Design of a power supply diagram for a private house. Organization of power supply for a country house. cottages, townhouses, bathhouses, swimming pools

The need to prepare a cottage power supply project

Electricity is the main source of all life support systems in modern cottages. In particular, the power supply project for a cottage in most cases should include original external and interior lighting, the possibility of organizing rational electric heating, uninterruptible power supply systems for water supply, sewerage, video surveillance, alarms and special protection of the perimeter of the household. In addition, the electrical design of a cottage, as a rule, provides for self-sufficiency of power supply.

Principles for developing cottage electrical projects

The electrical design of a cottage is based on its architectural and construction features. To calculate the required power consumption of electricity, a serious, thorough, professional approach is required, starting from the initial stages. Therefore, the design of the power supply for cottages should be carried out by competent specialists who are able to correctly perform calculations of all components of the project, for example, employees of the StroyProekt company.

Composition of the cottage electrical project

The cottage power supply project must contain diagrams of internal and external power supply, diagrams internal wiring and input devices, calculations of electrical loads during operation of all power-consuming installations. The beginning of the development of an electrical project for a cottage is to obtain technical specifications for the electrical installation of the cottage from the local power supply organization, indicating the connection point, voltage and maximum permissible load.

At the stage of preparing a cottage electrical project, the type of wiring installation, material and diameter of its cross-section are selected, and the need to install voltage stabilizers is determined. To ensure autonomy of the power supply, the necessary calculations are made and autonomous power sources are selected. From the right choice input and distribution devices will depend on the uninterrupted operation of the entire power supply system in the house.

Hello. Today the article is for home owners. If you are building your home or decide to renovate an old house, you can't get around electric installation work. The key to high-quality home electrics, from connecting and introducing power into the house to installing sockets around the house, has always been a ready-made home power supply project. This is what we will talk about in this article.

Why do you need a home power supply project?

Is it possible to do without a home electrical project? By law, an electrical supply project for a private home is optional. The house can be classified as a consumer with a power of up to 15 kW. According to the rules for connecting a house to electrical networks, the applicant, who is also the owner of the house or an authorized person, submits it to the network organization closest to his site. A number of documents are attached to this application, among which there is no design for the electrical supply of the house. From the project, you need a list of connected devices and their location.

# According to the law, any private home must be allocated 15 kW of power. On the one hand, stock is good. But soon, you will have to pay for ungenerated capacity. So think about whether you need this 15 kW, or for your small house without prospects for completion, 5 kW is enough.

However, some network organizations continue to require a home power supply project. In this case, the project will have to be done a priori. The network organization will review your documents, accept them or reasonably refuse connection. By law, the network organization must provide you with and within 30 days.

It is important that the network organization is obliged to enter into an agreement with you to connect your home and service its section of the electrical network (outside the boundaries of your site). By law, the network organization needs the contract, not you.

For more details about the clauses of the contract and the responsibilities of the applicant and the responsibilities of the network organization, read the article: Connecting electricity to the house.

If an electrical project is not needed for connection, who needs it anyway?

The question is somewhat provocative. I'll explain why.

Most likely, you will not need a power supply project to receive an agreement and technical specifications from the network organization. But in the contract, the Applicant’s responsibilities will include a clause according to which you are obliged to develop and provide a power supply diagram for the facility, indicating the points of supply and energy metering.

I am not a representative of the design organization and I will answer this question this way. If you are knowledgeable about electrical wiring and electrical installation, all you need to do is draw a basic house wiring diagram yourself, arrange the hidden junction boxes and sign all the equipment in switchboard. If you cannot do this yourself, ask the electricians who will install the electrical wiring of the house to do it.

The only thing that may be required from the project is the calculation of the power of the house and the distribution of power among lighting groups and groups of sockets. This is a calculation table and a single-line calculation diagram. A single-line design diagram is enough for any professional electrician to correctly install the electrical system of the entire house.

But still, I will tell you and show you what should be included in a proper home power supply project.

Contents of the electrical project of a private house

The electrical supply project for a private home must contain the following documents:

Explanatory note;
Calculation of the house's electrical network and its connections;
The calculation of the home network includes:
Power and voltage losses in the section of the outlet from the overhead line or overhead line ( air lines power transmission SIP wire);
Calculations short circuit and heating the supply line;
Current characteristics of circuit breakers.
Single-line design diagram (or several) for assembling an electrical distribution panel;
If power is supplied by cable in a trench, then you need a plan for laying a cable line with a diagram of the trench and water entry through the basement or otherwise;
Diagram of the accounting unit and the connection unit to the VLI (usually they are combined);
Separate passage schemes electrical cables walls, foundation (if any), roof (if any). All with explanations.
Plan diagram of DUP (potential equalization);
House grounding diagram;
Lightning protection scheme and lightning protection calculation;
Detailed specification for home equipment;
Talitsa symbols used by the designer.

All pages of the project must be as clear as possible, and installation must be carried out exactly according to the project. Remember time will pass, and you will forget how you drew up the technical specifications, where you told the installers to lay the cables. Any electrician should come and repair faults in the home’s electrical network according to the initial design, without wasting time searching for “lost wires.”

Wiring in a house is a whole system of wires, electrical installations and protective mechanisms, from correct installation which depend on the comfort and safety of residents.

If the electrical wiring diagram in a private house is drawn up correctly, taking into account the requirements of the PUE and other regulatory documents, there is nothing to fear - the rooms will always be light, warm, and electrical devices will not break due to power surges or short circuits in the network. Therefore, special attention should be paid to electrical design.

We suggest you understand all the intricacies of this process. The article indicates General requirements to designing an electrical network, provides practical advice on choosing wires, and also examines in detail typical electrical wiring diagrams.

In addition, we have prepared a review common mistakes, taking into account which will help to avoid shortcomings in the development and installation of power supply networks.

When there were few electrical appliances, and several 40-60 W light bulbs were enough for lighting, a primitive circuit was drawn up to set up the power supply system, including several switches and sockets.

Now, with the emergence of a large number of energy-dependent household appliances, the diagram must include a set protective devices, and the electrical network is divided into several circuits connected to separate machines.

In just one kitchen, up to a dozen devices can be connected, 2-3 of which are powerful units that require dedicated power lines with a larger cross-section cable and separate sockets

If you think through all the nuances of the location of electrical wiring in a private house, taking into account the use copper wire, it will last at least 20 years. Typically, a diagram is drawn up along with the design of a new house or before a major renovation.

You should start by indicating the installation locations of such elements as:

sockets;
switches;
distribution boxes;
lighting devices;
powerful household appliances;
electrical panel

At the same stage, you should decide on the method of laying the cables - open or closed. In houses with plastered walls, a closed method is usually used; in houses with wooden walls, an open method is used.

Whatever scheme you use, there are a number of rules that you cannot deviate from. They are prescribed in regulatory documentation, and their effectiveness has been proven for decades.

Here are a few important axioms of electrical installation that will be required to draw up a diagram:

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To save energy on stairs leading to the second floor or to the attic, install LED lights with motion sensors that turn on only in the presence of a person

Be sure to ground all metal outlets and objects connected to power lines. For grounding in electrical installations, the third core of the cable is used - a wire in yellow-green insulation.

In houses made of brick, aerated concrete blocks, and cinder blocks, interior wall decoration is required, which means that a hidden method is used for laying wires.

To provide additional protection, and in case of repair to quickly replace the cable, it is placed in a non-flammable polymer.

Designing electrical wiring in a cottage is not an easy task. However, even in the absence of special skills, it is possible to make a high-quality power supply project for a private home. Supplier electrical energy are special structures - electric grid enterprises (PES). It is to these organizations that you need to submit an application to receive technical conditions (TS), on the basis of which the design is carried out.

Electrical network diagram

Designing a home's power supply system must begin with determining the total power of the energy consumer (building), as well as drawing up a power supply diagram. It is easiest to entrust this work to specialists, but the home owner can independently develop a diagram of the internal electrical network. It is important to comply with some requirements:

The electrical installation rules (PEU) do not regulate the installation location of the RCD. Thus, this device can be one for all energy consumers or installed for each group. Based on practical experience, it is worth giving preference to the second option.

To develop a home electrical network plan, you need to decide on the number of consumer groups and distribute the load among them. To solve the problem you need to go through several stages.

Types of installation and total load

There are two ways to lay conductors - open and hidden. Not only the required amount of materials, but also the interior design depends on the choice made. Open wiring most often used in houses built from combustible materials. Hidden installation It is more expensive and labor intensive, but does not affect the design of the premises.

The next step will be to determine the total load for the entire structure and individual electrical receivers. To do this, you need to perform a number of actions:

First, the number of points and their maximum power are determined.
Each switch or socket is mounted for a specific electrical appliance or group.

The power indicator of devices is taken from the operating instructions; most often it is indicated in watts. To carry out calculations, you will need to convert this value into amperes using the Ohm's law formula. On average, one 1 kW power receiver operating on a 220 V network consumes about 4.5 A.

Formation of groups

When calculations of the total load for the entire building and each electrical point have been completed, you can begin to form groups of energy consumers. In accordance with regulatory documentation, circuit breakers for a group of sockets and lamps must have an indicator rated current no more than 16 A. It should also be remembered that to provide electricity to powerful electrical appliances, it is possible to install circuit breakers at 25 A.

It is on the basis of these requirements that the load is distributed among groups. At this stage of design, load type and location are often considered. Simply put, the lines of sockets are separated from the lamps. However, this condition is not mandatory, and in some situations it is not at all advisable to do so.

Since the process of installing electrical wiring is quite labor-intensive, you should not locate energy consumers of the same group in different parts of the building. Another important point when distributing the load is the need to separate sockets in living rooms and kitchens into different groups. Often, an appliance located in the bathroom is also included in the kitchen socket group.

It should be remembered that the sockets in the bathroom must belong to a group that has its own RCD device. Moreover, in accordance with the requirements of the PUE, this communication device must have a leakage current of 30 mA.

Selection of conductor cross-section

This stage is important, since the cross-section of the wires affects fire safety and service life of the wiring. Since 2001, according to the requirements of the PUE, only copper conductors must be used for the installation of internal wiring. Also when choosing a section wires, several factors must be taken into account:

Load indicator of consumer groups - to simplify the choice, you can focus on the rated parameters of the group circuit breaker.
Type of wiring - the heat transfer rate of conductors when using hidden and open installation is somewhat different.

The selection of the section must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the PUE, focusing on table 1.3.4. However, this figure for a group main should not be less than 1.5 mm 2.

Registration procedure

Since the project must be compiled on the basis technical requirements issued by the electricity supplier, then you cannot do without a visit to this organization. To obtain technical specifications, you must write an application. It must contain the following information:

The name of the connected object and its address.
Voltage indicator.
Supply voltage type.
If you plan to use electricity for the heating system, this point should also be noted.

In addition, the application must be accompanied by a master plan of the land plot, acts of local administrative organizations authorizing the conduct of construction work. If the site is privatized, documents confirming ownership are also required.

To design a home power supply system, it is necessary to make a list of all electrical equipment installed in residential and utility rooms, as well as an indicator of power and supply voltage for each of them. The project includes working drawings and an explanatory note. In addition, a description of the features of materials and electrical equipment may be required.

Developing a project for a home electrical supply system is a rather complex process. Therefore, to complete all necessary work It is advisable to contact a specialized organization.

Organization of power supply is one of the most important problems faced by owners of newly built private houses and cottages. For private houses with a total consumer power of up to 15 kW, the presence of a power supply project is not mandatory, however, the presence of design documentation is desirable for a number of reasons.

Advantages of ordering a private house project

Facilitation of obtaining technical specifications for connecting to the electrical network. Load calculation is required for submission to the organization supplying electricity. This document is a mandatory part of the project documentation. When ordering an energy supply project, you do not have to calculate the total power of all electrical receivers in the house and take into account the reactive component of the power of equipment with electric motors (pumps, tools, machines for home workshops). Upon receipt of technical conditions for connection to electrical network It often happens that the maximum power declared by the customer exceeds the technical capabilities of the electrical network. In this case, load control circuits are designed with priority relays, which, when power is exceeded, automatically turn off consumers in a given sequence. Devices and equipment with low priority are turned off first.
Saving Money. The project takes into account the length of current-carrying lines, the parameters and number of junction boxes, electrical protection devices and other electrical equipment necessary for organizing the power supply of a private home. When installing a power supply without a project, it is inevitable to purchase extra electrical installation fittings and other elements of the power supply system.
Safety. When drawing up a project, the choice of electrical protection devices and wire cross-sections is made in accordance with the power and other characteristics of electrical appliances. The risk of short circuits, overheating and fires associated with such errors is reduced to a minimum. The requirements for electrical design are very stringent. Electrical supply diagrams made by a specialized organization fully meet all safety standards.
Reduced repair costs. The project documents indicate the exact installation locations cable lines. If they are damaged, there is no need to look for the location of hidden electrical wiring. If circuit breakers, RCDs and other protective devices fail, it is easy to find a replacement for them. Specifications and the types of all electrical equipment must be indicated in the relevant part of the project.

Design stages

At the preliminary stage, the customer, together with employees of the executing organization, draw up technical specifications for the implementation of the power supply project. To do this, the client must provide the organization with:

Name of the object, actual address and location.
Technical conditions for connecting to the electrical network. This document is issued by a company involved in the sale of electricity and contains a list of conditions that the network company and the customer must fulfill before connecting the house to the existing electrical network. Documents for issuing technical specifications can be submitted after calculating the loads.
Layout of switches, lighting devices, sockets, powerful climate control, heating, water heating, pumping electrical equipment. Such schemes must be included in the design project of the home. In case of its absence, the diagram is drawn up by the client independently or together with employees of the company providing services for organizing power supply and electrical installation.

Power supply design

After agreement terms of reference with the customer it is transferred to the designer.

The next stage of the power supply arrangement is the development and approval of the project. Ready project power supply must necessarily contain:

Calculation and justification for the choice of protection circuits and devices, input devices, distribution boards, cross-section and type of wires and cables.
Calculation of grounding and lightning protection systems.
Calculation and justification for choosing a backup source of electricity.
Single-line diagrams of external and internal power supply.
Layout plans for power electrical equipment, current-carrying line routes, electrical installation elements, lighting systems.
Estimates for electrical equipment and electrical devices.

When developing a power supply project for a private home, the following requirements are mandatory:

IN GOST R 50571 .1 -2009 “Low-voltage electrical installations”
In the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 12, 1993 No. 447.
And also in SNIPs and other documentation.

Prices for a private home energy supply project

The cost of the project depends on its complexity. Obviously, make the project small country house with 2 or 3 rooms will be cheaper than designing the power supply for a cottage with electric warm floors, pumping units for irrigation, facade lighting and so on. The larger the volume of the graphic and calculation part, the higher the price of the project. Typically, specialized design companies offer discounts on large-scale electrical supply projects for large private households.

The urgency of the project also affects its cost. The faster a project is needed, the higher its cost.

Reputable companies involved in electrical installation and design of power supply systems provide clients with the opportunity to choose a standard or individual project. Model Project - Contained in information database organization document. They are usually offered to clients for preliminary review. Typical projects can be used only after modification to customer requirements and other conditions. The cost of such documentation is significantly lower than individual projects, which are developed specifically for a single home.

Electrical supply design is quite complex and multi-stage. engineering problem with its own nuances and pitfalls, the optimal solution most often is to contact a specialized company that provides such services.