modern farms in these countries are integrated into a complex system of agribusiness and are highly specialized.

Most of the remaining equipment (and sometimes all 70%) has worked out or is improving its amortization period, requires significant costs for restoration and maintenance in a working condition.

The need to develop the flax subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex is primarily due to national economic expediency.Reduction in the production of domestic flax fiber will cause the need to import an appropriate amount of natural fiber raw materials, lead to a deterioration in the country's trade balance, and a decrease in the level of employment.

But the main thing is that to intensify the production of flax raw materials and transfer the industry to a more advanced technological basis, much less time and money is required than, for example, in animal husbandry. The profit obtained in flax growing can be used to improve and expand production in other industries. Unfortunately, the industry now it cannot do without state subsidies, primarily because there has not yet been a large-scale replacement of traditional technology and organization of production with more efficient ones. But it is necessary to make sure that budgetary subsidies are not a kind of bonus for the very fact of flax cultivation, but stimulate scientific and technological progress, push farms to introduce more advanced technologies.

For this purpose, it is planned to pay subsidies only for a high quality trust (not lower than numbers 1 and 00), progressively increasing their size as the quality of flax products grows, which is the main factor in increasing the efficiency of the industry.

Conclusion

Plant growing developed in Russia mainly in forest-steppe and steppe regions. This branch of agriculture includes the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops, fodder crops (sown grasses, root crops), vegetables and melons, potatoes, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops (which are processed at food and light industries) and perennial plantations - orchards and vineyards.

The sown area under grain crops in Russia has been decreasing in recent years and amount to 54.8 million hectares (1995). Gross grain harvests are also declining. The main producers of commercial grain are the North Caucasus, the southern regions of Western Siberia, the Central Black Earth region and the southern steppe regions of the Urals.

The main grain crops RF - rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, corn, and legumes - peas, beans, lentils, soybeans. Wheat takes the first place in terms of area under crops (23.9 million hectares), but the most widespread crop is barley, as it is grown everywhere, but mainly as a forage crop.

The main grain crop - wheat - is sown on fertile lands in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. In the Volga region, in the south of the Urals and in Siberia, spring wheat is sown and only in the Central Black Earth Region and in the North Caucasus.

A heat-loving grain crop - corn - is grown in the southern regions of Russia (North Caucasian economic region, etc.) for grain, and in the Non-Black Earth Zone - for silage. In the latter region, the most significant crops are rye, since this crop is more cold-resistant than wheat.

Buckwheat, millet, rice are also important food crops for our country. The gross harvest of buckwheat grain is 0.8 million tons, and Russia is the largest buckwheat producer in the world. The share of rice in the structure of sown areas for grain crops does not exceed 0.2-0.3%. The main areas of rice cultivation are the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory), the Volga region (between the Volga and Akhtuba rivers) and Primorsky Territory.

Industrial crops occupy a small share in the sown areas of Russia. The largest share in the production and purchases of oilseeds in our country is occupied by sunflower. Even now, its crops are expanding in all the main regions of its cultivation - the Central Chernozem, the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia (in the south). Soybeans are grown in small quantities in the Far East (Amur Region. Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories). The main area of \u200b\u200bflax cultivation is the North-Western region of Russia, as well as some regions of the Northern (Vologda region) and Central (Kostroma, Yaroslavl regions) economic regions. Our country is the main producer of this crop in the world.

Potato plantations, the production of which Russia holds first place in the world (39.9 million tons, 1995), occupy over 3 million hectares (with a third of the area being in the Central and Volgo-Vyatka economic regions). But the average yield of this crop in all regions is below the world average.

The production of vegetables, fruits and berries is largely concentrated in the southern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation (North Caucasus, Volga region, Central Black Earth region). The fruit and vegetable and wine industries also gravitate towards these areas. Vegetable growing has also been developed in suburban areas near large cities (greenhouses), in the garden and vegetable gardens of the private households of the population.

Bibliography:

1. Alekseev A.I., Nikolina V.V. Geography: population and economy of Russia. - M. 1996.

2. Bykov V.G. Grain complex of Russia in the period of market transformations // Storage and processing of agricultural raw materials. 2004. No. 5.

3. Gladkikh Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic geography of Russia. - M .: Gardarika. 1999.

4. Couriers V.G. Economy of Russia: January - September 2002 // Eco. 2003.

5. Manella A.I. Agriculture of Russia in 2002 // Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises. No. 3. 2003. No. 1.

6. Ognivtsev S. B. Problems of the agro-industrial complex of Russia and possible ways of their solution // Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises. 2004. No. 7.

7. Pozdnyakov B., Kovalev M. Actual problems of Russian flax growing // APK: economics and management. No. 3. 2000.

8. Polyubina I.B. Domestic agro-complex: reality and prospects. // Agroinform. 2003. No. 4.

9. Polyubina I.B. Domestic agro-industrial complex: current state and development trends // Finance and Credit. 2003. No. 1.

10. Plant growing in Russia in 2003 // Economy of agriculture in Russia. 2004. No. 3.

11. Rodionova I.A. Economic geography of the Russian Federation. - M .: Moscow Lyceum. 1998.

12. Rybalkin P., Nechaev V. Agriculture of the Russian Federation in 1991 - 1998. (economic overview). // Agroindustrial complex: economics and management. No. 11. 1999 year

13. Economic geography of Russia. Textbook. / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapina - M .: Infra - M. Russian Economic Academy.

Send a request with the indication of the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

Along with the existing positive tendencies, a number of systemic problems remain in agriculture that hinder the further development of the industry. The agro-industrial complex of Russia is currently in a state of crisis. The main problems of the agro-industrial complex are: a decline in production, a reduction in acreage, which occurred as a result of the instability of production and economic relations, inflation, an increase in the cost of credit resources, a reduction in government funding, a reduction in government funding, a decrease in the purchasing power of consumers of agricultural products, an increase in non-payments between enterprises and price disparity. for industrial and agricultural products; unsatisfactory condition of agricultural land. In recent years, work has been practically suspended to improve soil fertility and land reclamation, drainage and irrigation of lands, the use of organic and mineral fertilizers has decreased, which has served to intensify the process of soil degradation. The infrastructure of the land market is developing slowly, a system of information support and explanatory work has not been created, which creates the possibility of shadow turnover. In recent years, the level of per capita grain production has dropped sharply. In the current situation, Russia no longer has sufficient financial resources to purchase the required amount of grain, and the decrease in grain imports is compensated by an increase in the volume of purchases of finished food products.

Low labor productivity does not allow ensuring a decent standard of living for workers employed in the industry. The average monthly wage in agriculture is 6904 rubles, or 36% of the all-Russian level. More than 40% of the rural population is below the poverty line. The employment rate of the rural working-age population is 65.6%. Among the rural unemployed, the proportion of young people under the age of 30 is 45%. The demographic situation in rural areas remains difficult. The outflow of the qualified, economically active part of the population to the cities continues. This is largely due to the insufficient level of social services provided. It was revealed that a further decline in production in the agrarian sector of the economy, the destruction of social production is closely related to the quality of life of the rural population, one of the indicators of which is the level of cash income of agricultural workers. The discrepancy between the size of the rural population and the enormous size of the territories is growing, which is reflected in the depopulation of the village. The poverty level in rural areas is declining extremely slowly, and the gap in this indicator between urban and rural areas is increasing. The level of qualification of rural personnel is decreasing. All categories of workers employed in agricultural production are aging intensively. The processes of degradation of the social sphere of the village continue. The farming sector is developing at a slow pace. Peasant farms, occupying over 11% of the total arable land, produce a little more than 3.9% of gross agricultural output. More than half of the total volume of agricultural products (51%) is produced in personal subsidiary plots of the population, that is, in the small-scale commodity sector.

The lack of technology remains. At the same time, owing to the lack of effective demand, agricultural engineering is developing poorly. Almost complete destruction of agricultural machinery (over 75% of the park is made up of old machines, which makes modern and high-quality harvesting almost impossible). The average provision with combines and tractors per unit of cultivated area in Russia lags behind the corresponding indicators of Canada and Germany several times, the load on the main types of equipment in Russia is much higher than in these countries. The provision of basic types of agricultural machinery is about 50% of the technologically necessary. The retirement rate of tractors exceeds the renewal rate by 5 times, grain harvesters - 3 times, forage harvesters - 3.5 times.

The analysis carried out by the specialists of the ministry together with the scientists of the Russian Agricultural Academy showed that obsolete technologies are mainly used in agriculture. So, on the example of the use of intensive technology for the production of winter wheat, it is clear that for the implementation of 16 technological operations out of 474 types of agricultural machines used, only 50% correspond to the world level. This leads to an increase in production costs and a decrease in productivity by 30%, to a low yield of grain crops (18-19 kg / ha). Due to the technological backwardness and insufficient provision of equipment, up to 14% of the grown crop remains in the fields annually, up to 11% is lost due to imperfect technology. For these reasons, the market for domestic producers is shrinking from year to year. Import purchases of food and agricultural raw materials in 2008 increased by 20%, to 21.6% bln. Doll.

The agro-industrial complex is playing an increasingly active role in the foreign market. Exports of agricultural products and foodstuffs reached more than $ 5 billion.

Introduction 3 1 Theoretical aspects of the study of plant growing as a type of economic activity 5 1.1 Plant growing as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure 5 1.2 Factors and conditions for the functioning and development of plant growing in the country 10 2 Analysis of modern processes of plant growing in the Russian Federation 14 2.1 Trends and problems development of crop production in Russia 14 2.2 Territorial structure of crop production 25 3 Prospects for the development of crop production in Russia 30 Conclusion 38 References 41

Introduction

At present, it is rather difficult to overestimate the role of the agro-industrial complex for the country's economy. In the Republic of Belarus, agriculture is one of the most important spheres of material production, which ensures not only the food security of the country, but also the social stability of society as a whole. The relevance of this topic is due to the importance of crop production as an integral part of agriculture, which satisfies the needs of the population for food, and also provides the industry with the necessary raw materials. Therefore, at the present stage of development of a market economy, it becomes important to determine the main directions for increasing the efficiency of crop production, as well as methods for its determination. In the broad sense of the word, efficiency is understood as the ratio of the effect, result to costs, costs that were spent to achieve this effect. In crop production, this is getting the maximum amount of products per unit area at the lowest cost. When analyzing and substantiating all indicators of economic efficiency, factors of increasing the efficiency of crop production in terms of improving production and the main directions of development are taken into account. These areas cover a set of organizational and socio-economic measures, technical, on the basis of which savings in costs and resources, human labor, improving the quality and competitiveness of products are achieved. The purpose of this work is to study the current state and prospects for the development of crop production. At the same time, the following main tasks can be distinguished: - to study crop production as a type of economic activity: concept, essence, structure - to consider the factors and conditions for the functioning and development of crop production in the country - to identify trends and problems of crop production in Russia - to consider the territorial structure of crop production - to analyze development prospects plant growing in Russia. The object of this study is crop production in Russia. The subject is the current state and prospects for the development of crop production. Information base term paper includes: statistical materials, works of leading domestic and foreign authors devoted to the problems of crop production, articles published in periodicals, as well as Internet resources. Course work consists of an introduction, three chapters of the main text, a conclusion, a list of sources used, applications. The content of the work is presented on 42 pages of typewritten text, and includes 12 figures, 5 tables. The list of references consists of 20 sources

Conclusion

Based on the results of this work, the following conclusions can be drawn: Crop production is the largest area of \u200b\u200bagriculture, also known under the names of field cultivation, agriculture or agriculture. Its main purpose is considered to be the cultivation of various agro-industrial crops. Crop production in its composition contains many industries, which will be discussed in this article. The topic of problems in Russian crop production, its state within the country and in the world context will also be touched upon. The sphere of plant growing is one of the most ancient areas of human labor. The products of this industry are used everywhere, and are represented not only by food products, but also by components of the light industry (for example, cotton). Crop production is well established all over the world, however, the cultivation of some crops is possible only in certain countries with the appropriate climate. All crops belonging to this agricultural direction are subdivided into varieties, according to the production classification. But the industry itself is divided into several types, in accordance with the types of cultivated vegetation. The directions of the plant growing industry are regulated by the tasks performed within their framework: Supply of the population with food products. Supply of consumers with industrial raw materials. Feed supply to the livestock industry. Obtaining a high yield of agricultural crops. All branches of plant growing in Russia are divided into the following categories: - Melon growing. The basis of this direction is the cultivation of melons and gourds. These are watermelons, melons and pumpkins known to many. In total, this plant growing industry contains 114 genera, which, in turn, include 760 plant species. At first, melons were inaccessible for cultivation in northern latitudes, but the labor of breeders made it possible to achieve the possibility of cultivating melons and gourds in our cold regions. The homeland of melons and gourds is the African, American, Asian subtropics and tropics. - Grain farming. Huge areas of land are allotted in Russia for the cultivation of oats, rye, barley, wheat. The grain subsequently obtained from these crops is used for the production of bread, confectionery and pasta. The elements remaining after their processing are used in the livestock industry, as livestock feed, compound feed preparation, etc. - Floriculture. This branch of plant growing has become widespread. Within its framework, selection and cultivation of flowers and flowering vegetation takes place. In Russia, the floriculture sector is characterized by the highest share of imports (about 90%). - Viticulture. Within the framework of this plant-growing direction, grapes of various varieties are grown for the purpose of its further processing into food products (raisins, juice or wine). - Meadow growing. Specialists in this industry are engaged in the cultivation of forage crops. Note that meadow farming is closely interconnected with the livestock industry, because in this area vegetation is grown, which is subsequently used as animal feed on farms and livestock farms. - Cotton growing. This industry deals exclusively with the cultivation of a plant called cotton. Cotton is subsequently made from it. Cotton growing is included in the category of technical crop production. With its help, a full supply is carried out. - Vegetable growing. The main goal of this plant growing industry is the selection and cultivation of vegetable crops. On the territory of Russia, vegetable growing is developed everywhere, which makes it possible to saturate the local market with vegetable products that the buyer needs. - Seed growing. One of the problems of crop production in Russia is the lack of development of seed production as a basic direction. Despite its fundamental nature, the seed industry in Russia is still in decline at the moment. Although, with regard to modern seed production, many attempts are being made to revive, and some of them are becoming successful. The essence of this trend in plant growing is the selection and cultivation of seeds for the cultivation of various types of useful garden plants. - Highly specialized areas of crop production. Industries such as gardening, hop growing, tobacco growing, and beet growing belong to this category.

Bibliography

1. Azizova MM, "Modern problems of pricing in agriculture", article. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: rppe.ru ›wp-content / uploads / 2010/02 / azizova-mm.pdf / 2. Vavilov G. P. Plant growing [Text] / G. P. Vavilov. - M: Agropromizdat, 2016 .-- 511 p. 3. Mushrooms V.D., Gruzinov V.P. Enterprise Economics [Text] / M .: Finance and Statistics, 2015. - 189 p. 4. The share of crop and livestock production in agriculture. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/enterprise/economy 5. Dospekhov BA Method of field experiment [Text] / B A. 1. Dospekhov. - M: Agropromizdat, 2015 .-- 351 p. 6. Dugin P.I. Reserves for increasing labor productivity in agriculture [Text] / M .: Rosagropromizdat, 2017. - 234 p. 7. Zhukovsky PM Cultural plants and their relatives [Text] / PM Zhukovsky. - M: Soviet Science, 2015 .-- 596 p. 8. Brief results of mutual trade in goods and services between Russia and Ukraine in January-September 2014. // Portal of foreign economic information. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://www.ved.gov.ru/exportcountries/ua/ua_ru_relations/ua_ru_trade/ 9. Makarets L.I. Agricultural production economics. [Text] / SPb .: Publishing house LAN, 2016. - 190 p. 10. Mechanization and electrification of agricultural production [Text] / V.М. Bautin et al. - M.: Kolos, 2014 .-- 267 p. 11. Organization of agricultural production [Text] / Ed. F.K. Shakirova.-M .: Kolos, 2013 .-- 168 p. 12. Russia and the CIS countries. [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://geographyofrussia.com/rossiya-i-strany-sng/ 13. Savitskaya G.V. Analysis of the economic activity of agricultural enterprises [Text] / Minsk: New knowledge, 2015. - 211 p. 14. Agricultural markets [Text] / V.V. Shaikin, R.G. Akhmetov, N. Ya. Kovalenko et al. - M .: Kolos, 2016 .-- 154 p. 15. Sharybar S.V. Scientific basis for the formation of a balanced socio-ecological and economic potential of agricultural organizations / author. dis. doc. econom. Sciences [Text] / Novosibirsk, 2014 - 40 p. 16. Shpikulyak O. G. Institutions in the development and regulation of the agricultural market: monograph / Shpikulyak O. G. [Text] / K.: NSC IAE, 2010. - P. 74. 17. Yurin S. V. Institutional factors in the development of the agricultural economics: author. dis. ... Cand. econom. Sciences [Text] / S. V. Yurin, 2008. - 21 p. 18. Economy of agriculture / N.Ya. Kovalenko et al. [Text] / M .: YURKNIGA, 2017. - 177 p. 19. Economics of an agricultural enterprise [Text] / Ed. I.A. Minakov. - M .: KolosS, 2015 .-- 126 p. 20. Economic efficiency of mechanization of agricultural production [Text] / Shpilko A.V. et al., Moscow, 2014 .-- 223 p.