There are many different crops with different ripening periods, seed sizes, etc. Not only different crops, but also different varieties of crops may require the use of certain agricultural practices to obtain high yields. Agronomic practices such as tillage, planting timing and method, seed placement depth, plant density and spacing, seed priming, soil mulching, intercropping, nutrient and water management, and weed control can affect yield. by influencing seed germination, seedling emergence, plant growth and development, phenology, diseases and insect pests. The combination of these techniques is known as agricultural technology. Agricultural technology must be used in such a way as to not only produce high yields, but also reduce production costs through the reasonable use of resources and funds, as well as preserve the environment. This article discusses some important agricultural practices for increasing soybean yields ( Glycine max(L.) Merrill).

Soil treatment and pre-sowing preparation

Tillage is the physical manipulation of soil. It is carried out to create favorable conditions for good germination and growth of plants, to control weeds, to incorporate mineral fertilizers, manure, straw from previous crops or green manures, etc. into the soil. For good pre-sowing soil preparation before sowing soybeans (for most soils), harrowing and two or three cultivations are usually sufficient. However, the intensity and type of tillage may vary depending on soil type, presence or absence of previous crop residues and weeds.

Some scientists have reported similar soybean seed yields from untreated soil as from soil cultivated using conventional systems. Seed yields with disk chiselling, strip tillage or no-till can be exactly the same. However, the granulometric composition of the soil is an important factor influencing the treatment result. On heavy, clay soils, shallow seeding in no-till soil followed by disking can result in lower plant densities than seeding in tilled soil. On sandy soils, no-till and conventional tillage produce similar yields, while on silty loams and clay soils, yields tend to be higher with conventional than with no-till. Typically, seed yields obtained with no-till are the same or higher than those obtained with conventional tillage. This may be a result of better structural components of the crop, such as the weight and number of seeds per square meter, and the number of beans per square meter. These rates are reported to be 15.9 and 9% higher, respectively, under no-till systems compared to conventional systems. In addition, the preference for choosing a tillage system may vary depending on the farming system: conventional tillage may be preferable for the cultivation of late-maturing crops, and a conservation tillage system may be preferable for the simultaneous cultivation of two crops. Irrigation structures can also influence the productivity of soybeans grown under different tillage systems. Under irrigated conditions, soybean produces the same yield under both conservation and conventional tillage, and under rain-fed conditions its yield is slightly higher under conventional tillage.

If weeds are not a serious problem, then soybeans can be sown without pre-sowing soil preparation. But when soybeans and subsequent crops are sown using a seeder-cultivator for 3-4 years, in recent years the yield has tended to decrease (Table 1). This is mainly due to perennial weeds (although chemically controlled) and, to some extent, reduced nutrient uptake, as evidenced by the presence of large amounts of nutrients in the soil (Table 1). Sowing in no-till soil saves energy, reduces production costs, improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, when timely helps to use residual soil moisture for healthy germination, prevents environmental pollution due to less fuel use and ensures timely seeding over a large area, which leads to to increase productivity. For this reason, the number of no-till areas planted with various crops in different countries, including the United States, is constantly increasing. However, no-till practices may only be used for short periods (e.g., 1–2 years) to avoid yield reductions due to problems with weeds, insect pests, diseases, or any changes in the physical properties of the soil.

Table 1

The yield of soybean seeds and the presence of macroelements in the soil depending on the type of soil cultivation in soybean-based crop rotations (soybean–wheat [ Triticum aestivum], soybeans-peas [ Pisum sativum] and soy-lentil [ Lens culinaris])

Tillage type	Soybean seed yield. c/ha					Availability of macroelements in the soil layer 0–15 cm after 4 years of crop rotation, kg/ha
	2007	2008	2009	2010	average	nitrogen	phosphorus	potassium
zero	18,63	23,96	29,03	2,96	18,65	336,6	23,3	102,2
minimum	18,86	25,35	35,35	12,72	23,07	322,6	24,7	93,6
traditional	20,96	26,67	33,40	13,41	23,61	305,5	20,3	87,0
NSR 0.05	NZ	NZ	2,74	1,70	2,46	7,1	0,7	2,1

LSD – Least Significant Difference; NC – minor.

Sowing time

Sowing time is a production factor that does not require additional costs and has a significant impact on soybean productivity. Both too early and too late sowing leads to a sharp decrease in yield. For seed germination and soybean seedlings to emerge, a soil and air temperature of 13–16 o C is required, but a further increase in temperature to approximately 30 o C will be optimal. The sowing time is determined based on factors such as weather parameters (for example, minimum and maximum temperatures, photoperiod , relative humidity, precipitation) during the growing season of crops, ripeness group, soil type, moisture availability during sowing, etc.

In different places, the optimal timing for sowing soybeans may differ due to different climatic conditions. For example, in India, the period from mid-June to the first week of July is the optimal sowing time for the Northern Hills and Northern Plains zones, while the period from mid-June to mid-July is optimal for the North-East and Central zones, and the time from mid-June to late July - for the Southern zone. In Wisconsin, USA, it was found that crops sown in early May gave higher yields than those sown in late May (Table 2), while early sown plants produced more seeds and beans and had a higher percentage of harvest weight to the total plant weight than plants in late sowings. Varieties may respond differently to sowing time. For example, in Arlington, USA, when sown in early May, the CX 232 variety gave a 7% higher yield (43.7 c/ha) than when sown at the end of the same month, while for the other two varieties there was no effect on sowing time observed. In another experiment, yields decreased from 30.0 to 29.0 and 28.0 c/ha when sowing was delayed from early (6–21 May) to intermediate (20–27 May) to late (4–11 June) dates, respectively.

table 2

Effect of sowing date on soybean seed yield

Variety	Sowing date	Seed yield, c/ha
		2007	2008	2009	2010
Arlington	May 3–6	33,3	45,9	43,0	37,5
	May 23–27	34,7	44,3	40,1	34,9
	NSR 05	1,3	0,80	1,1	2,1
Hancock	May 8–13	36,3	52,5	45,8	37,9
	May 26–June 3	35,1	51,2	29,3	33,3
	NSR 05	NZ	NZ	8,2	3,6

LSD – smallest significant difference; NC – minor.

In the absence of problems such as drought, waterlogging, severe pest and disease infestations, or lodging, timely planting usually produces higher yields than late planting. Higher yields of soybean agrocenoses sown at optimal times may be associated with better plant growth and optimal crop structure parameters, longer duration of ripening and higher agroclimatic indicators, such as growing degree days, solar thermal and photothermal units (Table 3). Low yields from late crops may be due to a number of reasons, including a shift in the reproductive phase to less favorable conditions (shorter days, lower temperatures and direct sunlight), less moisture in the soil and a shorter growth period.

The earlier flowering and shorter vegetative growth phase of late-planted soybeans are the result of the combined effects of daylight and temperature. Due to early flowering, late-sown plants have fewer nodes, resulting in fewer seeds per unit area, reduced seed size, and ultimately lower yield (Table 4). A delay in sowing shortens the period of flowering and bean setting, but does not affect the period of seed filling. When sowing late, soybean yields can be increased to some extent by using high seeding rates and narrowing row spacing.

Table 3

Agroclimatic indicators of physiological ripeness, total dry matter content and seed yield of soybean variety RK 416, sown at different times

Sowing date	Total growing degree days, °C/day	Total solar thermal units, °C/day/h	Total photothermal units, o C/day/h	Total dry matter content, kg/ha	Seed yield, c/ha
June 6, 2007	2448	19001	32201	7348	16,3
June 23, 2007	2301	18390	29913	6116	14,6
June 7, 2009	2669	21085	35843	6163	17,2
June 21, 2009	2544	20097	33888	5862	15,3

Table4

The influence of sowing time and ripeness group on the characteristics of vegetative and reproductive growth, yield and elements of the soybean yield structure (average by year)

Characteristic	Sowing time	Ripeness group
		I	II	III	IV
Number of nodes, pcs./m 2	early (beginning of May)	827	850	1071	1578
	late (end of June)	662	638	755	798
Aboveground plant mass, g/m2	early (beginning of May)	566	535	821	815
	late (end of June)	513	533	633	656
Duration of flowering and pod setting (R1–R5), days	early (beginning of May)	26	32	37	37
	late (end of June)	21	23	25	26
Seed filling period (R5–R7), days	early (beginning of May)	31	31	31	37
	late (end of June)	31	33	35	35
Productivity, g/m2	early (beginning of May)	343	403	410	400
	late (end of June)	291	312	313	300
Number of seeds, pcs./m2	early (beginning of May)	2141	2164	2575	2391
	late (end of June)	1881	1604	1940	1850
Seed weight, mg	early (beginning of May)	161	186	159	171
	late (end of June)	155	195	162	162

The sowing time affects not only the seed yield, but also the quality of soybean oil. The quality of soybean oil can be improved by reducing the content of palmitic (16:0) and linolenic acid (18:3). It has been proven that early sowing (May 24–29) leads to a decrease in the content of linolenic acid, and late sowing (June 22–28) reduces the level of palmitic acid in soybean varieties.

Sowing method

Soybeans are sown in rows on a level surface in a well-prepared field, or in no-till soil, or in raised beds. In some areas it is cultivated as a single crop or in mixtures, while in others it is combined with grains, oilseeds, legumes and bast crops.

This crop should be seeded using a row seeder that provides the desired spacing (between and within rows) and depth to ensure proper plant density before harvest. Row sowing is more preferable in conservation tillage systems than in traditional tillage.

Seed placement depth

The crop must be sown at the correct depth to ensure optimal germination and germination. If you plant the seeds very deeply, the seedlings will not germinate to the surface, since the nutrients contained in the cotyledons will be exhausted before the coleoptile appears. Conversely, when sowing shallowly, it should be taken into account that the soil surface becomes dry very quickly, especially in areas where the air temperature during sowing is very high, leaving very little moisture for the seeds to absorb. It is considered optimal to sow soybeans at a depth of 3.0–4.0 cm.

Sowing density and spatial arrangement of plants

Optimal sowing density is a necessary condition for obtaining high seed yields. If the sowing density is below the optimal level, no measures will help to obtain high seed yields. Optimal plant density can be achieved by providing sufficient quality seeds. In addition, treating seeds against seed-borne diseases before sowing helps to avoid plant death due to disease.

The optimal soybean seeding rate depends on seed size, plant type and ripeness group. As a rule, the optimal rate is considered to be from 90 to 120.0 kg pcs. viable seeds per hectare. Under conditions of maintaining the same row spacing and increasing the distance between plants, plant height tends to decrease, while the number of branches, beans, seeds on one plant and the weight of seeds will increase (Table 5).

Table 5

Elements of crop structure, oil yield and soybean yield depending on sowing pattern and plant density

Sowing scheme, cm	Gust. plants, million pcs./ha	Plant height, cm	Beans per plant, pcs.	Branches on a plant, pcs.	Seeds per plant, pcs.	Weight of 100 seeds, g	Oil yield, kg/ha	Harvest. seedsc/ha
30×5	0,666	58,9	27,7	3,0	47,1	12,2	571	32,39
30×10	0,333	51,4	47,0	5,0	83,4	12,5	623	35,29
30×15	0,222	48,9	69,5	6,6	122,8	12,8	574	32,34
45×5	0,444	54,1	36,6	4,0	67,3	12,4	599	33,91
45×10	0,222	49,3	61,8	6,3	116,8	12,5	543	30,48
45×15	0,148	46,3	85,1	6,8	154,6	13,0	522	29,32
NSR 0.95	–	1,8	2,9	0,3	5,0	0,3	42	2,37

LSD – smallest significant difference.

Basically, soybeans are sown in rows, the distance between which varies depending on the growth form, sowing time, soil type, etc. In an early maturing soybean production system, yields are higher when row spacing is between 15 cm and 45 cm. Numerous other studies have shown that narrow row soybeans produced higher yields than wide rows, particularly 38 cm compared to 76 cm , 19 cm compared to 57 cm, 19 cm compared to 38 cm and 23 cm versus 46 cm. Soybeans sown in narrow rows are characterized by higher yields than those sown in wide rows in general and at late dates in particular. Increased seed yield when planted in narrower rows may be due to improved light capture during the critical seed set period or at the end of the bean filling period (i.e. at the end of the R6–R7 stage), an increase in leaf area index and more intense photosynthesis.

Row spacing can affect seed yield from both the main stem and side branches. In Norsworthy and Shape's experiment, when soybeans were grown with narrow (19 cm) and wide (97 cm) row spacing at the recommended seeding rate, the main stem accounted for 69% and 45% of the total plant seed yield, respectively, while seed yield with lateral branches accounted for 31% and 55%. Thus, for sowing with wide row spacing, only genotypes with a large number of branches should be selected, while genotypes with less intense branching are preferable for narrow-row sowing.

Since late sowings are characterized by shorter plant height and less plant mass, increasing the seeding rate will allow them to obtain higher seed yields. Thus, the optimal plant density in the mid-southern United States ranges from 108 thousand to 232 thousand plants/ha when sowing in May, compared to 238–282 thousand plants/ha when sowing in June. Row spacing can also affect the required crop density. For areas where the distance between soybean rows is 38 cm and 76 cm, plant density should be 194–290 thousand units/ha and 157–211 thousand units/ha, respectively.

Increasing the optimal plant density does not entail an increase in soybean seed yield. This is due to a decrease in the efficiency of solar radiation use. When using glyphosate-resistant soybean genotypes, it was possible to obtain similar seed yields while reducing the seeding rate by 20% (345 thousand seeds/ha for late-ripening crops and 444 thousand seeds/ha for simultaneous cultivation of two crops) compared to the standard rate.

Mulching the soil with straw

In some areas, precipitation may occur after soybeans are planted and before they germinate. If precipitation is accompanied by high temperatures, a crust appears on the soil, which reduces plant density to an unacceptable level. In such situations, it is necessary to immediately break the crust mechanically or apply straw mulching as soon as weather conditions allow you to go into the field. To weaken the effect of the crust on germination, 3–6 t/ha of wheat straw should be added ( Triticum aestivum), rice ( Oryza sativa) or any other culture. In areas where rainfall is expected during the planting period, straw mulching can be applied routinely after planting. After germination, straw can be removed if it hinders the normal development of plants, or left if you plan to take advantage of its other beneficial properties for retaining moisture or suppressing weeds.

Mulching with straw reduces the maximum and increases the minimum soil temperature in the seed zone. It also increases the moisture content of the soil, which increases the germination rate as well as the final number of soybean shoots. In Japan, crop residue mulch was found to increase minimum soil temperature by 3°C during early soybean growth, resulting in improved bean growth and yield.

Seed priming

Priming is the soaking of seeds before sowing in plain water or in a chemical/nutrient solution for a certain time, which promotes better and faster germination. Seed priming is of paramount importance in conditions of suboptimal soil moisture at the time of sowing. Soybean germination is improved by soaking the seeds in water or a 20% gibberellic acid solution.

The duration of seed priming is critical to obtaining a good harvest. Soaking seeds for more than 2 hours can completely stop the germination of some soybean varieties and have a positive effect on the germination of others. Soaking soybean seeds in water for 1–8 hours can disrupt the water absorption capacity of the seeds and, therefore, reduce germination. However, this type of damage can be avoided by osmotically reducing the initial rate of uptake by soaking the seeds in a 30% polyethylene glycol solution. In the same way, the germination of old soybean seeds can be improved. However, soybean seed priming is not very common.

Intercropping/mix cropping

The practices of intercropping and cultivating crops in mixtures have been used by farmers for a very long time. When cultivating crops in mixtures, the seeds of two or more crops are mixed; When intercropping, the seeds of two or more crops are sown in rows according to a specific pattern. Intercropping is more common than mixture cropping because of the ease of weed control, chemical application, and harvesting. In earlier times, intercropping ensured that at least one crop would yield if another crop(s) failed due to reasons primarily related to climate or climate-induced changes. However, in modern agriculture, intercropping allows for greater productivity and greater net profit per unit area per unit time.

In an intercropping system, soybeans are grown with crops such as corn ( Zea mays), sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor), mungo beans ( Vigna mungo), sugar cane ( Saccharum officinarum), pigeon peas ( Cajanus cajan), pearl millet ( Pennisetum typhoides), peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea) and cotton (species Gossypium). The sowing pattern (row ratio) is selected in such a way that it does not have a negative impact on the productivity of the main crop or that this impact is minimal.

Intercropping optimizes the use of time and space, resulting in increased overall yields and net income for farmers. In addition, intercropping can help control diseases and insect pests and suppress weeds. To avoid or reduce competition between crops, it is necessary to carefully select only compatible crops or crop varieties. Plant height, leaf area and crop growing season are the main factors to consider when planning intercropping. Crop management practices such as irrigation, fertilizer application and chemical weed control should not harm the accompanying crop.

Soybean Nutrition Management

Soybean seeds are rich in protein and oil. This may be why the nutrient requirements of soybeans tend to be higher than those of other leguminous crops. This crop should be fertilized based on the results of soil analysis. In general, soybeans require the application of 5–10 tons of manure, 20 kg of nitrogen, 80 kg of P2O5, 20 kg of K2O and 20 kg of sulfur per hectare. The use of 125% of the recommended dose of fertilizers in a soybean-wheat intercropping system increases the seed yield of both crops significantly higher than the recommended dose of nutrients (recommended dose: 20:60:20 and 120:60:40 kg/ha of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium for soybeans and wheat, respectively). Nutrients can be applied with any of the commonly available fertilizers that contain them. However, the effectiveness of fertilizers and their price determine the frequency of their use in agriculture. If it is necessary to feed the crop with phosphorus, it is better to use superphosphate, since it contains not only phosphorus, but also sulfur. Part of the nitrogen is used to feed plants during the growing season of the crop.

Soil or foliar application of nitrogen to soybeans during the reproductive phase remains a subject of debate, with some researchers confirming its benefits and others denying it. Application of nitrogen at 84 kg/ha at the R2 growth stage or between R4 and R5, either broadcast or band applied to the topsoil, does not have a significant effect on soybean yield. Similarly, nitrogen applied to the soil at a dose of up to 168 kg/ha at the R3 or R5 growth stage did not increase the yield of soybean seeds in the experiments of other scientists.

Nutrient application should be specific to the cropping system rather than to a single crop, as nutrients applied to a previous crop may not be fully utilized by it and significant amounts may remain in the soil for use by subsequent crops. In addition, climatic conditions also require the use of fertilizers due to the farming system. In a soybean-wheat intercropping system, if the wheat has been fertilized at the recommended rate of phosphorus, the phosphorus rate applied to soybeans can be reduced by 25% (from that recommended for soybeans). This option is possible in some areas, such as northern India, where moisture from the monsoon combined with high temperatures leaves phosphorus fertilized in wheat during the winter season freely available to subsequently planted soybeans.

It was found that nitrogen fertilization of soybeans (30 kg/ha) and wheat (120 kg/ha) significantly increases the productivity of both crops compared to feeding soybeans with lower doses of nitrogen fertilizers. After fertilizing with phosphorus crops sown during the rainy season (soybeans, etc.). residual phosphorus is retained, which can be used by subsequent winter crops. The role of manure fertilization in meeting crop nutrient requirements cannot be underestimated. However, only a few examples of the use of manure to feed soybeans are known. The same goes for vermicompost. These bulk organic fertilizers are more widely used to feed cereal grains, which have very high nutrient requirements.

Biofertilizers such as root nodule bacteria Bradyrhizobium, phosphorus-mobilizing bacteria and plant growth-stimulating rhizobacteria play a unique role in soybean cultivation. It has been found that the use of biofertilizers, especially Bradyrhizobium, significantly increases soybean productivity. The use of biofertilizers allows you to reduce the dose of mineral fertilizers, while the level of yield obtained will be the same as when using only chemical fertilizers. At the same time, it was revealed that the use of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N 32 P 34.4 K 33.6 together with manure (5 t/ha) and biofertilizers contributes to the growth of the structural elements of the crop, an increase in the content of proteins and fats and an increase in the yield of soybean seeds compared to using only recommended NPK standards. Integrated use of 1 ton of manure, 26.4 kg of phosphorus and biofertilizers ( Bradyrhizobium japonicum and types Pseudomonas) provides higher yields compared to the use of low doses of fertilizers or complete refusal to use them. Thus, the integrated use of chemical and biological fertilizers reduces the amount of chemical fertilizers used, which leads to lower production costs and, therefore, higher net profits, as well as reduced environmental pollution.

There are quite a few examples of the use of microelements in soybean cultivation. This may be due to lack of response to micronutrients in efforts to increase soybean yields. Freeborn et al. observed that foliar application of up to 0.56 kg/ha boron at R3 or R5 growth stages did not significantly increase seed yield. However, significant responses have been reported to soil (at stage V2) or foliar (at stage R2) applications of up to 1.5 kg/ha boron. In micronutrient deficient soils, soybean is expected to respond well to the application of one or more micronutrients to produce high crop yields.

Rational use of water resources

Whenever possible, soybeans should be planted in adequate moisture conditions using pre-plant irrigation to ensure good germination, plant viability and efficient use of nutrients. In the future, the crop may need another 1–5 waterings, depending on the amount of precipitation, soil type and ripeness group.

If the crop is grown in rain-fed conditions, every effort must be made to use all rainwater as efficiently as possible. The crop should be sown as quickly as possible after the first rainfall at or near the optimal time.

To meet the crop's water needs, it should be irrigated whenever possible. Various methods are used for irrigation such as flood irrigation, furrow irrigation and sprinkler irrigation. With irrigation, the yield of soybean seeds is significantly higher. It has been established that furrow irrigation and flood irrigation have the same effect on the yield of soybean seeds of ripeness groups IV and V. Under compelling circumstances, saline water can be used for irrigation alternately or in a mixture with fresh water.

The most critical stages are flowering and pod formation. Based on the availability of water, irrigation should be planned in such a way that during these phases the crop does not suffer from a lack of water.

Weed control

Weeds compete with crops for moisture, nutrients and light and thereby reduce their yield. Yield reduction depends on the number of weeds growing, the types of weeds present, and the duration of competition between the crop and the weed. Weeds can reduce soybean yields by 35–83%. The critical period of competition between soybeans and weeds is considered to be the first 45 days of the growing season. Therefore, removing weeds during this period is essential for obtaining high seed yields. Weeds that emerge late in the crop's growing season produce fewer seeds than early-growing species because at the R3 growth stage or later stages, the soybean leaf apparatus can block 50 to 100% of the photosynthetically active radiation from penetrating. Late-season weeds may not reduce soybean yields much, but they can remain green, preventing harvest and producing seeds that can cause problems in the future. Therefore, these weeds must also be destroyed.

The main weeds that infest soybean crops include Caesulia axillaries Roxb ., Cyperus rotundus ( L .) Linc ., Digitaria sanguinalis L ., Echinochloa colona L ., Commelina benghalensis L ., Acalypha indica L ., Anotic monthuloni Hook ., Trianthema portulacastrum L ., Digera arvensis L ., Phyllanthus niruri L ., Dactyloctenium aegypticum Beaux ., Cynodon dactylon ( L .) Pers ., Amaranthus spinosis L ., Chenopodium album L ., Setaria faberi Herrm ., Amaranthus retroflexus L ., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L ., Leucas aspera Spreng ., Euphorbia hirta L ., And Abutilon theophrasti L.

To obtain a high yield of soybean seeds, weed control must be carried out at a certain time using appropriate methods. Weeds can be removed through agricultural practices using mechanical means or herbicides. In modern intensive agriculture, an integrated approach to weed control is considered the best. When cultivating soybeans, mechanized weeding (loosening) of row spacing, which is usually carried out 30 and 45 days after sowing, will help effectively get rid of weeds.

Higher plant densities and narrow row spacing can help prevent weed growth and therefore increase soybean seed yield. A seeding rate of 150 kg/ha has been reported to significantly reduce weed population and dry weight and increase soybean seed yield compared to seeding rates of 100 and 125 kg/ha. This may be due to the suppression of germination and establishment of weeds. Narrow-row soybean sowing provides better weed control and higher yields than wide-row sowing. In some cases, mulching 30 days after planting has also been found to be an effective method of controlling weeds and ensuring high yields of soybean seeds.

Soil solarization(a method of harvesting solar energy during the hottest periods, which involves covering the soil surface with a transparent plastic film when the soil moisture content is highest) is an important method of controlling weeds because it degrades the properties of their seeds. In Madhya Pradesh, India, when mulched with clear polyethylene, the average maximum soil temperature was 56.4°C at the surface; 53.6°C – at a depth of 5 cm; 44.3°C at a depth of 10 cm and 39.4°C at a depth of 15 cm, which is significantly higher than the temperature in non-solarized areas, which was 10.2, 9.4, 5.1 and 3.4 o C, respectively . Soil solarization for five weeks reduced germination of many weed species, resulting in significant soybean plant growth, improved crop structure, and increased seed yield.

Various preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicides have been found effective in controlling weeds in soybean (Table 6). Some promising methods for effective weed control in soybean include pre-plant application of cloransulam, pre-emergence application of cloransulam and imazaquin, and post-emergence application of imazamox and imazethapyr.

Table 6

Promising herbicides for weed control in soybean cultivation (summarized based on data from various research institutes)

Active substance	Dose	Application	Soybean seed yield under different treatments, c/ha
			herbicide	double weeding	no weed control
alachlor	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	15,26	17,10	10,41
alachlor	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	11,94	12,82	3,77
alachlor	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	35,85	33,18	26,66
alachlor	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	15,30	16,78	6,98
alachlor	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	32,16	31,96	19,10
alachlor (10%) granules	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	12,91	15,43	7,82
anilofos	1.7-5.0 kg/ha	pre-emergence	13,30	12,82	3,77
clomazone	1 kg/ha	pre-emergence	16,54	18,58	9,55
clomazone	1 kg/ha	pre-emergence	29,62	31,96	19,10
fluchloralin	1 kg/ha	pre-emergence	19,46	–	12,17
flumioxazin	60 g/ha	pre-emergence	19,22	–	12,17
flumioxazin	45 g/ha	post-emergence	21,25	–	12,17
imazamox+imazethapyr (5%)	75 g/ha	post-emergence	16,22	17,10	10,41
imazethapyr	100 g/ha	post-emergence	16,42	12,82	3,77
metolachlor	1 kg/ha	pre-emergence	12,96	–	9,64
metolachlor (5%) granules	2 kg/ha	pre-emergence	13,39	15,43	7,82
metribuzin	0.50 kg/ha	pre-emergence	23,42	24,57	12,17
metribuzin	0.75 kg/ha	pre-emergence	21,60	24,57	12,17
pendimetaine	1.5 kg/ha	pre-emergence	20,85	24,57	20,17
propakisafop	50 g/ha	post-emergence	10,38	12,82	3,77
kizalofop ethyl	50 g/ha	post-emergence	15,52	17,10	10,41
c-metolachlor	750 g/ha	pre-emergence	15,24	17,10	10,41
c-metolachlor	750 g/ha	pre-emergence	19,07	16,78	6,98

The optimal dose of herbicide may vary depending on soil texture, climatic conditions, weed flora, stage of crop development, stage of weed development, etc. Higher doses of herbicides may have some phytotoxic effects on soybeans, as is the case with metribuzin. Some herbicides may have adverse effects on nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Thus, you should only use herbicides that are not only effective in controlling weeds, but also safe for the symbiosis of nodule bacteria and soybeans.

In glyphosate-tolerant soybean, application of 840 g/ha glyphosate acid equivalent at V5 growth stage has been reported to have no effect on vegetative growth, reproductive development or seed yield. A single application of glyphosate to glyphosate-tolerant soybeans can prevent yield losses in crops sown with narrow row spacing (15 cm), while those planted in wide rows (more than 45 cm) may require repeated applications to control late-growing weeds.

It is clear that one herbicide cannot effectively control all types of weeds. And tank mixtures of some herbicides, such as cloransulam-methyl and diphenyl ether, increase the range of weeds killed, and therefore increase the yield of soybean seeds compared to the use of these herbicides alone. Integrated use of pre- and post-emergence herbicides provides more effective weed control and increased soybean seed yield than pre-emergence herbicide use alone.

* The calculations use average data for Russia

500,000 ₽

Minimum starting capital

25 %

Profitability

3 years

Payback

Soybean is one of the most popular crops in crop production. It belongs to the legume family, is characterized by high productivity and grows on almost any type of soil, with the exception of sandy ones. Soybean fruits contain a large amount of vegetable protein. They have the widest application: they are used for preparing various dishes and in food production, as well as feed for farm animals.

The bean seeds are used to make soy flour, which in turn is used to produce soy meat. Soybean oil (which is considered one of the best vegetable oils) and soy milk (white seeds are used for this) are obtained from the seeds. Liquid soy sauce is prepared from fermented soybeans. Soybean meal is produced from pressed beans.

Demand for soybeans is consistently high. It costs much more than wheat and is much less subject to price fluctuations. The demand for soybeans and its processed products increases every year with the growth of poultry meat production and the developing livestock and pig farming. For all these reasons, soybean farming is a profitable and highly profitable business. However, as in any other direction, there are certain features that must be taken into account.

Subtleties of growing soybeans

The major growth phases of soybean include germination (from sowing to emergence), emergence (from cotyledon emergence to primordial leaf outburst), formation of the first trifoliate leaf, branching, bud emergence, flowering, pod formation, seed filling, and maturation. Under favorable conditions, soybean seedlings can be seen already on the 6-9th day after sowing. When the seeds are filled, the soybean no longer grows, and when the beans ripen, the plants shed their leaves. In most varieties, ripened beans do not crack, and the plants themselves do not lie down, which makes harvesting easier.

For some reason, there is a widespread belief that soybean is an unpretentious plant. In fact, it is a light-loving and heat-demanding crop. With a lack of lighting, plant stems and leaf cuttings lengthen, which prevents the formation of side shoots and beans or even the fall of previously formed ovaries in the lower part of the plant. The greatest need for heat occurs during the flowering and fruit formation phases. The optimal air temperature during this period is 21-22°C. At temperatures of 14°C and below, the plant does not grow or develop. At the beginning and end of the growing season, the need for heat is much lower. Moreover, at this time, plants even tolerate frosts down to –2-3.5°C relatively calmly.

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In addition to light and heat, soybeans need a lot of moisture, but this need also depends on the growth period of the plant. During the initial growth period, before flowers appear, soybean is relatively drought-resistant, although lack of moisture may have a somewhat negative impact on plant productivity and the development of lower pods.

But if there is a lack of moisture during flowering, the formation of ovaries and the filling of seeds, you should not count on large volumes of harvest. With the intensive development of green mass, the area of ​​the evaporating surface of the plant increases, therefore, with the beginning of flowering, moisture consumption also increases. During the period of flowering and bean formation, soybeans are also demanding of air humidity. With low humidity during this period, new flowers and beans are not formed and existing flowers and beans are discarded.

Experts advise growing soybeans in weed-free fields with optimal supplies of nutrients and moisture. Do not forget that for a good harvest, this plant needs two to three times more nutrients than grain crops. This means that the soil for growing soybeans must be fertile and cultivated, otherwise there will be additional costs for applying large amounts of fertilizer. There are no special preferences for soil types, but neutral or slightly acidic (pH 5.5-6.5), well-permeable soil, rich in phosphorus, humus and calcium, is best suited.

Like all legumes, soybeans are a valuable crop in crop rotation. It can be sown in fields where grains previously grew (winter wheat is best), corn, sugar beets, potatoes, and perennial cereal grasses. Other leguminous crops, perennial leguminous grasses, cabbage crops and sunflowers are considered unsuitable as predecessors due to the danger of the spread of bacteriosis and other diseases.

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The portion of crops susceptible to sclerotinia (for example, rapeseed, soybean, sunflower) should not exceed 33% in the crop rotation. After soybeans, it is recommended to sow the field with winter wheat, other grain crops, corn, rapeseed, forage and vegetable crops. Please take into account that late harvesting in some regions of our country does not allow the cultivation of winter crops after soybeans. Soybeans greatly deplete the soil of nutrients, so it must be taken into account that it is recommended to return soybeans to their original place no earlier than after two years. Thus, you will need to regularly look for new planting areas for each year.

Regions suitable for growing soybeans

As for regions suitable for growing soybeans, it all depends on the right choice of varieties. More than 80% of soybean sown areas in our country are located in the Krasnodar Territory and the Far East (Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories). The main soybean varieties grown here are Venus, Primorskaya 13, Primorskaya 301, Primorskaya 69, Primorskaya 81, Primorskaya 529, Hod-son, VIR-14, Vityaz-50. The varieties Soer 1, Soer 3, Soer 4, Soer 5, Soer 7 are suitable for the Middle Volga region, and for the central zone - early and mid-ripening varieties Belgorodskaya, 48, Svetlaya, Yaselda, Luchezarnaya. The varieties Belor, Okskaya, Mageva are distinguished by early ripening and at the same time good yield.

Productivity in the most favorable conditions of the North Caucasus reaches 40-45 centners per hectare, in Primorye and in the central zone - more than 20 centners per hectare. In the Ural regions, the yield is about 10-15 centners per hectare. True, wheat yields in this region are approximately the same as soybeans, and taking into account the fact that the protein content of soybeans is three times higher than that of wheat, growing this crop is still profitable even here.

Soybean varieties differ not only in requirements for agroclimatic and natural conditions, but also in purpose. For example, there are varieties intended for oilseed and feed use or food, focused on the production of soy proteins. It is also necessary to take into account the purchase price, composition, ratio of the main ingredients of the grain and the yield of a particular variety. Please note: in our country it is prohibited to grow genetically modified soybeans, although it has become widespread abroad due to the fact that this crop is not so demanding and cheaper than regular soybeans.

Features of field preparation for soybean sowing

The field intended for crops must be prepared in advance. First, in the fall, one or two peelings are made to a depth of 8-10 cm and fertilizers are applied for plowing. If grain crops were previously grown in this field, then fertilizers are applied to a depth of 22-25 cm, and if corn is applied, then to a depth of 25-30 cm. In early spring, harrowing is carried out with heavy, medium or light harrows across or at an angle to the direction of plowing.

In principle, pre-sowing field cultivation is not much different from soil cultivation for other legumes. Its main purpose is to destroy weed seedlings and preserve moisture. If the field was not leveled in the fall, if it is clogged with weeds or carrion, during a long, cold winter, in the spring they carry out cultivation to a depth of 6-8 cm, followed by digging. It allows you to increase the temperature of the seed layer by a couple of degrees and stimulates the germination of weeds, which are then removed.

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For pre-sowing cultivation, which is carried out to a depth of 4-5 cm across or at an angle in the direction of previous cultivation, steam or beet cultivators with flat-cut tines will be required. The field for sowing should be as level as possible and without lumps. This is due to the fact that soybeans are located quite low. An uneven surface makes harvesting difficult. The height of the ridges and the depth of the furrows should not be more than four centimeters.

Soil herbicides are applied after sowing before the emergence of seedlings using harrows to a depth of at least three centimeters or ring-spur rollers (in this case the efficiency of nitrogen-fixing bacteria increases). If there are rhizomatous and root-sprouting weeds in the field, then it is recommended not to carry out pre-sowing treatment, but to wait until the wheatgrass grows to 10-15 cm and sow. Then, 3-4 after sowing, before soybean shoots appear, the fields are treated with a continuous herbicide called Roundup. Fertilizer consumption is 10-20 kg/ha of nitrogen, 15-30 kg/ha of phosphorus and 25-60 kg/ha of potassium.

Seeds must be treated before sowing, and immediately after sowing they are inoculated with nodule bacteria (rizotorphin). Conventional dressing machines are not suitable for inoculating soybean seeds, since rhizotorphin particles are quite large and do not pass through the nozzle and filters of conventional equipment, and rhizotorphin in liquid form is more difficult to use. Some farmers use a concrete mixer for this, while others inoculate in the back of a truck and then break up the resulting lumps in a seeder. The consumption of the working solution is about 70-80 liters per 1 ton.

Some farmers do not use rhizotorfin, but add ammonium nitrate to the soil before sowing. On the one hand, this increases the cost of production, but allows for good yield.

Sowing is carried out in the third ten days of April - the first and second ten days of May when the soil is warmed to a temperature of 10-15 ° C. Late-ripening varieties are sown first, and early-ripening varieties are sown only at the end. Seeds are sown at a depth of 450-700 mm. The row spacing is 0.4-0.6 m. The seeding rate depends on the plant variety, sowing method and weed control. The average sowing density is 35-40 seeds per meter. As the row spacing increases, the seeding rate also increases by 10-20%.

How to properly collect and store soybeans

After the emergence of seedlings, it is necessary to regularly destroy weeds and loosen the rows. After 5-6 true leaves appear, the plants begin to bloom. At this stage, nitrophoska (mineral nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer) is added to the soil, watered abundantly and covered with soil. The ripening period ranges from 85 to 245 days, depending on the variety and climatic conditions of the growing region.

For example, early soybean varieties ripen by the end of July, and late varieties by October. The harvest is harvested after the leaves fall and the beans acquire a grayish color. Before digging the area, the stems of the plant are pulled out, and the fallen leaves are buried in the ground to speed up their rotting. Before threshing, the beans are laid out in the sun, where they open or are husked, then winnowed and filled into bags. You can also use regular arches to store soybeans.

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The main thing is that the humidity level in it does not exceed 14-15% (optimal - 12%). Soybeans that are too wet can be dried using special equipment, but this is a very expensive process that significantly increases the cost of the finished product.

Productivity depends on the region, the variety and weather conditions. The average yield without irrigation is 10 centners per hectare, and with irrigation - 25 centners per hectare. The highest yields in most regions are produced by early varieties.

Experienced farmers know that sowing and growing soybeans is not the most difficult thing. It is much more difficult to collect the resulting harvest. For this purpose, combine harvesters are used (usually “Don”). Although the soybean crop needs to be harvested in a short time (for some varieties it is only 3-5 days), otherwise the beans will crack and fall to the ground, but this is very difficult to do even with a sufficient amount of equipment.

One combine can harvest a maximum of 20 hectares per day, provided the fields are well cultivated and free of weeds. But in fact, this figure turns out to be much smaller - about 5 hectares. And even in this case, crop losses are quite significant. During harvesting, it is necessary to ensure that soybean stalks do not fall into the combine drum, otherwise there is a high risk of breakage.

To grow soybeans you will need the following equipment:

pneumatic seeder (you can use seeders for sunflower, grain or beets),

cultivator,

equipment for inoculation and harrowing,

combines for harvesting.

The profitability of this business is 25%. To increase business profitability, experts advise purchasing an extruder for the production of soy “meat”. This is an inexpensive and fairly compact equipment that allows you to process beans. The product yield is up to 25 tons per 30 tons of feedstock.

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Soybean is one of the popular varieties of cultivated crops

The volumes of soybean cultivation and processing reach enormous proportions. The raw material is used for many food purposes, as it is a universal substitute for animal products. In addition, it is used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Growing soybeans not only provides profit in the form of finished products, but also significantly improves the condition of the soil by converting nitrogen into mineral form. This helps to increase the yield of crops that are planned to be grown after soybeans.

Composition and history

The chemical composition of soybeans is rich in vitamins and minerals. 100 grams of seeds contain:

• calcium - 0.35 g;
• potassium - 1.6 g;
• magnesium - 0.23 g;
• phosphorus - 0.6 g;
• sulfur - 0.25 g;
• chlorine - 0.06 g
• zinc - 2 mcg;
• nickel - 314 mcg;
• silicon - 0.18 g.

In addition, it also contains B vitamins, vitamin PP, A, E. However, this is not even what is important in soybeans. The high yield of this crop, and most importantly the increased protein content, explain the love for this plant since time immemorial.

According to scientists, soybean began to be cultivated as a cultivated plant no later than the 10th-11th centuries BC. China is considered the birthplace of this culture. In later times, it came to the territory of Korea and Japan, and only towards the end of the 17th century it began to be grown in Europe, and from the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th - in America.

In addition, soybeans turned out to be a very convenient material for modification at the genetic level. The transnational concern Monsanto, which produces genetically modified crops on the market, first introduced its products in 1996. And these were precisely soybean seeds. Since then, work on creating genetically modified soybeans has continued to this day.

Terms and rates of soybean sowing

Soybeans can germinate already at +6…+7°С. But it is also not recommended to sow too early, since there is a huge risk of weed contamination, which inhibits the growth of soybeans and reduces the amount of harvest obtained. If you sow later than required, due to temperature stress and drought, the amount of harvest obtained may be significantly reduced. Therefore, the most optimal period for sowing this crop is considered to be the end of April - the beginning of May. However, in any case, it is necessary to focus on the climate of a certain region and weather conditions at the time of sowing.
Sowing rates vary depending on the variety:

early - 700-800 thousand pieces/ha
mid-season - 700 thousand pieces/ha
late ripening - 400-500 thousand pieces/ha

Soybeans do not like shading, so the width between rows should be sufficient so that the bushes can grow normally. It can be grown on any type of soil with moderate moisture, except for heavy clay soils.

The process of preparing and sowing soybeans

Soybean sowing technology requires increased attention to soil preparation. The sowing campaign includes careful plowing of the soil to a depth of at least 23 cm. It is necessary to thoroughly clean the fertile layer from the remains of predecessor roots. After corn, the plowing depth increases to 27-30 cm. In case of large weedy fields, layer-by-layer treatment of the soil with herbicides is used. During sowing, they try to maintain soil moisture as best as possible. If the soil is not sufficiently moistened during sowing, additional watering is carried out, for example, with the help of agricultural aircraft. Sowing soybeans can be done in the following ways:

regular lowercase - 15; 22.5 and 30 cm;
narrow row - 7.5 cm;
wide-row - 45-70 cm;
strip.

The most effective methods are wide-row and lowercase. This is especially true when sowing mid-season varieties that branch well and grow strongly. For early ripening varieties, the row spacing decreases. The soybean sowing depth is 2.5-4 cm, but under conditions of insufficient moisture, sowing is done to a depth of 5-7 cm.
To increase yield and resistance to diseases, it is necessary to carry out pre-sowing preparation of seeds. To do this, they are treated with drugs that prevent the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. The use of untreated seeds significantly reduces the quantity and quality of grown products. You need to choose your predecessors correctly. You cannot sow soybeans after sunflowers, legumes, rapeseed, buckwheat, and Sudanese grass.
There is also the application of mineral fertilizers, which adjust the chemical composition of the soil, making it more favorable for good growth and development of plants. Fertilizers are applied to the soil during spring pre-sowing plowing, as well as in the autumn period of preparation for sowing.

Crop care

In order for soybean cultivation to give the best possible results, you need to monitor the level of soil moisture. Soybean is drought-resistant, but excessively damp soil is detrimental to it. To control weeds, it is necessary to carry out pre-emergence harrowing 3-4 days after sowing. Soybean tolerates this process well. The first shoots begin within 7-10 days. After the appearance of two to four true leaves, row spacing is cultivated if necessary. In addition, caring for soybean crops also includes pest and disease control. The most common types of diseases that can affect soybeans are:

• yellow mosaic;
• wrinkled mosaic;
• cotyledon bacteriosis;
• bacterial burn;
• bacterial wilt;
• Phomopsis soybean.

Symptoms of these diseases manifest themselves in the form of spots on the stems and leaves, curling, wilting, drying out, and blackening of the base of the stem. To combat these diseases, the drugs Tyramine, Benomyl, fludioxonil + metalaxyl M are used. In combination with these disinfectants, biological products are also used that make chemical treatment of seeds safe.
In addition to diseases, soybean crops are attacked by harmful insects that can completely destroy all plants:

• spider mite;
• scoop-gamma;
• horse cutworm;
• acacia moth;
• soybean leaf beetle;
• meadow moth;
• potato aphid;
• soy jaundice;
• nodule fly;
• soybean moth;
• soybean aphid.

Most often, insects become active during a dry period, when plants are in an improper proximity, when there is an excess of soil moisture, or when there is improper fertilization. To combat these pests, there are many insecticides, such as Karbofos, Zolon, Metaphos, Nurell and others. In addition, an effective way to prevent insect damage is high-quality, deep plowing of the soil, which destroys the nests of these pests.

Harvesting technology

Soybean harvesting begins with all signs of technical ripeness - the stem becomes dry and brittle, the pods are completely dry but not yet cracking, the seeds make noise when the pod is shaken. Harvesting is carried out mechanically, namely by direct combining with a low cut. Dry and warm weather is a must during this process. At the time of threshing, seed moisture should be 14-16%. After threshing, soybean seeds are cleaned, calibrated and dried to a moisture content of 12-14%. With this indicator, soybeans are stored in the granary. If for some reason the humidity level exceeds the permissible value, the grain is forced to dry for 5-6 hours.
The shelf life of soybeans directly depends on the air temperature in the storage, and the lower it is, the longer the shelf life. At a temperature of +4°C, grain can be stored for up to 15 months, at +20°C - 12 months. Air humidity - no higher than 60%. The room must be clean, well ventilated, disinfected, protected from mold and insects.

Application area of ​​soybean

To this day, there are heated discussions among scientists about the dangers or benefits of soy. There is an opinion that it accelerates the sexual development of children, causes early aging, changes in hormonal levels during pregnancy and other very unpleasant consequences. Whether this is true or not, scientists have to prove, but while they are arguing, soybean is taking up an increasing share of sown areas and is finding new areas of application.
When preparing soy products, it is necessary to strictly follow the technology. What can be made from raw materials:

• sausage products;
• margarine;
• infant formula (dairy substitutes);
• soy flour (and from it soy milk, cottage cheese, bakery products);
• a drink similar to coffee;
• cosmetic products (shampoos, hair dyes, creams);
• paint and varnish products;
• medicines against anemia, dietary supplements to restore energy.

This is not the entire list of what can be made from soybeans. The cake that remains after pressing the seeds is used as an additive in feed for various animals. Soybeans can also be grown directly in the garden of your dacha, and eaten boiled or stewed. For diabetics, soy is a good food item as it is low in carbohydrates. In addition, it is rich in calcium, which benefits a person at any age. Soybean sprouts are a salvation for vitamin deficiency. Naturally, you can benefit from this crop only if it is grown and prepared correctly.
The most popular soybean varieties grown in Russia:

• Sonata;
• Lydia;
• Harmony;
• Sunset;
• Okskaya;
• Altom;
• Lyra;
• Belgorodskaya;
• Medea;
• Currency;
• Annushka.

And these are not all the varieties that are grown in the vastness of Russia. New ones are constantly being developed that are more resistant to diseases, optimized for frequent weather changes, and adapted to the conditions of certain regions.

1. Soybean is a plant of the legume family that is valued and loved by many gardeners and businessmen. There are several reasons for this. Among them: unpretentiousness to the soil, good yield, as well as increased protein content in soybeans. However, there are a number of features in growing it in the garden at home and in the fields. In this article we will look in detail at what exactly they are. General information about the peculiarities of cultivating the crop There is a myth that this legume is very unpretentious in cultivation. This is not true at all! For the success of plant cultivation, the following points must be taken into account: Light-loving. When there is insufficient light, the plant's stems begin to lengthen. The cuttings, in turn, also gain length. As a result, side shoots and fruits cannot form, and the formed ovaries simply fall off. Need for warmth. This is especially important during the flowering period. For soybeans at this time, the optimal temperature is about 22°C. If the temperature drops below 14°C, the growth and development of the plant may stop altogether. During other growth phases, the need for increased heat is not so pronounced. Up to the possibility of surviving frosts down to 3.5°C. Increased need for moisture. True, this criterion also needs to take into account the growth phase of the plant. In principle, the plant has little special need for watering before flowering. Although in such a situation, poor development of the lower beans is possible. As for the period of appearance of ovaries, the presence of moisture is fundamentally important. The area of ​​the plant from which moisture evaporates increases noticeably during this period. Thus, in addition to watering, soybeans also need moist air. Otherwise, the plant will be forced to shed the “extra”, reducing the green mass that needs moisture. New flowers and fruits simply will not form. Growing season To avoid making mistakes when cultivating a crop, you need to know how it grows. The main phases of plant growth and development include: Germination - the time elapsed from sowing the seed to the very first shoots. Shooting is the period from the appearance of cotyledon leaves to the development of primordial leaves. The latter appear under good conditions in the period from 6 to 9 days after sowing. Branching, during which the green mass greatly increases in volume, and roots and nodules grow noticeably. The period begins with the appearance of the first trifoliate leaf and ends with the appearance of buds. Flowering, after which the plant’s growth stops and new leaves no longer appear. The formation of beans directly, which, however, cannot be strictly distinguished from flowering. Often, by the very end of flowering, there are already beans with filling seeds in the lower part of the soybean. Fruit formation. The beginning of fruiting is considered to be the appearance of wilted flowers on the upper part of the stem. Gradually the plant begins to shed its leaves. In which regions is it better to grow and is it possible in the north? This legume has its own preferences for territory. Yields and ease of cultivation vary by region. For a given crop, the choice of soybean variety plays a large role in choosing a region (we have provided detailed descriptions of the best soybean varieties in a separate material). Thus, the Far East has the largest number of sown areas of this plant - more than 80%. We are talking about the Khabarovsk and Primorsky regions, as well as the Amur region. The varieties cultivated here that give a good harvest include Venus, Primorskaya and others. The middle region is also good for soybeans. If previously soybean as a heat-loving crop was grown only in regions with a warm climate, now with the creation of early ripening varieties the situation has changed. Early and mid-ripening varieties have become suitable for cultivation in this area. Belgorodskaya, Svetla, and Luchezarnaya are just some of the names of suitable varieties. The most early ripening and high-yielding varieties are: Belor; Okskaya; Mageva. Can also be called: Vilia; Magevu; Yaselda. The North Caucasus region has the most favorable conditions for plant growth and development. That is why productivity indicators there reach 45 centners per hectare. The territory of the Urals is not the most favorable for the plant, given the arid climate of the region. As a result, the yield is also not high - a little more than 15 centners per hectare. These indicators are approximately equal to those of wheat. And given the high protein content in soybeans, growing the crop in this region seems more profitable than wheat. You can find more information about soybean yields in various regions of the Russian Federation here. How to grow in the field? Seed preparation Before sowing, soybean seeds should be treated. This is done with the help of rhizotorphin, i.e. nodule bacteria. Standard inoculation equipment is not suitable for soybean seeds. This is due to the large size of rhizotorphin particles, which do not pass through the components of the equipment. As an alternative to traditional pickling machines, you can use, for example, a concrete mixer. Or carry out the procedure in the back of a truck. True, then you will have to break up the resulting lumps using a seeder. There is an alternative course of action that does not use nodule bacteria. In this case, before sowing, it is necessary to add ammonium nitrate to the soil. Although this is a more expensive option, it will increase productivity. Soil preparation It is also necessary to take care of preparing the soil for the plant. There are many features here. In the fall, it is necessary to treat the soil with special devices - ploughers. The depth to which they are applied will depend on what crops grew on this soil previously. If these were grains, then we will be talking about a depth of about 25 cm. And if corn - from 25 to 30 cm. With the arrival of spring, the soil is harrowed. If you neglect autumn preparation, then in the spring you will have to carry out cultivation work at a depth of up to 8 cm. And then roll the soil, i.e. compact and level its surface. All of the above will help increase the temperature of the soil layer by a couple of degrees. This means that the weeds will quickly germinate and can be easily removed. The main purpose of soil preparation is to remove weeds from it, as well as retain valuable moisture. It is worth noting that pre-sowing tillage requires the use of steam or beet cultivators with flat-cut tines. The field for planting soybeans should be as level as possible. This is explained by the fact that the plant’s beans are located quite low, and therefore harvesting from an uneven soil surface will be difficult. Fertilizing the soil is also necessary after sowing. Until the emergence of seedlings, herbicides are applied to a depth of at least 3 cm. When to start planting? As for the timing of plant sowing, the crop is usually sown in the third ten days of April or the first or second ten days of May. At this time, the soil has already warmed up to 15°C degrees. Late-ripening varieties are sown first, and only then early-ripening ones. How to sow correctly? It is very important to know exactly how to plant a plant and what row spacing to maintain. Seeds are sown in the soil at a depth of 450–700 mm. The best row spacing for sowing is at least 40-60 cm. Sowing depth is no more than 4-6 cm. The last parameter is very important, because the specified maximum value must not be exceeded. If the sowing depth is more than 6 cm, then there is a risk of not getting a harvest at all, or of severely spoiling the seeds. The average sowing density is up to 40 seeds per meter of soil. The following parameters influence sowing rates: Soybean variety. Sowing method. A method of weed control. If the pre-sowing preparation was carried out correctly, the seeds were treated, and the sowing dates were met, then seedlings should be expected within 5 to 20 days. The exact timing depends on factors such as temperature, soil moisture and, of course, the correct depth of planting the seeds. Experts have prepared other publications about soybeans. In particular, on our website you can learn about the dangers and benefits of this plant for the human body. Care in open ground If soybeans are grown in open ground, then it is worth pointing out some features of this process. Fertilizer technology The requirement for rich soil saturated with boron and molybdenum in soybeans is associated with the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots. If the seeds have not been inoculated, then complex feeding is required. It should contain: potassium; calcium; phosphorus; nitrogen. During the active growth phase, soybeans should be fertilized with urea, i.e. urea containing more than 45% nitrogen. Feeding of leaves is also necessary to improve chlorophyll synthesis. Otherwise, the leaves will be pale green with a yellow tint. This fertilizing is carried out using Kas or Nitrafos fertilizers. They are diluted in the proportion of 50 g of product per 10 liters of water. Foliar feeding of the plant is carried out just before sowing. This is done using nitrate or ammonium sulfate. This is necessary for active plant growth. Watering Soybeans especially need regular and abundant watering at the stage when buds form and the flowering process occurs. When it is hot and there is clearly not enough moisture either in the air or in the soil, soybeans should be watered daily in the evenings. If this is neglected, the plant’s fruits will form worse, or will not form at all. At the same time, excess moisture should not be allowed during the rainy season. If there is any, then excess water should be diverted from the place where the crop grows. Diseases and Pests One of the most serious threats to soybeans is cereal weeds. These pests “take away” precious moisture, light and beneficial elements from crops. To prevent this from happening, soybeans are treated with drugs that contain: Bentazone. Imazamox. Cellodim. Imazethapyr. Legumes also have other pests. These are aphids and spider mites. Traditional methods can help in their destruction: a decoction of hot red pepper or a decoction of wormwood. Bacterial spot disease is very dangerous for crops. All infected plants should be destroyed. In rainy, humid weather there may be prerequisites for the appearance of powdery mildew or gray rot. In the fight against such enemies, it is useful to irrigate plants with copper sulfate. If the humidity in the air is high, then there is a risk of developing angular bacteriosis. The disease will very quickly affect healthy soybeans. That is why, at the first signs of disease, all infected plants from the site are removed and destroyed. When to harvest and how to store soybeans? The crop begins to be harvested after the leaves fall. At the same time, the beans will turn grayish. For personal farming, the best option is to thresh the beans: Before threshing, the beans should be laid out in the sun. Its rays will cause the pods to open and the beans to husk. Then they should be winnowed and put into bags. Soybean stalks should be pulled out of the soil before digging up the area. And the leaves of the plant should be buried in the ground to speed up the humus process. When growing soybeans on large farms, harvesting is carried out using special equipment or a combine. Despite the fact that soybean harvesting should occur in a fairly short time (for some varieties - up to 5 days), this is not easy to do on the scale of large farms. This is due to the practical difficulty of harvesting by machine. If the beans are too wet when harvesting, they should be dried using special equipment. Although this increases costs, it is necessary. When it comes to storing crops, the main condition is a certain level of humidity - no more than 15%. And the best is 12%. If we are talking about long-term storage, i.e. more than a year – the level should be lowered to 11%. In this way it is possible to prevent the harmful effects of bacteria and fungi. Any appearance of foreign odors during storage indicates the beginning of spoilage of the beans. Soy is increasingly gaining popularity as a product that has many uses and at the same time has high nutritional properties. This plant can be used: in cooking; in food production; and also as animal feed in agriculture. If you take into account the peculiarities of its cultivation, soil, climatic and other preferences, then a bountiful harvest will not take long to arrive.

Soybean is a plant of the legume family that is valued and loved by many gardeners and businessmen. There are several reasons for this. Among them: unpretentiousness to the soil, good yield, as well as increased protein content in soybeans. However, there are a number of features in growing it in the garden at home and in the fields. In this article we will look in detail at what exactly they are.

General information about the characteristics of crop cultivation

There is a myth that this legume is very unpretentious to grow. This is not true at all!

For the success of plant cultivation, the following points must be taken into account::

• Photophilousness. When there is insufficient light, the plant's stems begin to lengthen. The cuttings, in turn, also gain length. As a result, side shoots and fruits cannot form, and the formed ovaries simply fall off.
• Heat requirement. This is especially important during the flowering period. For soybeans at this time, the optimal temperature is about 22°C. If the temperature drops below 14°C, the growth and development of the plant may stop altogether. During other growth phases, the need for increased heat is not so pronounced. Up to the possibility of surviving frosts down to 3.5°C.
• Increased need for moisture. True, this criterion also needs to take into account the growth phase of the plant. In principle, the plant has little special need for watering before flowering. Although in such a situation, poor development of the lower beans is possible. As for the period of appearance of ovaries, the presence of moisture is fundamentally important.

  The area of ​​the plant from which moisture evaporates increases noticeably during this period. Thus, in addition to watering, soybeans also need moist air. Otherwise, the plant will be forced to shed the “extra”, reducing the green mass that needs moisture. New flowers and fruits simply will not form.

Growing season

In order not to make mistakes when cultivating a crop, you need to know how it grows. The main phases of plant growth and development include:

1. Germination- the time elapsed from sowing the seed to the very first shoots.
2. Shoots– the period from the appearance of cotyledon leaves to the development of primordial leaves. The latter appear under good conditions in the period from 6 to 9 days after sowing.
3. Branching, during which the green mass greatly increases in volume, and roots and nodules grow noticeably. The period begins with the appearance of the first trifoliate leaf and ends with the appearance of buds.
4. Bloom, after which the plant’s growth stops and new leaves no longer appear.
5. Forming the beans directly, which, however, cannot be strictly distinguished from flowering. Often, by the very end of flowering, there are already beans with filling seeds in the lower part of the soybean.
6. Fruit formation. The beginning of fruiting is considered to be the appearance of wilted flowers on the upper part of the stem. Gradually the plant begins to shed its leaves.

In which regions is it better to grow and is it possible in the north?

This legume has its own preferences for territory. Yields and ease of cultivation vary by region. For a given crop, the choice of variety plays a large role in choosing a region (we have given detailed descriptions of the best soybean varieties in).

So The Far East has the largest number of cultivated areas of this plant– more than 80%. We are talking about the Khabarovsk and Primorsky regions, as well as the Amur region. The varieties cultivated here that give a good harvest include Venus, Primorskaya and others.

The middle region is also good for soybeans. If previously soybean as a heat-loving crop was grown only in regions with a warm climate, now with the creation of early ripening varieties the situation has changed. Early and mid-ripening varieties have become suitable for cultivation in this area. Belgorodskaya, Svetla, and Luchezarnaya are just some of the names of suitable varieties.

The most early ripening and high-yielding varieties are:

• Belor;
• Okskaya;
• Mageva.

Can also be called:

• Viliya;
• Magevu;
• Yaselda.

The North Caucasus region has the most favorable conditions for plant growth and development. That is why productivity indicators there reach 45 centners per hectare.

The territory of the Urals is not the most favorable for the plant, given the arid climate of the region. As a result, the yield is also not high - a little more than 15 centners per hectare. These indicators are approximately equal to those of wheat. And given the high protein content in soybeans, growing the crop in this region seems more profitable than wheat.

You will find more information about soybean yields in various regions of the Russian Federation.

How to grow in the field?

Seed preparation

Before sowing, soybean seeds should be treated. This is done with the help of rhizotorphin, i.e. nodule bacteria.

Standard inoculation equipment is not suitable for soybean seeds. This is due to the large size of rhizotorphin particles, which do not pass through the components of the equipment.

As an alternative to traditional pickling machines, you can use, for example, a concrete mixer. Or carry out the procedure in the back of a truck. True, then you will have to break up the resulting lumps using a seeder.

There is an alternative course of action that does not use nodule bacteria. In this case, before sowing, it is necessary to add ammonium nitrate to the soil. Although this is a more expensive option, it will increase productivity.

Soil preparation

It is also necessary to take care of preparing the soil for the plant. There are many features here. In autumn, it is necessary to treat the soil with special devices - ploughs.. The depth to which they are applied will depend on what crops grew on this soil previously. If these were grains, then we will be talking about a depth of about 25 cm. And if corn - from 25 to 30 cm.

With the arrival of spring, the soil is harrowed. If you neglect autumn preparation, then in the spring you will have to carry out cultivation work at a depth of up to 8 cm. And then roll the soil, i.e. compact and level its surface. All of the above will help increase the temperature of the soil layer by a couple of degrees. This means that the weeds will quickly germinate and can be easily removed.

The main purpose of soil preparation is to remove weeds from it, as well as preserving valuable moisture.

It is worth noting that pre-sowing tillage requires the use of steam or beet cultivators with flat-cut tines.

The field for planting soybeans should be as level as possible. This is explained by the fact that the plant’s beans are located quite low, and therefore harvesting from an uneven soil surface will be difficult.

Fertilizing the soil is also necessary after sowing. Until the emergence of seedlings, herbicides are applied to a depth of at least 3 cm.

When to start planting?

As for the timing of plant sowing, the crop is usually sown in the third ten days of April or the first or second ten days of May. At this time, the soil has already warmed up to 15°C degrees. Late-ripening varieties are sown first, and only then early-ripening ones.

How to sow correctly?

It is very important to know exactly how to plant a plant and what row spacing to maintain. Seeds are sown in the soil at a depth of 450–700 mm. The best row spacing for sowing is at least 40-60 cm. Sowing depth is no more than 4-6 cm.

The last parameter is very important, because the specified maximum value must not be exceeded. If the sowing depth is more than 6 cm, then there is a risk of not getting a harvest at all, or of severely spoiling the seeds.

The average sowing density is up to 40 seeds per meter of soil. The following parameters influence seeding rates:

• Soybean variety.
• Sowing method.
• A method of weed control.

If the pre-sowing preparation was carried out correctly, the seeds were treated, and the sowing dates were met, then seedlings should be expected within 5 to 20 days. The exact timing depends on factors such as temperature, soil moisture and, of course, the correct depth of planting the seeds.

Outdoor care

If soybeans are grown in open ground, then it is worth pointing out some features of this process.

Fertilizer technology

The requirement for rich soil saturated with boron and molybdenum in soybeans is associated with the presence of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the roots. In that case, if the seeds have not been inoculated, then complex feeding is required. It should contain:

1. potassium;
2. calcium;
3. phosphorus;
4. nitrogen.

During the active growth phase, soybeans should be fertilized with urea, i.e. urea containing more than 45% nitrogen.

Feeding of leaves is also necessary to improve chlorophyll synthesis.. Otherwise, the leaves will be pale green with a yellow tint. This fertilizing is carried out using Kas or Nitrafos fertilizers. They are diluted in the proportion of 50 g of product per 10 liters of water.

Foliar feeding of the plant is carried out just before sowing. This is done using nitrate or ammonium sulfate. This is necessary for active plant growth.

Watering

Soybeans especially need regular and abundant watering at the stage when buds form and the flowering process occurs. When it is hot and there is clearly not enough moisture either in the air or in the soil, soybeans should be watered daily in the evenings. If this is neglected, the plant’s fruits will form worse, or will not form at all.

At the same time, excess moisture should not be allowed during the rainy season. If there is any, then excess water should be diverted from the place where the crop grows.

Diseases and pests

One of the most serious threats to soybeans is cereal weeds.. These pests “take away” precious moisture, light and beneficial elements from crops. To prevent this from happening, soybeans are treated with drugs that contain:

• Bentazone.
• Imazamox.
• Cellodim.
• Imazethapyr.

Legumes also have other pests.. These are aphids and spider mites. Traditional methods can help in their destruction: a decoction of hot red pepper or a decoction of wormwood.

Bacterial spot disease is very dangerous for crops. All infected plants should be destroyed.

In rainy, humid weather there may be prerequisites for the appearance of powdery mildew or gray rot. In the fight against such enemies, it is useful to irrigate plants with copper sulfate.

If the humidity in the air is high, then there is a risk of developing angular bacteriosis. The disease will very quickly affect healthy soybeans. That is why, at the first signs of disease, all infected plants from the site are removed and destroyed.

When to harvest and how to store soybeans?

The crop begins to be harvested after the leaves fall. At the same time, the beans will turn grayish.

For personal farming, the best option is threshing beans:

1. Before threshing, the beans should be placed in the sun. Its rays will cause the pods to open and the beans to husk.
2. Then they should be winnowed and put into bags.

Soybean stalks should be pulled out of the soil before digging up the area. And the leaves of the plant should be buried in the ground to speed up the humus process.

When growing soybeans on large farms, harvesting is carried out using special equipment or a combine. Despite the fact that soybean harvesting should occur in a fairly short time (for some varieties - up to 5 days), this is not easy to do on the scale of large farms. This is due to the practical difficulty of harvesting by machine.

If the beans are too wet when harvesting, they should be dried using special equipment. Although this increases costs, it is necessary.

When it comes to storing crops, the main condition is a certain level of humidity - no more than 15%. And the best is 12%. If we are talking about long-term storage, i.e. more than a year – the level should be lowered to 11%. In this way it is possible to prevent the harmful effects of bacteria and fungi. Any appearance of foreign odors during storage indicates the beginning of spoilage of the beans.

Soy is increasingly gaining popularity as a product that has many uses and at the same time has high nutritional properties. This plant can be used:

• in cooking;
• in food production;
• and also as animal feed in agriculture.

If you take into account the peculiarities of its cultivation, soil, climatic and other preferences, then a bountiful harvest will not take long to arrive.

The legume soybean plant, like all representatives of the crop, has a composition rich in proteins, vegetable fats, vitamins and microelements. Culture-based products - soy milk, meat, sauce, flour - are in demand in the nutrition of humans and pets, and occupy a worthy place on store shelves.

Site requirements

With equal success, the culture develops on chernozem, sandy, sandy loam, and loamy soils. When choosing a site, factors are taken into account:

1. The plant loves loose, well-fertilized soils. On acidic, compacted soils, the harvest will be small.
2. Alkaline, clayey, and swampy soils are not suitable for cultivating the product; their structure will need to be improved.
3. The location of the underground source must be at a depth of at least 2 meters. The moisture-loving culture does not like waterlogging. If the area is flooded within a few days, the crop may be destroyed.
4. Legumes are sensitive to soil acidity. For soybeans, neutral or slightly alkaline soil is suitable. Acidity level pH 6.0-7.0.

Light- and heat-loving soybeans should be grown on level, illuminated, fertile, weed-free areas.

The larger and flatter the legume feeding area, the better the illumination, and the yield increases accordingly.

Potatoes, corn, and grains are good neighbors for soybeans.

In some regions it is planted directly among these crops.

Soil preparation

A decent soybean crop can be grown in well-prepared soils. The autumn and spring stages of preparation are carried out using various harrows (heavy, medium, light).

In autumn, deep plowing is carried out to accumulate moisture in the soil and eradicate weeds.

Treat the soil using one of the following methods.

Semi-steam processing

Early plowing is carried out, followed by cultivation.
Improved cultivation includes 2 stubble plowing (shallow plowing with soil rotation, incorporation of straw after grain to control weeds and improve soil fertility) and plowing. The first peeling is to a depth of 6-8 cm, the second - to 10-12 cm.
It is effective to carry out the procedure in regions where, after harvesting grain, another 2-3 months pass with regular rains.
After grains, it is enough to go 22-25 cm deep into the soil during the plowing process. After corn, 30 cm.
Humus is added for plowing - 10-20 t/ha.

Conventional autumn treatment

Consists of one peeling and plowing to a depth of 25 cm.

1-2 years (in autumn) before soybean planting, the site planned for soybean planting is limed.

Performed before stubble peeling.

Spring pre-sowing treatment

1. Before sowing, final leveling of the site and cultivation are carried out. Harrowing, cultivation to a depth of 4-6 cm.
2. During cultivation, 20 g of urea per square meter is added. meter.
3. Before sowing, the soil is treated with herbicides for weeds in cereal crops (Frontier 900, Harnes 90%, Duald Gold 960EC).

Rules for planting soybeans

Sowing begins when the soil warms up, the air temperature reaches 10-14 degrees, and there is no danger of spring frosts. As a rule, this is the end of April - beginning of May, depending on the climate zone. The soil is still moist and should not dry out.

The optimal temperature for soybean germination is 12-14˚C, development and ripening is 21-26˚C.

For sowing, large and medium-sized beans (6.5-7.5 mm), unmodified, grown in the conditions of this region are used. You can purchase planting material in specialized stores for gardeners.
20 days before sowing, the seeds are heated and treated.
Before sowing, grains are treated with inoculants - biological products containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, rhizotorphin, microelements, and growth stimulants.
The material is sown to a depth of 4-6 cm, depending on the soil structure. The drier and lighter the top layer, the deeper the planting.
The distance between crops is 3-4 cm.

The yield of soybeans depends on the fertility of the soil, the optimal period, planting depth, and plant density.

Soybeans are sown in two ways:

• Wide-row – row spacing 45 cm, using row-crop seeders; Plant density after 2-5 cm. The method is used on well-cleaned areas.
• Ordinary rank and file – grain and stubble seeders. Plant density is lower. The row spacing is 20-40 cm. The method is intended for low-growing, low-branched varieties, for the northern regions.

Row spacing depends on the soybean variety. For early varieties 20-40 cm, middle ones 30-60 cm. For spreading, large plants, a larger interval is used than when planting low-growing ones.
After planting, the soil is compacted.

Soybeans are grown in fields “fallow” before sowing winter wheat. It is planted to obtain green fodder. Choose early, climbing species.

After the soybean harvest, the field will be enriched with nitrogen and qualitatively prepared for grain. In regions with a long warm season, 2 soybean crops can be sown to obtain green fodder.

Soybean care

To ensure access to the roots of light and heat, it is necessary to follow the technology of plant care: perform the procedures of watering, thinning, weeding and loosening, mulching, fertilizing, covering.

Thinning

Thinning the shoots to a distance of 5-10 cm is done after the shoots have become stronger.

Weed control

Grass weeds harm soybean crops, which develop slowly in the first month. They are deprived of light, nutrition, and moisture. Chemical, mechanical (harrowing) and manual weeding is used against weeds.
Chemical treatments are carried out 2-4 weeks before sowing, before cultivation; then after sowing, after germination. It is effective to apply short-acting herbicides to predecessors.

• 3 days after sowing the beans, spray with herbicides, for example, Roundup, Treflan, Linuron.
• A month later they repeat.

Various spraying methods are used: tape, directed, continuous. When combined with cultivation, the tape method is used, reducing the dose of the drug by 2 times.

Moistening the soil will enhance the effect of the herbicide.

Harrowing (or manual loosening) is not carried out immediately after sowing. During the growing season it is performed 2-5 times with a subsequent decrease in the depth of loosening. With cultivated soil, 1 harrowing and 2 cultivations are sufficient.

• When 2 full sheets appear.
• When 3 leaves appear.

Row spacing runs 2 times.

Mulching

After the emergence of shoots, mulch with straw, peat or humus. It is produced to increase soil temperature during grain germination, retain moisture, reduce the formation of crust on the ground, and control weeds. An effective method of weed control is to mulch crops with a transparent film, which on hot days concentrates solar energy at high humidity.

Shelter

Temperatures above 30˚C and below 10-14˚C are the borderline temperatures for soybeans. Crops in the flowering stage and the formation of ovaries are especially afraid of short-term frosts.
Having learned from the weather forecast about sharp temperature fluctuations, the crops are covered with film or non-woven material.

Watering and fertilizing

Soybean is a crop resistant to elevated temperatures and lack of watering.

Watering

They provide moisture during the flowering and budding period of the plant.
Water generously, pouring 4-5 liters of water per square meter. meter.

Various irrigation methods are used: sprinkling, furrow irrigation and flood irrigation. In certain circumstances, salt water may be used alternately with fresh water.

Fertilizer

Fertilizer application is regulated by soil quality. Before sowing, 5-10 tons of manure are applied per hectare (there is an opinion that 20 tons are necessary), 20 kg of nitrogen, 80 kg of potassium oxide, 20 kg of sulfur.
Nitrogen fertilizers are applied during cultivation, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied during autumn plowing. Fertilizing with molybdenum, boron, as well as ammophos is applied between the rows, helps to increase the yield.
During flowering, feed with mullein infusion 1:10.

The best predecessor cultures

Soybeans are planted after grains, melons, corn for silage, potatoes, vegetables, and perennial grasses.
Avoid fields where sunflowers, tomatoes, cabbage, legumes, corn for grain, sugar beets, Sudanese grass grew - plants that dry out the soil.
After some crops there is a high risk of plant disease with sclerotinosis.
On the site, you should retreat at least 500 meters from the site on which other legumes are placed, as well as from the acacia.
Soybeans enrich the soil and loosen it. After it, you can plant a variety of crops, except legumes.
Soybeans are sown on one site for 2-3 years, then the site is changed so that degeneration does not occur.

Soybean harvesting

At the end of September, when the weather is dry, the soybean crop is harvested. How to determine the ripeness of beans?
The leaves on the bushes have turned yellow, dried out, are beginning to fall off, and the stems and pods are turning brown. When the pod is shaken, the mature grains hit the walls. The seeds are easily separated from the walls of the fruit. You can harvest.
To accelerate the ripening of beans, chemical defoliation is performed in the phase of green beans, yellow ones, at the beginning of their drilling. When carrying out the process, the degree of grain moisture is taken into account (76%-63%, respectively)
The upper part of the plant is cut no higher than 5-7 cm from the surface of the ground, leaving the roots with nodules in the ground. They enrich the soil with nitrogen.

Beans ripen faster when standing than when harvested. Undried beans spoil very quickly.

Cut plants are tied into bunches and hung to dry in the attic or balcony.
After a month, you can thresh the bunches and pour the beans into bags made of natural material. Sent for storage in a dry place.
In large-scale production, soybeans are harvested using a grain harvester (low cut - 60-70 cm), the beans are immediately cleaned and dried using mechanical heat drying for 6 hours at a temperature of 36°C, then raised to 40°C and dried for 6 hours. When the moisture content of the beans is 16%, the temperature is increased to 45°C and dried until completely dry.

Soybeans are harvested for green fodder before the yellowing stage begins after filling the beans.
The rich composition of soy makes it possible to replace animals with soy products. By planting soybeans on your plot, you will enrich the soil with nitrogen before planting other crops.