Names of socio-political doctrines

• Conservatism

• Liberalism

• Socialism

• Communism

• Anarchism

• Liberalism, socialism, communism - new teachings

Briefly about these teachings

Conservatism: its features

• Reverence for the sanctity of traditions

• Maintaining boundaries between classes will ensure peace and order in society

• Strengthening the role of religion

• Man is powerless to create anything

• Protection of private property

Liberalism: its features

• Human freedom is a condition for the exercise of his rights

• The state protects private property

• Limitation of state activities by law

• Solve all problems using the revolution method

• Against the revolution

Socialism: its features

• They criticize bourgeois society

• Creating a society in which there will be no division between workers and exploiters

• Everyone is equal and everyone works

• The principle of distribution “to each according to his needs”

Communism: its features

• Classless society

• Equal distribution of social wealth

• Transition from capitalism – communist revolution

• Public property

• Collectivism

• Direct supply from public stocks

Social Representatives, Time Questions for comparison - the main political documents that emerged Role Position on the Limits of the teaching of the state in solving individual economics social freedom problems Liberalism At the origins of the 19th century. Free For the freedom of liberalism, the market, freedom of social conscience, stood J. Locke, private equality of speech, S. L. entrepreneur To the end of the century: print, Montesquieu, flattery of the need for meetings J. J. Rousseau), defend A. Smith), and . Kant most (1724 -1804), unsecured Declaration of human rights and the citizen population" (1789) Structure of power Theory of separation of powers

Social and political teachings Representatives, basic documents Time arose The role of the state in the management of the economy Conservatism Ideology The end of the 18th century. conservatism was formed as a reaction to the “horrors of the French Revolution” (Edmund Burke’s famous pamphlet, 1790). + fr. Jesuit Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821), English. philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) and Austrian chancellor Clement Metternich (1773 - 1859). Questions for comparison Position Limits to solving individual social problems of freedom State Conservation Control should class and over regulate class individual economic differences Carrying out “protective” social reforms Structure of power Preservation of the monarchy

“to everyone according to his ability, the association of every ability according to his deeds - there is no more inheritance!” Henri Saint-Simon (1760 -1825) End of the 18th century. State control over private property Charles Fourier (1772 - 1837) End of the 18th century Destruction of trade, Creation of phalanxes of centralized distribution of products. Partial preservation of private property Individual Consumer freedom non-association allowed Robert Owen (1771 -1858) Late 18th century Replacement of private property with public property, abolition of money Improvement of working and living conditions of workers Carried out Creation of cooperatives within the production commune on the principles of communism Marxism Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) Friedrich Engels (1820 -1895) XIX century. Regulation of the economy by the state with the help of workers to ensure the social rights of workers Socialist revolution, destruction of the bourgeoisie Establishment of Communism of political freedoms, equality of rights Anarchism Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865) M. A. Bakunin (1814 - 1876) P. A. Krapotkin (1842 - 1921) XIX century Destruction of private property, destruction of money Love of people, friends Complete Destruction of a friend, freedom of government of the state Socialism Utopian socialism The ideal of the future is a universal association

All questions on one A4 page.

1. Plato's political doctrine- it represents an attempt to create a model of an ideal state - a fair rule of elected wise men. According to Plato ideal state necessary first of all in order to save the immortal soul of man. He describes imperfect forms of the state: timocracy, oligarchy and democracy, calling it the main problem of politics. For Plato, democracy is the power of the masses, of mediocrity, which will inevitably lead to the tyranny of the majority. In his political teaching it is not difficult to see the political origins of totalitarianism. But excluding these shortcomings, one can see the reasonable foundations of citizenship and high moral spirit.
2. Aristotle's political doctrine- he analyzes and improves the concepts with which political thought should operate. He also argued that the state is a natural formation. He called citizens free people, but understood freedom only as the opposite of slavery. Aristotle divides the forms of government on two grounds: the number of rulers and the purpose (moral significance) of government. The result is three “correct” forms of government (monarchy, aristocracy, polity), in which the rulers have in mind the common good, and three “wrong” ones (tyranny, oligarchy, democracy), where only the personal good of the rulers is meant.
3. Political doctrines, views of M.T.Cicero- the state, in Cicero’s interpretation, is represented not only as an expression of the common interest of all its free members, which was also characteristic of ancient Greek concepts, but also as a coordinated legal communication. He argued that natural law (true law) arose “earlier than any written law, or rather earlier than any state was founded at all.” Thus, Cicero stood at the origins of understanding the idea of ​​a “rule of law state.” Distinguishing the three simple shapes government: royal power, the power of optimates (aristocracy) and people's power (democracy).
4. Augustine's political doctrine- Augustine’s history of humanity is subordinated to divine providence. All social, legal and government institutions created by man, the entire “earthly city,” as he called it, are the result of man’s sinfulness, his perverted free will. He repeats the division into "regular" and "irregular" forms. He considered tyranny, democracy, and aristocracy to be “wrong”. As for the “correct” forms, he did not give preference to any of them. In his opinion, any form can be, if not good, then tolerable when God and man are respected.
5. Political teachings of Thomas Aquinas- his teaching was based on the idea of ​​​​the divine creation of the world. At the top of the legal system is the so-called “eternal law”. But man is endowed with the ability to comprehend certain principles of the eternal law. On this basis, he develops certain rationalistic principles that constitute natural law. In Christian political teaching, the state is considered as a certain part of the universal order, the ruler of which is God. The purpose of the state is to preserve order and civil peace.
6. Political doctrine of N. Machiavelli- he did not preach political immorality and violence. For him, the statement “the end justifies the means” is not absolute; he took into account the legitimacy of any goal. In his opinion, unity of power is necessary when creating and reforming a state, and republican rule is the best for maintaining state power.
7. Hobbes' political teachings- he created his political theory partly in order to justify the restoration of the monarchy. He believed that the monarchy is the most best form power, but at the same time he denied the theory of the divine origin of royal power. According to Hobbes, people, being reasonable, realized the hopelessness of their existence and found a way out of chaos - a social contract. It is obvious that Hobbes, by modern standards, is more conservative than liberal, because he even interpreted the liberal idea of ​​a social contract in such a way that the conclusions turned out to be conservative: freedom, moreover, limited, is possible only if people transfer its control to the monarch.
8. Locke's political doctrine- his teaching was the most realistic and influential of all other teachings of this period. He is rightly called the founder of liberalism. For the first time, he clearly separated such concepts as “individual”, “society”, “state”, placing the individual above society and the state. He believed that a person from birth has natural, inalienable rights; he considered such rights to be the rights to “life, liberty and property.” For Locke, private property is not an absolute value, but a means to achieve a free society. According to Locke, the state acts only to protect the rights of the individual; it should not be more powerful than the individual, because individuals create societies, and society creates the state.
9. Political doctrine of Montesquieu- he developed the problems of a set of factors that determine the “spirit of laws” or “way of government” in his work “On the Spirit of Laws”. One of his merits was the theory of separation of powers, which came from old idea“mixed government”. The rule of law, in his opinion, can only be ensured by the separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial so that the various powers can mutually restrain each other.
10. Madison's political theory- he was of the opinion that the people are the only source of political power and elections are a characteristic feature of republican government. He was worried about the majority faction, because, as he noted, when in power it would certainly suppress the interests of the minority. Therefore, the main thing is to “deprive the majority, which has a special passion and interest, of the ability to act in concert and carry out tyrannical plans” and guarantee freedom to the minority. He invented a system of checks and balances, according to which each of the three powers is relatively equal.
11. Rousseau's political doctrine- Rousseau considers the association that arises through the conclusion of a social contract as a “moral and corporate body,” a “social man,” who acquires “his unity, common identity, life and will” as a result of the alienation of these rights by the creator members. He also considers the problem of the general will, which consists in the fact that the creation of a “moral and cumulative body” of the state is simultaneously the transformation of “natural” individuals into “moral” citizens. Possessing not only legal rights and responsibilities, but also corresponding moral concepts and feelings.
12. Bentham's political doctrine- English philosopher, sociologist, political scientist, lawyer, moralist. He is the founder of Unitarianism. Bentham was a supporter of liberalism and a strong opponent of the theory of natural law. Based on its concept " reasonable person“, he believed that all social relations should be subordinated to the “principle of utility.” Hence the name of the entire direction (from the Latin Utilitas - benefit, benefit). In Bentham’s main work “Deontology, or the Science of Morality,” the interests of the individual were identified with the interests society, which was seen as a simple collection of individual interests.

Political Science [Answers to exam papers] Fortunatov Vladimir Valentinovich

7. Political teachings xx in

7. Political teachings xx in

Fundamental ideas and concepts formulated in the 17th–19th centuries. and implemented in the political systems of many countries, constitute the framework, load-bearing structure political science. But modern Western political science cannot be imagined without the contribution of the authors of the 20th century.

At the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. Socialism was powerfully attacking the positions of capitalism. First World War and the world capitalist crisis of 1929–1933. gave capitalism a choice: surrender or change. The theorists have again spoken their weighty word. Far-sighted Western politicians heard and appreciated them.

One of the most authoritative Western sociologists and political scientists is Max Weber(1864–1929). He was often called the great bourgeois antipode of K. Marx or “Marx of the bourgeoisie.” Weber explored the problem of power. Weber called power based on faith charismatic dominance, on tradition - traditional domination. Power based on law is what he calls legal domination. Weber assigned an important role to rational bureaucracy in a legal or rule-of-law state and developed its ideal type. Even more important role Weber assigned authoritarian power to a charismatic leader who is elected by the entire population, relies on its support and does not allow the bureaucracy to turn from a “handmaiden of society into a closed caste” standing above it. Your theory plebiscitary democracy Weber developed based on American experience. Weber repeated: “Democracy is a political system where the people elect a leader who then says, ‘Shut up and listen to me!’”

Table 13. The political system of the USA under F. D. Roosevelt (1932–1945), Germany under A. Hitler (1930–1945), the USSR under J. V. Stalin (1929–1953) and China under Mao Zedong ( 1949–1976)

Role political elite in the exercise of power was developed by an Italian economist and political scientist Vilfredo Pareto(1848–1923). He assumed that people differ from each other physically, morally and intellectually. Marxists paid almost no attention to this circumstance. Pareto called the set of individuals achieving high results in any field elite. Pareto considered the evolution of human society to be the story of the rise and decline of the elite, which makes strategic decisions on the development of society. The situation in society and the dynamic balance of various interest groups decisively depend on the quality of the ruling elite.

One of the founders of party theory was a German political scientist Robert Michels(1876–1936). He believed that direct democracy, direct rule of the masses is impossible, since from the formal and technical side the crowd itself cannot take any serious, thoughtful decisions. The consequence of this situation is the delegation of individual members from the masses in defense of public interests. Representative organizations - parties - are formed. R. Michels's work was called “Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchic Tendencies of Modern Democracy” (1911). The fact is that the political scientist associated the emergence of the organization with the appearance of the first signs of oligarchization - the separation of the ruling elite from the masses and its transformation into a closed caste. R. Michels called the set of reasons and methods for the emergence of oligarchic power in any organization “the iron law of oligarchy.”

IN political history XX century left a noticeable mark fascism. This term comes from the Italian word "fashio", which means "bundle, bundle, union". Fascism is a collection of socio-political movements, ideologies and government regimes that existed in a number of countries. The ideologists of fascism were Adolf Gitler(1889–1945) and Benito Mussolini(1883–1945). The basis of the theory of fascism was racism, chauvinism, anti-democracy, anti-Marxism, aggressive militarism, terrorism, and the cult of the leader. Mussolini was the first to establish total control over society with the help of state power. In fascist states, any opposition, any organizations not under the control of a single government, for example, even the Church, were suppressed. Fascism contrasted the institutions and values ​​of democracy with a “new order” with extreme centralization and concentration of power in the hands of the leader and the top of the ruling mass totalitarian party.

Some authors compare fascism with Stalinism And Maoism. Others consider fascism to be a right-wing extremist movement, a reaction to revolutionary processes in Western Europe and the revolution in Russia. The domestic and especially foreign policies of the leading fascist states were formed in the interests of big capital in these countries. Fascism is sometimes seen as a form of right-wing conservatism. In any case, this way out of the crisis of world capitalism turned out to be a dead end.

Stalinism was a system of social relations and political power created I. V. Stalin(1878–1953) in the 30s in the USSR. In the political sphere, Stalinism meant the virtual elimination of democracy in the Bolshevik Party, state institutions and public organizations, the suppression of any opposition, any uncontrolled structures, and the creation of a system of total state terror. The country was ruled by the nomenklatura - a layer of responsible employees of party, state and other governing bodies. The people were removed from the decision critical issues people's life. At the same time, private property in all its forms was abolished in the USSR, and nationalism, racism, and chauvinism were condemned by the official ideology. Fascism was considered by Soviet ideology as the most inhuman version of the theory and practice of the domination of big capital. Stalin and his successors justified the maintenance of a harsh political regime in the country by the presence of a powerful “capitalist environment” and constant threats from the outside to the world’s first socialist state.

Maoism in China, according to its main parameters, it was a local version of Stalinism. The political system created Mao Zedong(1893–1976), copied much of the Soviet experience and was created with the participation of numerous advisers from the USSR. After Khrushchev’s superficial criticism of Stalinism, the Chinese leadership finally embarked on the path of building “socialism with Chinese characteristics.”

Political science concepts developed by a number of authors in the second half of the 20th century became widespread.

Austrian economist and sociologist Joseph Alois Schumpeter(1883–1950) assessed the inevitable evolution of capitalism into socialism as the economic success of capitalism, and not as a failure. He developed economic theory democracy. Schumpeter saw democracy as rule by politicians rather than by the people. Politicians are “vote traders” in the same way that brokers are “stock traders” on the stock exchange. Schumpeter compared the political process with the market process: voters are those who make demands, politicians and bureaucrats are those who satisfy these demands. To gain voter support, politicians must take into account the demands and interests of the electorate.

American political scientist Gabriel Almond(born in 1911) was one of the first to apply the functional method to research in politics, and compared various political systems. He believed that all systems perform two basic sets of functions - "input" and "output". “Input” functions - political socialization and attraction to participation, articulation of interests, aggregation of interests, political communication - are carried out by non-governmental systems: pressure groups, political parties, independent press, etc. “Output” functions - development of norms, their application and control compliance with regulations is a government prerogative. Almond devoted a lot of space to political culture, which he also called “the psychological dimension of the political system.”

President of the American Political Science Association Samuel Huntington(born in 1927) develops a structural-functional approach. He proposed the “institutionalization” of political organizations and processes as a criterion for political development. High level adaptation, autonomy and coherence are inherent in a well-institutionalized polity. Only such a device can guarantee adaptation to ever-changing social goals.

Western political science turned out to be in demand. Applied political science has developed. Western political science had a huge influence on the process of formation of modern Russian political science.

Table 14. Political science of the West in the 20th century.

From the book HISTORY OF RUSSIA from ancient times to 1618. Textbook for universities. In two books. Book two. author

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