To use presentation previews, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and log in: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Russian Chronicle. "The Tale of Bygone Years." "The Legend of Belgorod Kisel". To literature lessons. Kolotukhina E.V.
What work of ancient Russian literature did we study? What was the feat of the youth from Kiev?
Old Russian literature. What does the concept of ancient Russian literature include? What genres are characteristic of Old Russian literature?
Chronicle What is a chronicle? Why is it named like that? Who is the most famous author of Russian chronicles? Which chronicle are you familiar with? What is he talking about?
Epigraph to the lesson Every people is not without a tribe, and the scrolls of chronicles of its deeds are preserved. N. Gusovsky
V. Vasnetsov “Nestor the Chronicler” Details of the portrait of the chronicler. Interior details. The first lines of his writing: “Behold the tale of bygone years...”
“The Tale of Bygone Years” “The Tale of Bygone Years” was compiled around 1113. It was compiled by the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery Nestor. “The Tale...” is the fruit of the creativity of several generations of chroniclers (the “Tale...” was rewritten and partially revised by monk Sylvester).
Checking the d/z Plan of the article “Old Russian Literature” Features of Old Russian Literature.” The image of the author of ancient Russian literature. Famous names writers of ancient Russian literature. The emergence of new editions of ancient Russian books. Test on the studied material.
“The Legend of Belgorod Kisel” 997. The ingenuity and cunning of the Russians save them from death at the hands of the arrogant and stubborn Pechenegs.
Vocabulary work Veche - a meeting of townspeople in ancient Rus' to discuss state and public affairs. Sita - honey diluted with water. Kad - tub. Latki are pot-type dishes. Korchaga - big clay pot or cast iron.
Analysis of “The Legend...” What historical event are we talking about? How does the story begin and how does it end? How did you manage to save the city and its inhabitants? What instructions does “The Tale of Belgorod Jelly” contain?
Retelling close to the text
Lesson summary Insert the missing words: “The Tale of ... Years” was compiled about ... a year by a monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery .... The genre of the work is…. It was based on... about the Russian land. “The Tale of ... Kisel” tells the story of how ... the city was besieged by .... Only... and... the Russian people saved them from inevitable death.
Homework Expressive reading “The Tale of Belgorod Kissel” or find and write out a recipe for jelly. Read the article “Russian Fable”, answer the questions and complete the tasks in the “Test Yourself” section
Materials used: A.N. Zamyshlyaeva. Literature. 6th grade - Volgograd, 2014. N.V. Egorova. Lesson developments in literature. 6th grade - M.: VAKO, 2014. I.L. Chelysheva. Literature. 6th grade – R.-on-Don: Phoenix, 2015.
Preview:
6th grade
Test on the topic: “Old Russian literature.”
- What genre of literature does The Tale of Bygone Years belong to?
a) life; b) story; c) chronicle.
- When did chronicle writing begin in Rus'?
a) in the 9th century; b) in the 18th century; c) in the 11th century.
- Who is the author of "The Tale of Bygone Years"?
a) Nestor; b) Methodius; c) Kirill.
- Why did the chronicler begin the chronicle “from the creation of the world”?
b) to tell interesting story, like a fairy tale;
c) to convey the experience of the past.
- What is a chronicle?
a) a rare old book;
b) one of the main genres of ancient Russian literature;
c) lyric-epic genre of folk poetry.
- At what time does the story in the chronicle begin?
a) since biblical times;
b) from a description of the living prince;
c) from the historical event being described.
- Why is The Tale of Bygone Years a monument of ancient Russian literature?
a) it was written in ancient times;
b) this is a very rare book;
c) this is a book that reflects the worldview of ancient Russian people.
Answers:
1-c, 2-c, 3-a, 4-a, 5-b, 6-a, 7-c.
Preview:
Card 1.
Fill in the missing words:
The Tale of Bygone Years. The legend of Belgorod jelly.
Card 2.
Fill in the missing words:
“The Tale of ______________ Years” was compiled about _____ years by a monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery ____________. The genre of the work is ____________. It was based on ______________ about the Russian land. “The Tale of ________________________ Kisel” tells how _______________ besieged the city of ________________. Only _________ and _______________ Russian people saved them from inevitable death.
The Tale of Bygone Years. The legend of Belgorod jelly.
Card 3.
Fill in the missing words:
“The Tale of ______________ Years” was compiled about _____ years by a monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery ____________. The genre of the work is ____________. It was based on ______________ about the Russian land. “The Tale of ________________________ Kisel” tells how _______________ besieged the city of ________________. Only _________ and _______________ Russian people saved them from inevitable death.
Already in the title itself - “Behold the tales of the bygone years, where did the Russian land come from, who began to reign first in Kyiv, and where did the Russian land come from” - contains an indication of the ideological and thematic content of the chronicle. The Russian land, its historical destinies, from its origin to the first decade of the 12th century, are the focus of the chronicle. The high patriotic idea of the power of the Russian land, its political independence, religious independence from Byzantium constantly guides the chronicler when he introduces into his work the “traditions of deep antiquity” and truly historical events of the recent past.
The chronicles are unusually topical, journalistic, full of sharp condemnation of princely strife and strife, weakening the power of the Russian land, a call to guard the Russian land, not to disgrace the Russian land in the fight against external enemies, first of all with the steppe nomads - the Pechenegs, and then the Polovtsians.
The theme of the homeland is decisive and leading in the chronicle. The interests of the homeland dictate to the chronicler one or another assessment of the prince’s actions and are the measure of his glory and greatness. A living sense of the Russian land, homeland and people gives the Russian chronicler that unprecedented breadth of political horizon, which is unusual in Western European historical chronicles.
From written sources, chroniclers borrow the historical Christian-scholastic concept, connecting the history of the Russian land with the general course of development of “world” history. The Tale of Bygone Years opens with the biblical legend about the division of the earth after the flood between the sons of Noah - Shem, Ham and Japheth. The Slavs are the descendants of Japhet, that is, they, like the Greeks, belong to a single family of European peoples.
The work highlights several main themes: the unification of cities, military history Rus', the peaceful activities of princes, the history of the adoption of Christianity, urban uprisings. Compositionally it is very interesting work. It falls into two parts: up to 850 - a conventional chronology, and then a weather one. The chronicle includes symbols: visions, miracles, signs, as well as messages, teachings
The chronological principle provided ample opportunities for free handling of the material, made it possible to introduce new legends and stories into the chronicle, exclude old ones if they did not correspond to the political interests of the time and the author, and supplement the chronicle with records of events recent years, of which its compiler was a contemporary.
As a result of the application of the weather chronological principle of presenting the material, the idea of history as a continuous one gradually emerged. series circuit events. The chronological connection was reinforced by a genealogical, tribal connection, the continuity of the rulers of the Russian land, starting from Rurik and ending (in the Tale of Bygone Years) with Vladimir Monomakh.
At the same time, this principle made the chronicle fragmentary, which I. P. Eremin drew attention to.
Genres included in the chronicle. The chronological principle of presentation allowed the chroniclers to include in the chronicle material that was heterogeneous in nature and genre characteristics. The simplest narrative unit of a chronicle is a laconic weather record, limited only to a statement of fact. However, the very inclusion of this or that information in the chronicle indicates its significance from the point of view of the medieval writer.
The chronicle also presents a type of detailed record, recording not only the “actions” of the prince, but also their results. For example: “In the summer of 6391, Oleg fought against the Derevlyans, and, having tormented them, imposed a tribute on them, according to black kun” and so on.
Both a brief weather record and a more detailed documentary one. There are no speech-decorating tropes in them. The recording is simple, clear and concise, which gives it special significance, expressiveness and even majesty.
The chronicler's focus is on the event - "What's going on in the summer of strength." They are followed by news of the death of the princes. The birth of children and their marriage are recorded less often. Then information about the construction activities of the princes. Finally, reports on church affairs, which occupy a very modest place. True, the chronicler describes the transfer of the relics of Boris and Gleb, includes legends about the beginning of the Pechersk Monastery, the death of Theodosius of Pechersk and stories about the memorable monks of Pechersk. This is quite explainable by the political significance of the cult of the first Russian saints Boris and Gleb and the role of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery in the formation of the initial chronicle.
Important group Chronicle news consists of information about heavenly signs - eclipses of the sun, moon, earthquakes, epidemics, etc. The chronicler sees a connection between unusual natural phenomena and the lives of people, historical events.
News of various topics can be combined within one chronicle article. The material included in the “Tale of Bygone Years” allows us to distinguish a historical legend, a toponymic legend, a historical legend (associated with the heroic druzhina epic), a hagiographic legend, as well as a historical legend and a historical story.
The connection between the chronicle and folklore. The chronicler draws material about the events of the distant past from the treasury of folk memory.
The appeal to the toponymic legend was dictated by the chronicler’s desire to find out the origin of the names of Slavic tribes, individual cities and the word “Rus” itself. Thus, the origin of the Slavic tribes Radimichi and Vyatichi is associated with the legendary people from the Poles - the brothers Radim and Vyatko. This legend arose among the Slavs, obviously, during the period of decomposition of the clan system, when an isolated clan elder, in order to justify his right to political dominance over the rest of the clan, creates a legend about his supposedly foreign origin. Close to this chronicle legend is the legend about the calling of princes, placed in the chronicle under 6370 (862). At the invitation of the Novgorodians from overseas "to reign and rule" Three Varangian brothers come to the Russian land with their families: Rurik, Sineus, Truvor.
The folklore nature of the legend confirms the presence of the epic number three - three brothers.
The legend about the calling of the princes served as an important argument for proving the sovereignty of the Kyiv state, and did not at all indicate the inability of the Slavs to independently organize their state, without the help of Europeans, as some scientists tried to prove.
A typical toponymic legend is also the legend about the founding of Kyiv by three brothers - Kiy, Shchek, Khoryv and their sister Lybid. The chronicler himself points to the oral source of the material included in the chronicle: “Ini, ignorant, rekosha, what kind of carrier Kiy was.” The chronicler indignantly rejects the version of the folk legend about Kie the Carrier. He categorically states that Kiy was a prince, made successful campaigns against Constantinople, where he received great honor from the Greek king and founded the settlement of Kievets on the Danube.
The chronicles about the Slavic tribes, their customs, wedding and funeral ceremonies are filled with echoes of ritual poetry from the times of the tribal system.
The legend of the victory of the Russian youth Kozhemyaki over the Pecheneg giant is imbued with the spirit of the folk heroic epic. As in the folk epic, the legend emphasizes the superiority of a person of peaceful labor, a simple artisan over a professional warrior - a Pecheneg hero. The images of the legend are built on the principle of contrastive comparison and broad generalization. At first glance, the Russian young man is an ordinary, unremarkable person, but he embodies the enormous, gigantic strength that the Russian people possess, decorating the land with their labor and protecting it on the battlefield from external enemies. The Pecheneg warrior with his gigantic size terrifies those around him. The boastful and arrogant enemy is contrasted with a modest Russian youth, the youngest son of a tanner. He accomplishes the feat without arrogance and boasting.
The legend of Belgorod jelly is associated with the folk fairy tale epic. This legend glorifies the intelligence, resourcefulness and ingenuity of the Russian people.
Historical stories and legends as part of the chronicle. As the chronicler moves from narrating events of long ago to the recent past, the chronicle material becomes increasingly historically accurate, strictly factual and official.
The chronicler's attention is drawn only to historical figures at the top of the feudal hierarchical ladder. In depicting their actions, he follows the principles of medieval historicism. According to these principles, only purely official events that have historical meaning for the state, and private life the chronicler is not interested in the person and his everyday environment.
The chronicle develops the ideal of a prince-ruler. This ideal is inseparable from the general patriotic ideas of the chronicle. The ideal ruler is the living embodiment of love for his native land, its honor and glory, the personification of its power and dignity. All his actions, all his activities are determined by the good of his homeland and people. Therefore, in the view of the chronicler, the prince cannot belong to himself. He is first and foremost a historical figure who always appears in an official setting, endowed with all the attributes of princely power. D. S. Likhachev notes that the prince in the chronicle is always official, he seems to be addressed to the viewer and is presented in his most significant actions. The prince's virtues are a kind of ceremonial clothing; at the same time, some virtues are purely mechanically attached to others, thanks to which it became possible to combine secular and church ideals. Fearlessness, courage, military valor are combined with humility, meekness and other Christian virtues.
If the prince’s activities are aimed at the good of his homeland, the chronicler glorifies him in every possible way, endowing him with all the qualities of a predetermined ideal. If the prince’s activities run counter to the interests of the state, the chronicler does not spare black paint and attributes to the negative character all the mortal sins: pride, envy, ambition, greed, etc.
The principles of medieval historicism are vividly embodied in stories “About the murder of Borisov”(1015) and about the blinding of Vasilko Terebovlsky, which can be classified as historical stories about princely crimes. However, in style these are completely different works. Tale “About the murder of Borisov” sets out the historical facts of the murder of the brothers Boris and Gleb by Svyatopolk with extensive use of elements of hagiographic style. It is built on the contrast of the ideal prince-martyrs and the ideal villain. "cursed" Svyatopolk. The story ends with praise oh, glorifying “Christ-loving passion-bearers”, “shining lamps”, “bright stars” - “intercessors of the Russian land”. At its end there is a prayer call to the martyrs to conquer the filthy "under the nose of our prince" and deliver them "from the internal army" so that they may remain in peace and unity. This is how the patriotic idea common to the entire chronicle is expressed in hagiographic form. At the same time the story “About the murder of Borisov” interesting for a number of “documentary” details, “realistic details”.
The story does not idealize Vasilko. He is not only a victim of slander, cruelty and treachery of Davyd Igorevich, gullibility of Svyatopolk, but he himself reveals no less cruelty both towards the perpetrators of evil and towards innocent people. There is no idealization in the depiction of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Svyatopolk, indecisive, gullible, weak-willed. The story allows the modern reader to imagine the characters of living people with their human weaknesses and strengths.
The story was written by a medieval writer, who builds it on the opposition of two symbolic images of “cross” and “knife”, which run through the entire narrative as a leitmotif.
Thus, “The Tale of the Blinding of Vasilko Terebovlsky” sharply condemns the princes’ violation of their contractual obligations, leading to terrible bloody crimes, bringing evil to the entire Russian land.
Descriptions of events related to the military campaigns of the princes take on the character of a historical documentary tale, indicating the formation of the genre of military stories. Elements of this genre are present in the tale of Yaroslav’s revenge on the Accursed Svyatopolk in 1015-1016.
This chronicle tale already contains the main plot and compositional elements of a military story: gathering troops, going on a campaign, preparing for battle, battle and its denouement.
All this allows us to talk about the presence in “The Tale of Bygone Years” of the main components of the genre of a military story.
Within the framework of the historical documentary style, messages about heavenly signs are kept in the chronicle.
Elements of hagiographic style. The compilers of the “Tale of Bygone Years” included hagiographic works in it: a Christian legend, a martyr’s life (the tale of two Varangian martyrs), a legend about the founding of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery in 1051, about the death of its abbot Theodosius of Pechersk in 1074 and the legend of the Pechersk monks. The tales included in the chronicles about the transfer of the relics of Boris and Gleb (1072) and Theodosius of Pechersk (1091) were written in a hagiographic style.
One of the forms of glorification of princes in the chronicle is posthumous obituaries associated with the genre of funeral laudatory words. The first such word of praise is the obituary of Princess Olga, placed under 969. It begins with a series of metaphorical comparisons glorifying the first Christian princess. The metaphorical images of “daybreak”, “dawn”, “light”, “moon”, “beads” (pearls) were borrowed by the chronicler from Byzantine hagiographic literature, but they were used to glorify the Russian princess and emphasize the significance for Rus' of her feat - the adoption of Christianity.
The chronicler drew moralizing maxims and figurative comparisons from Christian literature.
The function of biblical comparisons and reminiscences in the chronicle is different. These comparisons emphasize the significance and greatness of the Russian land, its princes; they allow chroniclers to transfer the narrative from a “temporary” historical plane to an “eternal” one, that is, they perform the artistic function of symbolic generalization. In addition, these comparisons are a means of moral assessment of events and the actions of historical figures.
Chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years".
“The Tale of Kozhemyak”, “The Tale of Belgorod Jelly”
"The Tale of Bygone Years" includes various literary genres that era: chronicles, teachings, parables, lives, traditions, stories, tales.In the chronicles learned monks reported on the events that took place in a given year.
Walking described various travels and adventures in other lands. For example, “The Virgin Mary’s Walk through Torment.”
In the Lives the lives of holy people were described.
Teaching talks about certain rules that the author wanted to convey to readers.
Let's continue our acquaintance with ancient Russian literature, its originality and patriotic orientation using the example of two legends from this chronicle“The Tale of Kozhemyak” and “The Tale of Belgorod Jelly.”
Studying these works will help to understand the historical events of that time, and also consider how the qualities of an ideal folk hero were reflected in ancient Russian legends.
The tales of Kozhemyak and Belgorod jelly represent complete plot narratives.
The culmination of the tales is duels: in the first - physical combat, in the second - the struggle of intelligence and resourcefulness with stupidity.
The plot of “The Tale of Kozhemyak” is close to the plots of heroic folk epics, and “The Tale of Belgorod Kisel” is close to folk tales.
Not only princes, but also simple people are famous in the chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years”.
In “The Tale of Kozhemyak” the events of distant years come to life under the pen of the chronicler.
The legend says that Prince Vladimir had just returned from the war when the Pechenegs attacked Rus'. On the bank of the TrubEzh River at the ford stood Vladimir on one side, and the Pechenegs on the other, and“neither ours dared to cross to the other side, nor those to ours” .
And the Pecheneg prince suggested to Vladimir:
“Release your warrior, and I will release mine, let them fight. If your husband throws mine to the ground, then we will not fight for three years, but if our husband throws yours to the ground, then we will ruin you for three years.”
And Vladimir sent heralds with the words:
“Is there a man who would fight the Pecheneg?”, but no one was found.
The Pechenegs brought their husband. As the chronicler says, he was very “great and terrible.”
The legend tells how the warriors of Prince Vladimir, summoned to single combat, vainly searched for a fighter who could resist the Pecheneg hero. Seeing that there was no worthy opponent for the Pecheneg warrior, he began “grieve » Vladimir. Finally, a certain “old husband ” and told Vladimir about his youngest son who was left at home, unsightly in appearance, but very strong.
The young man brought to the prince asks to be tested first and tears out the side with the skin from the enraged bull.
It was Nikita Kozhemyaka.
“And the Pechenegs saw him and laughed, for he was of average height.”
The chronicler tells how“They grabbed each other and began to squeeze each other tightly, and the young man strangled the Pechenezhin with his hands to death. And threw him to the ground. There was a cry, and the Pechenegs ran, and the Russians chased after them and drove them away.”
A leather craftsman saves Rus' from a Pecheneg raid. He accomplishes a feat that none of Prince Vladimir’s warriors were capable of.
The chronicler glorifies the greatness of the simple Russian worker and his love for his native land. At first glance, the Russian young man is unremarkable, but he embodies the powerful strength that the Russian people possess, defending their land from external enemies.
There is a lot of epic in the story about the young man-kozhemyak: the battle begins with a duel, two forces are opposed to each other, the image of the enemy fighter is created by means of hyperbolization, the enemy is terrible and great, the importance of the Russian hero is deliberately understated.
“The Tale of Belgorod Kisel” is a typical folk story about a victory over the enemy by cunning. Belgorod residents, on the advice of one elder, poured jelly into the well and thereby convinced the Pechenegs besieging them that the earth itself fed them.
First let's clarify some words:
veche, Pechenegs, korchaga, home.
A veche is a meeting of townspeople at which they decided on the most important issues of organizing the life of the city.
Pechenegs are united Turkic and other tribes who lived inVII– IXcentury in the Volga steppes.
The Pechenegs were engaged in cattle breeding and led a nomadic lifestyle. They often raided Rus' and only in 1036 were defeated by the Kyiv prince Yaroslav the Wise.
Korchaga is a small clay vessel.
Home means to return to your home.
The content of the legend resembles a fairy tale, but both the chronicler himself and the readers have no doubt about the reality of the event described.
The Pechenegs approached Belgorod and “they were not allowed to leave the city, and there was severe famine in the city... And the siege of the city dragged on ».
Desperate people had already decided to surrender to the Pechenegs.
“And they gathered a meeting in the city and said: “Is it better for us to die like this? - let’s surrender to the Pechenegs - let some be left alive and some let them be killed; We’re already dying of hunger anyway.”
One elder advised people not to surrender to the enemy, but“gather at least a handful of oats, wheat or bran. They happily went and collected. And they ordered the women to make a mash, then they dug a well, put a pot in it, and filled it with mash.”
The next day they brought the Pechenegs and convinced them that the Belgorodians were fed by the land itself.
“Can you really stand up to us? If you stand there for ten years, what will you do to us? “For we have food from the earth,” said the townspeople.”
And the enemies left the city and went home.
Here the Russian chronicler glorifies the wisdom and resourcefulness of the people.
Why did the city's residents want to surrender?
They realized that they could all die of hunger and therefore wanted to save at least someone.
They also understood that surrendering to the enemy was a great shame, and they were ready to take advantage of any situation in order to preserve their honor and not cover the name of the city with shame.
That is why they trusted the elder.
How can you explain the phrase"We are powered by the earth" ?
Except direct meaning, about receiving food from the earth, which gave the townspeople the opportunity to escape, the phrase has a deep meaning: our land nourishes us with strength, it protects us. Such people are invincible.
And the proverb “Cunning takes power” very accurately formulates the main idea of the legend.
Both tales are remarkable because they feature a hero - a simple Russian man, liberating the Russian land from enemies.
The stories are imbued with love for the homeland. They evoke patriotic feelings, give knowledge of their past, their country, their native history.
According to Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev:
“The more clearly we see the past, the more clearly we see the future. The roots of modernity run deep into our native soil.”
The complexity of the Tale of Bygone Years is that it contains various genres and subordinates them (both chronicle stories and documents). A significant part is occupied by folklore genres.
Folklore was formed even before writing. This is a source for chroniclers (legends, tales, proverbs, sayings) Their formation occurs in ancient times.
Folk memory is the only archive of folk art.
Questions of the influence of literature on folklore and vice versa: Adrianova-Peretz.
This is a problem of two artistic methods, two worldviews. Most writers were influenced by Christianity. Different heroes and different ideals emerge than were before. A writer and a national poet do not always agree on what they have written. The hero of the epic wins due to his certain qualities.
2 forms of storytelling of the 11th century, the rapprochement of literature with folklore - 1) transfer of folklore plots and motifs into literature, visual arts, without changing their ideological essence.
2) mastery by literature of the artistic method of folk poetry.
The Tale of Bygone Years is gradually taking shape! And conveys the people's point of view. Gradually, the horizons of chroniclers become wider. The ideal is the former unity of Rus'.
9-10th century: the more distant the era is from the chronicler, the greater the attraction of folk art.
1))))-Ritual folklore.
One of the forms is myths: 1071 The Magi tell Jan Ushatic a lot, for example, about the creation of the world (God washed himself in the bathhouse, dropped soap on the ground, etc.)
The chroniclers were monks.
2))) Conspiracy-incantatory. For example, Yaroslavna’s cry is a poetic rethinking of the conspiracy.
Funeral parables in the chronicles are associated with paganism. – individual-About Vasilko Terebovolsky
Collective - about Oleg.
The chronicle text is imbued with the idea of statehood.
3))))))) Sayings and riddles. Classification of proverbs: 1) historical. 2) military 3) political 4) everyday.
There is a moment of fabulousness in Olga’s 4 revenges. Gradual reduction of the fairytale element. The emergence of patriotism! And Olga’s suits are a transitional type of storytelling. There is dialogue! It is of folklore origin; the difference between folklore and written dialogue is shown.
The riddle is used as a secret language!
There are many allegories in Olga's revenge. The warriors have no idea about anything. There is a moment of deception - attribution to a fairy tale.
Olga imitates wedding rituals. Olga herself carries out her riddles (orders the rook to be thrown into the pit)
4))) Legends and legends. In legends there is an opportunity to confirm the accuracy of the stories.
There is a dispute about whether squad songs can be a source of the chronicle. The more artistry there is, the less the chronicler will pay attention to them. It is impossible to accurately determine the form of a folk legend!
Legends seem to be on the brink - these are historical generalizations. Later historical legends already have a plot. Legends are associated with cities, burial grounds, and villages.
5))) Dialogue from folklore has entered the chronicle. All oral practice becomes chronicle. The dialogue is easy to imagine and dramatic. There is dialogue in 3 of Olga's words.
An important difference is that there is no metaphorical language. There is an element of retortion present.
6))) Epics. Legends of 922 How the Pechenegs came to Rus' bears the stamp of genuine folk ideology.
| Class | |
| Item | Literature |
| Teacher | Kudasheva M.V. (place of work: MBOU Secondary School No. 30, Shakhty) |
| Lesson No. | |
| Lesson topic | Russian chronicles. "The Tale of Bygone Years." "The Legend of Belgorod Kisel." Historical events and fiction. Reflection of folk ideals in chronicles. |
| The purpose of the lesson | to introduce students to ancient Russian literature, its originality and patriotic orientation using the example of “The Tale of Belgorod Kisel”. Lesson Objectives Educational: give an idea of ancient Russian literature, the conditions of its emergence, distinctive features; give the concepts of “chronicle”, “chronicle writing”; introduce the contents of “The Tale of Belgorod Kisel”. Developmental: develop monologue speech skills; continue to develop the ability to analyze, compare, compare, highlight the main thing, establish cause-and-effect relationships; develop skills independent work; increase motivation for knowledge, which forms the interest of students, which significantly contributes to self-education and increasing the level of training; develop Creative skills and imaginative thinking of Suvorovites. Educational: cultivate a careful, respectful attitude towards the book; contribute to the formation of aesthetic sensitivity of students; cultivate patriotism and interest in the history of your country; develop interest in literature |
| Literary theory | The concept of chronicle, chronicle, legend |
| Equipment | textbook "Literature. 6th grade" (authors V.Ya. Korovina, V.P. Zhuravlev, V.I. Korovin, m., "Enlightenment"), |
| Epigraph | Reading ancient Russian works is reducing the distance between the past and the present, between cultures, between people in general. Thanks to the moral principle contained in ancient Russian literature, its significance is especially great right now. |
| Electronic educational resources |
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Updating knowledge.
Teacher's word:
-Why does a modern person turn to the literature of the distant past?
(Slide No. 2)
-What is ancient Russian literature?(formulation of the topic and purpose of the lesson)
(Slide No. 3)
Russian literature is more than a thousand years old. This is one of the most ancient literatures in Europe. It is older than French, English, and German literature. Its beginning dates back to the second half of the 10th century.
(Slide No. 4)
The introduction of Christianity in 988 by Prince Vladimir had great progressive significance: cultural and political ties strengthened, and writing appeared. The letter was transferred to us from Bulgaria.
(Slide No. 5, 6)
The creators of the Slavic alphabet, preachers of Christianity Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius were natives of the city of Thessaloniki (now the Greek city of Thessaloniki), which at that time was part of the Slavic (Bulgarian) territory and was cultural center Macedonia. Ancient Thessaloniki was a bilingual city; in addition to the Greek language, there was a Slavic dialect. In 863, Cyril, with the help of his brother Methodius, compiled the Old Slavonic alphabet and translated the main liturgical books from Greek into Bulgarian. These translations and works created in Bulgaria began to penetrate into Rus'. At the same time, the first works of Russian literature began to appear. What was Russian literature like in the first seven hundred years of its existence, or in other words, ancient Russian literature?
(Slide No. 7)
Every literature creates its own special world, embodying the ideas of its contemporary society. The universe was then perceived as a book written by the finger of God. Writing deciphered this world of signs. The sense of significance and greatness of the world lay at the heart of literature. Old Russian literature can be considered as literature of one theme and one plot. This plot is history, and this theme is meaning human life. All works of ancient Russian literature can be placed in one row one after another in the order of events: we always know to what historical time they are attributed by the authors. History and real geographical space connect all individual works. Multi-volume Great Chetya Menaion, chronicle vaults, Zlatoust, Izmagds, chronographs - the extensive manuscripts that include these works give an idea of the sense of the greatness of the world that ancient Russian scribes sought to express.
Literature is a sacred act. The reader was in some respects a praying person. He looked at the work as an icon and felt a sense of reverence.
But ancient Russian literature also reflected everyday events, simple human feelings, and the desire to find a person with his good human qualities.
When you read, for example, a letter from Vladimir Monomakh to Oleg Svyatoslavich, you experience a feeling of surprise at the strength of the moral feeling expressed in it. Monomakh forgives Oleg, the murderer of his son Izyaslav, after he defeated him and expelled him from the Russian land. Monomakh asks Izyaslav to return to Rus' and take over his inheritance by right of inheritance. He also asks to return the young widow of Izyaslav to him: “... for there is neither evil nor good in her, so that I, hugging her, would mourn her husband and that wedding of theirs, instead of songs: for I did not see their first joy, nor their wedding , for my sins. For God’s sake, let her come to me as soon as possible with the first ambassador, so that after crying with her, he will settle her with me, and she will sit like a turtle dove on a dry tree, grieving...” (Slide No. 8)
The smallest manifestations of human care are also touching. Here the Novgorod chronicler in the 12th century describes long-term rainy weather and adds: “And there is no hay left, there will be nothing to feed the cattle in the winter.”
Reading ancient Russian works is reducing the distance between the past and the present, between cultures, between people in general.
Thanks to the moral principle contained in ancient Russian literature, its significance is especially great right now.
(Slide No. 9)
(According to the article by D. S. Likhachev “Literature Ancient Rus'»)
3. Learning new material
3.1.1 Study of the textbook article “Old Russian Literature: (p. 16-21)
3.1.2. Compilation of the Basic Note “Old Russian Literature”. Characteristic properties" (Appendix No. 2) (Slide No. 10-14)
3.2. Heuristic conversation:
-What is a chronicle?...(Slide No. 15)
Chronicles - historical works of the 11th-17th centuries, in which the narrative was told by year (Slide No. 16)
The story about the events of each year in the chronicles usually began with the words: “in the summer” - hence the name - chronicle. (Slide No. 17)
Chronicle (Slide No. 18)(chronicle compilation, recording historical events ancient time by year) began in Rus' in the 11th century. The first chronicler was the Kiev-Pechersk monk Nikon (Slide No. 19, 20) who was called the Great. His life was full of turbulent events, he was actively involved in the political struggle against those Kiev princes who put their own interests above all-Russian ones, twice he was forced to flee to Tmutarakan (TMUTARAKAN, an ancient Russian city of the 10th-12th centuries, on the Taman Peninsula, modern village Tamanskaya. Arose on the site of ancient Hermonassa, Khazar Tamatarkha. Remains of defensive walls, houses, cathedral, etc.0
At the end of his life he became abbot of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. It was then, apparently, that he compiled the chronicle. Scientists call the year 1073.
His work was continued by others, and in the first quarter of the 12th century, the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery Nestor ( Slide No. 21) compiled "The Tale of Bygone Years" ( Slide No. 22)- one of the most remarkable works of ancient Russian literature. This “Tale...” has reached us, rewritten and partly revised by the monk of the neighboring Vydubetsky Monastery Sylvester ( Slide No. 23).
Let’s imagine for a moment that we were transported 1,000 years ago and found ourselves in the chronicler’s cell….
3.3. Oral verbal drawing based on the painting by V.M. Vasnetsov “Nestor the Chronicler”
-What do we see onpicture?
Nestor worked in his cell - during the day in the light of the sun, at night by the light of a candle. The icon lamp is burning. The chronicler writes on sheets made of calfskin. This material was very expensive and was called parchment. Now we write with pens, but in Vasnetsov’s painting the chronicler writes with a quill pen, dipping it in ink. In fact, they wrote with a special sharp stick - a stylus.
-As picturedchronicler?
Nestor is dressed in monastic clothes. He has gray hair and a white beard. He carefully turns over the already written page of the book. Behind him on the table lies a thick large book, zipped up. From the window you can see the fortress walls with a tower and the church on the hill. The buildings and cells in Vasnetsov’s painting are depicted believably
— Why does Vasnetsov’s painting make a deep, strong impression on us, people of the 21st century?
With the power of imagination we can imagine ourselves as participants in those distant events, see what happened and how, feel the aroma of time
3.4. Heuristic conversation:
-Why was it so important for our ancestors to write down that such and such events happened “in the summer”?
Life thus acquired universal significance, the Russian land was comprehended in the system of the world, Russian history became part of the history of mankind. The Tale of Bygone Years begins with the Flood, the chronicler talks about the origin of the Slavs from Japheth, one of the sons of Noah. Thus, Russian history is understood as a continuation of Sacred history. At the same time, the chronicler asserts the right of every nation to have its own customs, passed on from fathers to children. This is how the author’s patriotism and at the same time his universal ideals are manifested.
-Imagine that we have before us the first page of “The Tale of Bygone Years”(Slide No. 24).
Graceful ornament built from geometric shapes, interlacing lines that transform into the image of a bird similar to an eagle. You can easily make out the first lines.
The letters were written vertically, each separately. To save space, some words were abbreviated and missing letters were written above. There are almost no spaces between words. This font was called “charter”. Writing the text was reminiscent of drawing: the letters are beautiful, in even rows. Of course, the process of writing the book took years of hard work. Books were copied by hand, and this work was entrusted to selected scientists - scribes. ( Slide No. 25).
"The Tale of Bygone Years" was a kind of historical encyclopedia
3.5. Expressive reading of excerpts from “The Tale of Bygone Years” “Oleg’s March to Constantinople”, “Oleg’s Death from His Horse” by previously prepared students ( Slide No. 26, 27).
Micrototal: Russian history became part of the history of mankind ( Slide No. 28).
4. Reading “The Tale of Belgorod Jelly” by a teacher or a well-prepared student (Slide No. 30-45)
5.Analytical work with text:
Working with a dictionary: Let's find out the meaning of unfamiliar words: legend, Pechenegs, Korchaga, home
— When did this legend take place?
(In 997. The events described took place more than a hundred years before the compilation of Nestor’s chronicle. That is, the author wrote down what she had preserved folk memory.)
— What does “The siege dragged on” mean, and why “there was severe famine in the city”?
(The city, which was a fortress, was surrounded by Pechenegs; it was impossible to leave it to get food.)
— What is a veche?
(Meeting of townspeople to decide public affairs, important issues.)
— Why did the townspeople first decide to surrender to the Pechenegs?
— Why did the residents happily listen to the wise old man?
(Surrendering to the enemy is humiliating, so residents are glad to have the opportunity to save their honor, the honor of the city.)
— What was the wise old man’s plan to save the city? Did the residents of the city realize the significance of the elder’s actions?
(The townspeople completely trusted the elder and did what he ordered, not realizing his cunning plan. The military trick: to show that the besieged city was not dying of hunger was a success.)
— What is the meaning of the townspeople’s phrase: “For we have food from the earth”?
(In addition to the direct meaning - the trick with which they managed to deceive the Pechenegs, this phrase has a deeper meaning: this is our native land, it feeds us, it will protect us.)
— What does the chronicler glorify?
(Intelligence, resourcefulness, patriotism. And in this tale the hero is a simple person.)
6. Summing up the lesson.
Are the chronicles interesting to the modern reader? If you are interested, then why?
What does knowledge of their past, the history of their country from the most ancient times give people? (Words by D.S. Likhachev - Slide 47.)
7. Independent work: Write a miniature essay on the topic “Why is “The Tale of Belgorod Jelly” interesting to the modern reader?
8.Assigning homework: Preparation of an oral report on the features of ancient Russian literature and expressive reading chronicle legend. Supplementing the table with examples from “The Tale of Belgorod Jelly.” Reading the legend “The Adoption of Christianity in Rus'” and completing the tasks of the workshop “Reading, Thinking, Arguing...”
Appendix No. 2
Supporting notes
"Old Russian Literature". Characteristic properties"
It arose in Rus' in the 10th century with the adoption of Christianity under the influence of the needs of the Church and the state.
1. The plot of the works is simple. The narration is conducted calmly, unhurriedly.
2. In the center of the image are exceptional events, exceptional heroes.
3. Poetry, connection with oral folk art: metaphorical images, hyperbolization, use of comparisons (warriors - falcons), songs, laments...
4. The works are marked by high citizenship and love for the Motherland. They call for the sublime, the good. Russian writers treated other peoples and their beliefs with deep respect.
6.Handwritten character.
7. In ancient stories, historical figures always acted and historical events were described.
Appendix No. 3
Oleg's campaign against Constantinople
“In the year 6415. Oleg went against the Greeks, leaving Igor in Kyiv; he took with him many Varangians and Slavs, and Chuds, and Krivichi, and Meryu, and Drevlyans, and Radimichi, and Polans, and Northerners, and Vyatichi, and Croats, and Dulebs, and Tivertsi, known as interpreters: the Greeks called all these "Great Scythia". And with all these Oleg went on horses and in ships; and there were 2000 ships. And he came to Constantinople, but the Greeks closed the Court and closed the city. And Oleg went ashore and began to fight, and committed many murders to the Greeks in the vicinity of the city; and they smashed many chambers and burned churches, and those who were captured, some were cut off, others were tortured, others were shot with arrows, and some were thrown into the sea, and the Russians did many other evils to the Greeks, as they usually do in war.
And Oleg ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on them. And with a fair wind they raised the sails and went from the side of the field to the city. The Greeks, seeing this, were frightened and said through the ambassadors to Oleg: “Do not destroy the city, we will give you the tribute you want.” And Oleg stopped the soldiers, and they brought him food and wine, but he did not accept it, since it was poisoned. And the Greeks were afraid and said: “This is not Oleg, but Saint Dmitry, sent to us from God.” And Oleg ordered to give tribute to 2000 ships: 12 hryvnia per person, and there were 40 men in each ship...
And so Tsar Leon and Alexander made peace with Oleg; They pledged to pay tribute and swore a mutual oath: they themselves kissed the cross, and Oleg and his men were led to an oath according to Russian law, and they swore by their weapons and Perun, their god, and Volos, the god of cattle, and established peace. And Oleg said: “Sew sails from fibers for Rus', and linen sails for the Slavs.” And so it was! And he hung his shield on the gates as a sign of victory, and they left Constantinople. And Rus' raised sails of fibers, and the Slavs made of linen, and the wind tore them apart. And the Slavs said: “Let’s take our simple sails; the Slavs were not given sails made of pavolok.” And Oleg returned to Kyiv, carrying gold and grass, and fruits, and wine, and all sorts of ornaments. And they called Oleg the Prophetic, since the people were pagans and unenlightened.”
Oleg's death from his horse
“And Oleg, the prince, lived in Kyiv, having peace with all countries. And autumn came, and Oleg remembered his horse, which he had once set out to feed, deciding never to mount it. For once he asked the wise men and wizards: “Why will I die?” And one magician said to him: “Prince! Your beloved horse, on which you ride, will make you die!” These words sank into Oleg’s soul, and he said: “I will never sit on him and see him again.” And he ordered to feed him and not to take him to him, and he lived for several years without seeing him, until he went against the Greeks. And when he returned to Kyiv and four years had passed, in the fifth year he remembered his horse, from which the wise men had once predicted his death. And he called the elder of the grooms and said: “Where is my horse, which I ordered to feed and take care of?” He answered: “He died.” Oleg laughed and reproached that magician, saying: “The wise men are not right, but everything is a lie: the horse died, but I am alive.” And he ordered him to saddle his horse: “Let me see his bones.” And he came to the place where his bare bones and bare skull lay, got off his horse, laughed and said: “Shall I accept death from this skull?” And he stepped on the skull, and a snake crawled out of the skull and bit him in the leg. . And that’s why he got sick and died. All the people mourned him with great lamentation, and they carried him and buried him on a mountain called Shchekovitsa. His grave exists to this day; it is known as Olegova’s grave. And all the years of his reign were thirty and three.”
Appendix 4
Samples of the charter
Appendix No. 5
V.M. Vasnetsov “Nestor the Chronicler”