Toolkit- a complex type of methodological products, including systematized material that reveals the essence, distinctive features and methods of any educational course or direction. Includes extensive didactic material.
Structure of the methodological manual.
1. Title page:
- name of the institution;
- last name, first name, patronymic of the developer;
- title of the manual;
- city name;
- year of development;
2. Abstract:
Located on the 2nd sheet from the top.
- the essence of the issues being considered (what it is devoted to);
- purpose (to whom and what kind of assistance it provides);
- source of practical experience;
- possible areas of application;
- information about the author (at the bottom of 2 sheets Last name, first name, patronymic, position, place of work, qualification category).
Explanatory note.
Justification of the relevance of the development. For whom is it intended and in what area of education is it used. Justification of the features and novelty of the proposed work in comparison with other developments. The purpose and objectives of methodological development. Scope of application, short description expected result.
Contents (optional).
In the main part of the manual, depending on the purpose and goals, there may be various chapters. Their name, number, sequence are determined and logically arranged depending on the author’s intention.
For example:
1. Explains what is being studied theoretical material.
2. Describes the main methods, technologies used or recommended for a successful solution.
3. List and description of practical work with recommendations for their implementation.
4. Test tasks to check and master the material.
5. List of references to help the teacher and student.
6. Applications:
- scheme;
- samples;
- videos;
- creative projects children;
- thematic photo album.
Any of us studies or studied at a university, and has a colossal amount of knowledge, but every second person is “blown away” when asked what a teaching aid is. No, of course, we all understand that we are talking about a textbook, reference book, literature that helps to learn; but only a few know exactly what it is. Well, let's try to figure it out together.
What is a teaching aid and its features
So, teaching aid is an official printed publication, the content of which fully corresponds to the curriculum for a particular specialty at the university.
If we speak in simple and accessible language, then this is the most ordinary manual, which is transferred to students for temporary use from course to course.
This is a small reference book, a hint, or even a summary, which most often touches on only one topic, but in detail.
According to the manuals, not only do practical and laboratory works in the classroom, but also correctly prepare reports in accordance with all the requirements set by the Ministry of Education.
So we can safely say that the educational manual is an indispensable assistant in lectures and practical classes at the university.
Since I admire this printed publication so much, it’s time to talk about its significant advantages, compared to the rest of the literature that is publicly available in every student library or reading room.
Advantages of the teaching aid
1. This publication offers brief abstract information on a given topic, which is much easier to digest and remember.
2. A manual is a kind of instruction or cheat sheet on how to perform tasks in practice, and what aspects of your work you must pay attention to.
3. The manual helps with the design and presentation of the work, and, as you know, this also adds an additional point to the final grade.
4. The number of pages of the manual does not exceed 30 - 50, which means that carrying such a book in a backpack or bag is not at all difficult.
5. If you wish and have the skills, the manual can be used in the exam as a real hint on the topic. When you don’t have your own cheat sheets, and there’s a draft in your head, this is the ideal solution, so it’s better not to forget the manual for an important exam.
However, this educational and methodological manual has its significant drawbacks, which you also need to know about in advance so as not to be left behind:
1. Manuals are in high demand among students, so sometimes it’s simply not possible to get an extra copy from the library for a subscription. You have to ask your desk neighbor, or copy it on a photocopier at your own expense, of course.
2. Manuals have invisible “legs”. Yes, yes, this is the printed publication that can disappear in the middle of a couple in an unknown direction and never return.
Again, increased demand takes its toll, so it’s best to keep your ears open and your own manual in sight, otherwise problems with a strict librarian in the future simply cannot be avoided.
3.Manuals have a subjective opinion on a particular topic, and this is explained simply - they are created under the editorship of one of the teachers of the department.
Personal hostility and the eternal competition of teachers, and your answer according to the manual is not just erroneous, but a “real mockery” of science (I remember it from my own experience).
But in general, you shouldn’t pay attention to such trifles, because the teaching aid, whatever one may say, brings enlightenment to the masses, and this is a great advantage for narrow-minded students.
So stock up on manuals and go into battle for new knowledge. The main thing is that the guards do not scatter due to your absent-mindedness.
Lost manual
I don’t want to scare anyone, but I simply have to warn you that the loss of a manual is not just a nuisance, it is a tragedy on a universal scale for librarians.
First, they begin to sigh and groan from the confession they heard, then they pass this information on from shift to shift, then they come up with a punishment for the absent-minded student and, finally, they remember his last name and put it “on a pencil.”
Believe me, the moment you lost your teaching aid, you made enemies in the entire library staff, including the cleaning lady. There are two ways out of the situation:
1. Photocopy the same manual and submit it to the library;
2. Buy a new book for the library at your own compulsory request.
After this, the conflict is over, but the librarian will continue to tease you for a long time every time you visit the library and, especially, pick up a book.
Where do the manuals come from?
The question, of course, is stupid, but in this topic it is very relevant. So who issues these instructions?
The answer is obvious: open the first page and read the author's name. As a rule, the authors are teachers of their own department, who recommend purchasing a specific manual. Well, our teachers will never die from modesty, but they have written a lot of training manuals.
The funny thing is that each author praises only his own creation, and does not advise paying attention to the manuals of his conditional competitors. But whether you like it or not, we all studied according to manuals and continue to do so in modern students.
Here we come to the second main issue, which is on the agenda and is especially of concern to many graduate students and teachers who have not yet dealt with writing such printed publications.
How to write and compile a manual correctly?
In order not to write anything unnecessary, let’s move straight to the topic, and we’ll also write out the process of writing the manual according to plan, for greater convenience, so to speak.
1. It is necessary to decide on the topic to which the planned printed publication will be devoted. You can start with easy information, but in subsequent manuals you can touch on more global scientific issues.
2. It is advisable to study information on the topic not from the Internet, which many consider a “cesspool”. You shouldn’t take risks, because on the Internet you can use an unreliable source as a basis, and by accident. It is better to pay attention to proven authors, real books and actual primary sources, of which there are plenty in the library.
3. So that the learned theory does not seem meaningless, you need to mentally translate it into your practical knowledge, so that in the end you have a clear idea of what you will write about in the educational manual in the future.
4. It is advisable to start your work with a preliminary plan, which can consist of short sentences or succinct theses. This is very important, otherwise you may miss some important information on the topic being studied.
5. The manual is a cheat sheet, so it should answer in detail the list of main questions. That is why it is advisable to think through their content in advance, and not lose sight of any of them.
6. The content of the manual should not be complex, and all presented material should be described succinctly, but simply and easily readable language so that the student does not lose interest and abandon it after a boring reading of the first paragraph.
7. All literature used must be certified after the content, and its design also complies with certain norms and rules that are important to comply with.
8. Study all the rules for formatting the work and proceed to further writing your first teaching aid.
9. Finished work check using the services of a proofreader (unless, of course, you are a philologist).
10. Submit for review and then for publication.
If you decide to write your own educational manual, then you must remember the basic rules that will raise the rating of your work, and not leave it unnecessarily collecting dust on a shelf in the library for many years.
Rule one. It is very important to study the curriculum so that the manual corresponds to the topic and does not turn out to be useless or irrelevant.
Rule two. The structure should not only correspond to one topic and not wobble, but also contain up-to-date information, the latest information and new discoveries and knowledge. In general, a teaching aid should not fall into the category of “morally outdated literature.”
Rule three. The material selected for writing must be structured, accessible, logical, natural and understandable for students. It is advisable to use short phrases and small paragraphs, numbered and bulleted lists, abstracts, various graphic highlights, and, if necessary, tables and graphs.
Rule four. The bibliography should be succinct and detailed, and compiled in accordance with the requirements.
Rule five. Complex terminology is not welcome, and if its participation cannot be avoided, then it is advisable to explain in detail the meaning of a particular word, phrase, or expression.
Otherwise, your teaching aid is unlikely to assist a good half of students in their studies.
Conclusion: Do you need a manual? Choose the most shabby one - it is clearly popular and in demand among the masses! You have decided to write your own educational manual, then express your thoughts simply, clearly, and concisely.
Only then will students take note of such a fascinating publication.
Now you know about what is a teaching aid.
The new stage in the development of education in Russia, associated with the transition to variable and specialized education, is accompanied by a variety of educational literature both at the federal and regional levels, and within individual educational institutions. In these conditions, the question of the need to clearly define the meaning and functions of each type of educational book, in particular, a textbook and a teaching aid, is legitimate.
Let us consider sequentially the definitions of the terms “educational book”, “educational literature”, “textbook”, “textbook”, which are given in special bibliological, research and pedagogical literature.
V.S. Tsetlin gives the following definition of the concept “educational book”: “ Utextbook– a learning tool that is provided for teaching and learning in secondary schools in book or brochure form . Educational books meet the requirements of the programs, contain didactically and methodologically processed material (as a rule) of one academic subject for one academic year. To a greater extent than other means of teaching, educational books serve to develop spiritual abilities and instill the ability to learn from books. They serve as the basis for self-education and lifelong learning. Educational books are necessary for teachers and students, both in the classroom and at home."
TO educational literature include textbooks, teaching aids, lecture texts, teaching aids, problem books, reference books and other printed materials used in training sessions. Educational literature is the most important element of methodological support for the educational process.
In a letter from the Ministry of Education Russian Federation dated September 23, 2002 “On the definition of the terms “textbook” and “textbook” it is noted that “ Textbook is the main textbook for a specific discipline. It sets out a system of basic knowledge that is mandatory for students to master. The content of the textbook must meet the requirements of the state educational standard and fully disclose the approximate program for a specific discipline.”
In the works of other researchers textbook defined as:
1. “A mass educational book that sets out the subject content of education and defines the types of activities intended by the school curriculum for mandatory learning by students, taking into account their age or other characteristics.”
2. “An educational publication containing a systematic presentation of an academic discipline or its section, part, corresponding state standard and curriculum and officially approved as this type of publication."
3. “A set of reduced and systematized knowledge in the field of a certain science (educational and scientific discipline) or field of activity and the apparatus for organizing their assimilation; most important source educational information, the main didactic tool that ensures the activities of learning and teaching.”
4. “A book or other medium of information that contains systematic educational material, necessary for organizing education according to a certain training course» .
If we generalize the above definitions of the term “textbook”, we can conclude that textbook - This:
Learning Tool;
The main and leading type of educational literature.
The textbook is characterized by a systematic presentation of educational material in accordance with the curriculum. In addition, the textbook must contain at least 75% of the educational material provided by the program.
Tutorial , along with a textbook, is a type of educational literature. In the letter of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation dated September 23, 2002 “On the definition of the terms “textbook” and “educational aid”” it is noted that “ Tutorial is considered as an addition to the textbook. The textbook may not cover the entire discipline, but only part (several sections) of the sample program. Unlike a textbook, a manual can include not only proven, generally accepted knowledge and provisions, but also different opinions on a particular issue. In the case when a new discipline is introduced into the curriculum or new topics are introduced into the curriculum, the publication of a textbook is initially organized. A textbook, as a rule, is created on the basis of a proven manual.”
In order to highlight the essential features of the textbook, we will consider a number of definitions of the concept “ tutorial ».
1. “Aids are those books that help you use textbooks faster and more fruitfully.”
2. “A textbook is a type of educational book that solves individual problems that are important for the development of students’ independence and their spiritual strength. Teaching aids include reference books, bibliographies, and revision books."
3. “The textbook is an addition to the textbook if it (the textbook) does not cover all the issues of the curriculum or does not reflect latest achievements science and practice on specific issues".
4. “Textbooks (readers, collections of problems and exercises, dictionaries, reference books, books for extracurricular reading, etc.) are a significant addition to the textbook. A distinctive feature of textbooks is that they present educational material in a more expanded manner, significantly supplementing and expanding the textbook material with the latest information and reference information.”
5. “The textbook should be considered as a source of educational information and a teaching tool that complements the textbook and contributes to the expansion, deepening and better assimilation of knowledge.”
6. “A textbook is a publication that partially or completely replaces or supplements a textbook, officially approved as a given type of publication.”
It should be noted that the last of the considered definitions introduces uncertainty into the interpretation of the concept of “textbook”, leads to confusion between the concepts of “textbook” and “textbook” due to the introduction into the definition of the attribute “partially (completely) replacing a textbook.”
Summarizing the above definitions of the term “textbook”, we can conclude that tutorial - This:
- learning tool;
Source of educational information;
- type of educational literature that complements the textbook.
For clarity, we present the results of the analysis schematically (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. General and specific features of a textbook and teaching aid
Thus, in this consideration, the textbook has a number of fundamental differences with the textbook: unlike a textbook, which is characterized by a systematic fundamental presentation of the academic discipline, the textbook is intended to obtain additional knowledge on the topics presented in the textbook with the aim of deeper independent study of the subject of a specific academic discipline . The study guide contains a larger volume of educational text and educational tasks compared to a textbook, which allows you to study and assimilate a specific educational topic in more depth.
First you need to figure out what exactly you want to write. I mean whether it will be a methodological guide on the subject or a teaching aid, or maybe an educational methodological one. It seems that the words are almost the same, but there are different concepts behind them. It's not difficult to figure it out. Today we will provide you with a simple guide: how to write a manual. First, let’s learn more about its types.
A methodological manual is a document detailing the optimal sequence in the study of certain educational or scientific material. The methodological manual is based on reliable scientific works on the subject, as well as on practice and experience gained. The methodological manual can be called a statement of the author’s opinion about effective ways implementation of assigned tasks.
Teaching aids contain in their structure material that differs from traditional textbooks and works of scientists. The main objective of such a manual is to provide information about the algorithm for completing tasks in a given discipline, an idea of the tasks that this discipline studies.
The textbook is a partial and complete addition to the textbook. It may not be devoted to the entire discipline, but only to certain topics. The difference from a textbook is the presence of not only officially approved, tested knowledge and provisions, but also various controversial opinions. This publication is usually recommended to help students understand the topic better.
How to write a teaching manual?
How to write a teaching aid?
- Study materials on the topic of the manual.
- Choose quality, reputable sources.
- Connect the theory presented to your own practice.
- Make a plan, think over theses and short remarks.
- Think through test questions on the topic you raised.
- The text should be supplemented with illustrations, diagrams and photos.
- Give examples of how to correctly use the described methodology.
- Present the material in simple and understandable language.
- Please indicate the list of references used at the end. Recommend other literature for additional reading.
- Carefully study the work curriculum on which the training takes place.
- Make sure that the structure of your future manual matches the program and covers the topics contained in it.
- The collected theoretical material should be well structured, logical and understandable for students.
- Since the manual will not be read by professors, but by students, try not to write in complex, long phrases or large paragraphs. If you use terms, be sure to provide footnotes or explanations.
- Include various diagrams, graphs, pictures, tables in the manual.
- For each topic, think through practical tasks, questions for self-control, topics for essays.
- Make a complete list of references, supplement it with textbooks and original works of scientists.
- Study the program and topics. Your allowance must strictly comply with them.
- Having chosen a topic, look at the goals of the training course for a particular specialist.
- Structure your study guide clearly.
- Write for ordinary people to help, not to confuse.
- Explain all foreign concepts and terms.
- In addition to self-test questions and essay topics, end each chapter with conclusions.
- Prepare each study guide in accordance with the requirements, pay attention to footnotes, diagrams, etc.
- Carefully compile a bibliography, which includes complete information about the authors, title, publication date and publisher.
Toolkit
Toolkit- a type of educational and methodological publication that includes extensive systematized material that reveals the content, distinctive features of teaching methods for any educational course as a whole, or a significant section(s) of the course, or in the area of educational work. In addition to theoretical material, it may contain lesson plans and notes, as well as didactic material in the form of illustrations, tables, diagrams, drawings, etc. It is characterized by a pronounced practical orientation, accessibility, and is intended to help the teacher in his daily work.
Toolkit is a publication intended to help teachers for practical application in practice, in which the main emphasis is on teaching methods. Any manual is based on specific examples and recommendations.
A methodological manual differs from methodological recommendations in that it contains, along with practical recommendations, also theoretical provisions that reveal existing points of view on the issue being presented in pedagogical science. In the methodological recommendations, the theory of the issue is given minimally.
The authors of methodological manuals are, as a rule, experienced teachers and methodologists who are able to systematize the practical material of their own work and the work of professional colleagues, take into account and use theoretical developments of modern pedagogy in justifying the proposed methods.
The task methodological manual is to provide practical assistance to teachers and methodologists of an educational institution in acquiring and mastering advanced knowledge of both theoretical and practical nature.
Requirements for teaching aids
Information content, maximum saturation (there should be no general phrases).
Clarity and clarity of presentation (popularity).
Clarity of structure.
Availability of original ways of organizing relevant activities.
The presence of either new methodological methods of forms of activity, or their new combination.
Availability of confirmation of the effectiveness of the proposed approaches with examples, illustrations, or experimental testing materials.
Structure of the manual includes:
Introduction or explanatory note– up to 15% of the text, where the history of the issue is revealed, the state of science on this problem is analyzed, the presence or absence of similar methods and technologies that justify the need for this manual. The features of the construction of the manual, the purpose, and to whom it is addressed are described.
Main part– up to 75% of the text; in the main part of the manual, depending on the purpose and goals, there may be various sections (chapters). Their name, quantity, and sequence are determined and logically arranged depending on the author’s intention.
For example:
Chapter 1 - outlines the theoretical material being studied;
Chapter 2 - describes the main methods, technologies used or recommended for successfully resolving the issue;
Chapter 3 - list and description of practical work with recommendations for their implementation;
Chapter 4 - control tasks to check the mastery of the material.
The theoretical part sets out in brief form (with reference to relevant works, if necessary) the scientific and pedagogical rationale for the content of the manual, and characterizes the author’s own methodological position in relation to the children’s education system, which has its own specific features.
The practical part systematizes and classifies factual material, contains practical recommendations, and provides typical examples of certain forms and methods of work in an educational institution.
The didactic part contains didactic materials (diagrams, tables, drawings, etc.) illustrating practical material.
Conclusion– up to 10% of the text, sets out brief, clear conclusions and results that logically follow from the content of the methodological manual, in which direction it is planned to work further.
Literature– the list of references is given in alphabetical order, indicating the author, full title, place of publication, publisher, year of publication.
Applications include materials necessary for organizing the recommended type of activity using this manual, but not included in the main text. The applications may include various necessary regulations, including educational institutions, the use of which will allow the teacher or methodologist to organize his work in accordance with existing requirements.
Applications are located at the very end of the work in the order they are mentioned in the text. Each application starts on a new page and has its own name. In the upper right corner of the page write the word “Appendix” and put its number (for example, “Appendix 1”). The appendices have continuous page numbering (methodological recommendations end with page 16, the appendix starts with 17).
Toolkit must contain all the components that are included in the publication, and in addition to the main text, the manuscript must include a cover, title page and the back of the title page.
On cover in the center is the title of the work, I.O.F. the author is placed above the title. You should remember that the initials are written first, and then the last name. At the bottom, in the center of the sheet, the name of the city or region and the year are indicated. There are no punctuation marks.
Drawings and photographs on the cover must correspond to the content of the manuscript.
On title page the title is written above the title I.O.F. author. At the top center is written the name of the organization on whose behalf the publication is published, with the name of the parent organization. At the bottom, in the center of the sheet, the name of the city or region and the year are indicated. There are no punctuation marks.
Back of title page contains the surname, first name, patronymic of the author, position, place of work, qualification category or academic degree, as well as an abstract to the work. The abstract contains the following concise information:
It is indicated what this manual is devoted to;
The purpose of this teaching aid, i.e. what kind of help this work is intended to provide and to whom;
possible areas of application of the proposed type of methodological products (where this manual can be used).
Technical requirements for the design of the methodological manual
The text part of the manuscript must be typed on a computer (A4: 210X297), format A 4. The spacing between lines is 1 or 1.5. To type text, formulas and tables, you must use the Microsoft Word editor for Windows. Font - Times New Roman, size 14. If it is necessary to highlight a word or sentence in the text, highlight it in bold or italics, but always in 14 font. Underlining is not allowed. Paragraphs begin with a red line. Red line – 1.27. Hyphenation and alignment in width are not allowed in the text. Words in headings and subheadings are not hyphenated. Underlining them is not allowed, and a period is not placed at the end of the title. The texts of structural elements - sections - should begin with a new paragraph. It is necessary to remember the importance of dividing (categorizing) the text using paragraphs - indenting a line when starting a new semantic part. Page numbers are in Arabic numerals, at the bottom of the page, centered, the title page is included in the overall numbering. Numbering begins with the main text.
Constant fields:
Top margin – 2 cm. Bottom margin – 2.5 cm.
Left margin – 3 cm. Right margin – 1 cm.