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Inextricably linked with the life of Rome and the development of its urbanism, the Forum marked significantly important stages in the history of the city, uniting in one single place all aspects of socio-political and economic life. The Forum, stretching over an area of about 500 meters between the Palatine, Capitoline and Esquiline hills, at the very beginning of its existence was a huge swamp, drained by the construction of a whole network of canals (one of which was the famous Cloaca Maximus), where all the water flowing into the Tiber was collected. It seems that the name of the Forum, born as a place for shopping arcades, Roman Forum An ideal reconstruction of the Roman Forum (Palatino Directorate).
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when there were still separate settlements on various hills, it comes from the word "foras", that is, a place outside the residential center. After the unification of the city into a single whole, the Forum became the ideal center (and almost the geographical core) of Rome. From this point on, trade activity began to gradually move to other places, and along the entire Forum, densely built up with temples dedicated to the cult of the main deities and famous deified Romans, basilicas, places of trials and trade transactions, stretched the Sacred Road, Via Sacra, along which in the days During the festivities, solemn processions moved and victorious troops passed in triumph. The Forum is interesting for its Comitium, where the people gathered to elect judges, the Curia, in which the Senate sat, as well as arches, trophies and columns in memory of outstanding events. Among the trophies special attention deserve the famous rostra of enemy ships defeated in battle, which adorned the Tribune dei Rostri. From it the Roman Forum
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orators spoke, captivating the crowd: from here Cicero spoke against Catiline, and Antony touched the Romans with his laudatory speech on the death of Caesar. But the moments of splendor were followed by a gradual decline, and first the Forum had to give way to the new forums of the imperial era, after which it, along with the entire Roman civilization, shaken by the invasions of the barbarians, plunged into the darkness of the long Middle Ages. In the last century, however, interest in archeology arose and systematic excavations began. Of the numerous finds of the Forum, we will have to limit ourselves to only those, Relief with figures of Roman dignitaries (Roman Forum). which best characterize its three fundamentally important aspects: political, judicial-administrative and religious. However, it would be unfair not to mention its decorative elements, such as the triumphal arches of Tiberius and Septimius Severus, a huge number of statues, columns, as well as chapels, benches, fountains and other less significant structures.
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It was erected in 203 AD. in honor of Emperor Septimius Severus and his children Caracalla and Geta. This massive, three-span arch, 23 meters wide, is one of the largest memorial arches in existence. The inscription on both sides of the attic recalls the victories of Septimius Severus in wars, including over the Partis and the Arabs. Episodes from these wars are carved in bas-relief above the arched vaults, while captive barbarians are depicted at the base of the columns. Roman Forum Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Septimius Severus (Roman Forum).
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Roman Forum From this, which was one of the most grandiose basilicas of the Republican era, only a few decorative elements remained, broken columns, capitals, parts of pediments and entablatures. The basilica was built next to the Curia in 179 BC. censors Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Marcus Fulvius Nobilor; Subsequently, the basilica was expanded and completed by other representatives of the Emilian family. The basilica was of considerable size. For example, the side facing the Forum consisted of an arched gallery over 100 meters long. Inside, the basilica was divided into a number of rooms, the largest of which was a hall, which probably served for public meetings, and outside it was surrounded by a colonnade of African and veined marble. Ruins of the Basilica Emilia (Roman Forum). Basilica Emilia
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Legend has it that the Curia was founded during the era of Tulla Ostilius. It burned several times and was reconstructed both during the Republic and the Empire. It was the seat of the Senate until the 8th century, when Pope Honorius I turned it into a church. Restoration work, which was carried out at the beginning of this century, returned the Curia to the original simplicity of its exterior and interior, consisting of one rectangular hall with a marble inlaid floor. Curia Roman Forum Curia (Roman Forum).
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Erected by the Senate in 141 AD. in honor of Faustina, wife of Antoninus, deified after death. Later it was dedicated to the emperor himself. What remains of the temple are Corinthian columns supporting an amazingly painted entablature. In the 11th century, the temple was converted into a Christian church dedicated to San Lorenzo in Miranda and rebuilt in the 17th century. Roman Forum Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Antoninus and Faustina (Roman Forum).
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Roman Forum In this building lived six priestesses who worshiped the goddess of the family hearth, Vesta, who were chosen by the High Priest Maximus from twenty female representatives burning with holy fire. The Vestals remained in the house for thirty years, taking a vow of celibacy and maintaining a fire in the hearth, which was their main occupation, and if they disobeyed, they were buried alive. Bread and a lamp were placed in the grave with them. House of the Vestals Garden of the House of the Vestals.
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Some of them, because of their diligence and high moral character, had memorial statues erected, which still stand along the long corridor, which, with three bathrooms in the center, was surrounded by a two-tiered colonnade. Roman Forum House of the Vestals Statue of the Vestals
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It was believed that this temple was erected by Maxentius for the son of Romulus, who died as a child in 307 AD, but probably we are talking about the temple of the Penates, built on the site of one previously destroyed temple, on the ruins of which a large basilica was built. Most of The temple was preserved thanks to its transformation into the atrium of the Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian (VI century AD). Still. you can admire the characteristic central chapel with a domed roof with an arched facade with two chapels and apses on the sides. Time has also preserved the ancient bronze entrance door with a lock from that era. Temple of Romulus Roman Forum
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Temple of Castor and Pollux. Erected in 484 BC. It was a place of not only religious, but also important political significance: on July 15 of each year, horsemen rode here before the censors, and judges taking office took an oath of allegiance to the laws. Unfortunately, only the base (50x30 meters) and three wonderful Corinthian columns over 12 meters high, which are probably the most famous columns in the entire Roman Forum due to their slenderness, grandeur and elegance, remain of the building at present. Roman Forum Temple of Castor and Pollux and Temple of Vesta
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Temple of Vesta. This temple was one of the most revered in Rome, since Vesta was the goddess of the family hearth and fire, a holy symbol of the continuity of the state. It was burned and restored several times. Evidence of the last restoration, carried out at the beginning of the 3rd century AD. At the behest of Septimius Severus's wife, Julia Domna, the ruins of the building, which have survived to this day, appear. The original circular structure of the temple reproduced the shape of an Italic hut made of thatch and wood, with a conical roof and a hole in the center to release smoke. Roman Forum Temple of Castor and Pollux and Temple of Vesta
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It was started by Maxentius, and completed and modified by Constantine after he defeated Maxentius in the battle on the Tiber at the Ponte Milvio bridge in 213 AD. At first, Maxentius conceived a basilica with three naves, of which the central one was wider than the two side naves and had a cruciform roof, and the other two had a barrel roof. The building was 100 meters long and 60 wide, reaching a height of 35 meters in the central nave. Constantine changed the structure of the basilica, opening the apse with a niche in the right nave and moving the central entrance. Basilica of Maxentius Roman Forum
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Rising at the top of the Sacred Road, Via Sacra, near the exit from the Forum. Erected after the death of Emperor Titus in 81 AD, in memory of his suppression of the Jewish uprising of 66-70. Indeed, in the inscription on the Arch of Titus, Titus is called “Divus,” as the Romans called kings and emperors who especially distinguished themselves during their lifetime, and who, after the Arch of Titus, were elevated to the rank of demigods. The graceful single-span arch was built in the 1st century AD. Roman Forum Arch of Titus Arch of Titus
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The height of the arch is 15.40 m, width 13.50 m and depth - 4.75 m. The central part, erected on a high plinth, is decorated with Corinthian semi-columns supporting a frieze depicting the triumph of the emperor. Four winged Victorias are carved into the corners near the span. Inside the span there are two amazing bas-reliefs depicting, the first a triumphal procession with military trophies captured during the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem, and the second - the Emperor Titus driving a quadriga. Arch of Titus Roman Forum
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The Palatine Hill, bounded by the small valleys of the Roman Forum and the ancient lists of Circus Maximus, according to legend, owes its name to “Palesa,” the goddess of shepherds, in whose honor the “Palilia” were held, purification festivals, organized since the founding of Rome. And if the Romans associated with the Palatine the place where Romulus built the city, then everyone knows the fact that this hill is the cradle of Rome, since the most ancient settlements in Rome were discovered on it. During the era of the Republic, temples and houses of noble Romans stood on this hill, and among them the monastery of Crassus and Cicero, and during the period of the Empire, it was the residence of emperors and the richest houses of antiquity stood here. Stole Octagonal labyrinth fountain (Palace of Domitian)
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“It was one of the most beautiful creations in the world,” wrote the poet Martial about this building, whose name means “house of the emperor.” The first work was carried out under Domitian (late 1st century AD), and then the house was expanded and completed by other emperors, who continued to live in it for several centuries. In the Middle Ages, the house became part of other structures, and later, in the 16th century, with the construction of the Villa dei Farnese and degli Orti Farnesiani, the Farnesian Vegetable Gardens, it became a grand park that still exists today. Domus Augustana Stole
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The "Flavian House" was built for himself by Domitian towards the end of the 1st century AD. The house included a large basilica with three naves, a royal hall, a "lararium" and a leristil. In the center of the garden there was a large fountain in the shape of an octagonal labyrinth. Stole Palazzo deo Flavi
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The Great Palatine Hippodrome is 160 meters long and 50 meters wide. The wall structures were made of baked bricks with marble cladding. The stadium was surrounded by a portico; on one of its sides there was a platform from which the emperor watched the spectacles and performances of gymnasts. Stole Hippodrome Stadium Domitian Hippodrome
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Between the Esquiline, Caelian and Palatine hills, the Flavian Amphitheater, called the Colosseum, rises majestically, the construction of which began under the Emperor Vespasian in 72 AD. in the place where previously there was an artificial lake of Nero's magnificent palace called the "Golden House". Tradition says that the Romans were very pleased with the construction of this new monumental structure, since they did not like luxury home a tyrant who interfered with movement and was a barrier to entry into the Forums. In addition, from the point of view of urban development and aesthetics, the Colosseum perfectly complemented the perspective of the Forum and became, with its bulk, a connecting link and an ideal place. Colosseum view of the Colosseum from Palatine Hill
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passage to the majestic monuments of the rising hills beyond. In the year 60, under Titus Flavius, the son of Emperor Vespasian, a magnificent opening ceremony took place, on the occasion of which hundred-day games were announced, during which several thousand gladiators fought and a large number of animals were hunted. Largely completed under the Emperor Domitian and restored during the era of Septimius Severus, the Colosseum continued to be a symbol of the greatness and power of Rome for many centuries. And, indeed, there is not a single printed work, be it a print, a drawing or a painting, where the Colosseum does not appear, towering above other majestic ruins. In 246, under Emperor Decius, during the celebration of the millennium of Rome, the Colosseum was a theater of magnificent spectacles, where, according to the memories of that era, 32 elephants, 60 lions, 40 wild horses and dozens of other animals were killed, including elk and zebras , tigers, giraffes and hippos. Bloody battles of about 2,000 gladiators also took place there, which was probably the most favorite spectacle of the Romans. As for the mass martyrdom of Christians, it has not yet been proven historically. Gladiatorial battles ended by 404, while animal battles continued and were stopped only in 404. last years VI century. The amphitheater was repeatedly destroyed by strong earthquakes. Coliseum
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Subsequently, the Roman families dei Frangipane and degliAnnibaldi turned it into their fortress, until, by order of Arrigo VII, the Colosseum became the property of the Romans. In subsequent centuries, the Colosseum began to fall into disrepair; huge blocks of travertine were removed and taken away for the construction of other palaces: Palazzo Cancelleria, Palazzo Venezia and the same Cathedral of St. Petra. And finally, in 1750, Benedict XIV proclaimed the Colosseum a holy place, since it was, according to the prevailing opinion at that time, the place of death “for Christ” of numerous martyrs of pagan Rome Colosseum model of the reconstruction of the Colosseum, stored in the amphitheater
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OUTSIDE - In plan, the amphitheater has the shape of an ellipse, 188 meters long, 156 meters wide and 57 meters high. The construction of the Colosseum took 10 years and occurred during the reign of three Flavian emperors: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. The name of the architect who designed the amphitheater is unknown, but it is assumed that he was Rabirius, who later became the author of Domitian’s palace. The outside of the amphitheater is entirely covered with travertine and has four tiers. The three lower ones represent arched propets running along the entire profile, cut by pilasters and semi-columns in the canonical sequence: on the first tier - Doric, on the second - Ionic, and on the third - Corinthian. The fourth, upper tier, completed a little later, is a solid wall, dissected by Corinthian pilasters and cut through by small windows. The crowning cornice still has holes where supports were inserted to stretch a bright awning, protecting spectators from the heat. Coliseum
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Each arched flight of the first tier corresponded to an entrance to the seats for spectators: 76 of these entrances were numbered (Roman numerals can still be seen on the arches); The four main entrances were intended: one for the imperial retinue, another for the Vestals, the third for judges and the last for honored guests. All arched spans of the second and third floors were decorated with statues that have not survived to this day. When the Colosseum became something of a giant public quarry in the Middle Ages, all the metal fasteners that held the travertine blocks together were removed, leaving behind holes that are still visible today. On the platform in front of the amphitheater stood a thirty-meter bronze statue of Nero, called the Colossus; It is assumed that the name Colosseum - large, colossal - came precisely from this colossus. Coliseum
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INSIDE - The amphitheater accommodated about 50,000-70,000 spectators, seated on its steps depending on their social class. There were three categories of seats: the “podium,” which fell into the first category, where representatives of the highest class sat and where the emperor’s box was located; the second category of places, in the center, reserved for "civis", citizens belonging to the middle class and the third, "sum", where the people were accommodated. There was probably also a fourth category of places reserved for women. Under the arena there was a whole system of cells, galleries, storage rooms, dressing rooms and basements, which have now been revealed thanks to excavations. We are talking about a whole series of rooms where various objects and mechanisms were stored and where animals were kept before and after spectacles, the main types of which were gladiator fights (“ludi”) and “venationes”, animal hunting; but in the arena there were also performances of magicians, sports competitions, equestrian tournaments and naval battles - naumachia. Games were held on the occasion of significant dates, annual holidays and extraordinary events. In some cases this happened on the emperor’s birthdays and celebrations historical events, and in others as a result of triumph or victory. It should be said that funerals were also a reason for holding this kind of games. Coliseum
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The announcements (edicts) issued on this occasion indicated the order of the games, the reason for which they were held and the day they began. On such days, with the help of a complex mechanism and the use of a large selected workforce, a huge multi-colored awning made of silk and linen was raised over the steps. Coliseum
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Architecture
In the Russian language there is an original word to denote the art of construction: “ architecture"(St. Slav. "zdchiy" from "zd" - clay, matter)
Each city has its own face, captured in architectural monuments in the specifics of modern planning and construction. Modern cities carefully planned by architects
Saint Petersburg
- NY
The largest house in St. Petersburg
In modern microdistricts, typical residential buildings are built, very similar to each other.
In modern microdistricts, standard,
residential buildings very similar to each other.
Public buildings are often built according to special projects. Construction uses time-tested relationships between volumes and rhythms that shape the spatial environment.
Construction uses time-tested relationships between volumes and rhythms that shape the spatial environment.
- The purpose of the lesson: Get acquainted with the science of bionics and find out what organic architecture is.
- Task: Make a sketch of an unusual building.
Bionics is a science that studies the structural features and functioning of organisms in order to create new devices, mechanisms, and systems.
Modern architects use the discoveries of bionics - a science that studies the structural features and vital functions of organisms in order to create new devices, mechanisms, and systems.
Bionics emblem - a scalpel and a soldering iron intertwined with an integral
A feature of the architecture of the 20th century was the previously unheard-of principles of shape formation and organization of space.
The language of architecture is always modern, as it takes into account human physiology and psychology.
C. Le Corbusier.
Notre Dame du Haut
The emergence of new building materials and technologies made it possible to lighten the weight of structures and organize the interior space more rationally.
F. Lloyd Wright. House over a waterfall
C. Le Corbusier.
Villa Savoy
The names themselves indicate that the architects sought to create a purposeful, comfortable atmosphere with simple and clear forms of buildings.
The emergence of original forms, structures and materials led to the emergence of such trends in architecture as constructivism, rationalism, functionalism, etc.
Opera House in Sydney. Australia
To express the artistic image, asymmetry, contrasting opposition of horizontal and vertical planes, and a harmonious combination of the building with the surrounding landscape are used.
House is a bubble
The internal space of such a building has a positive effect on a person’s well-being and mood, and reveals his creative abilities.
In architecture, based on the properties of various
objects of nature are created similar forms. For example, the shapes of honeycombs, ears of corn, shells, corn cobs, etc.
Task: Make a sketch of an unusual building so that it fits harmoniously into the given landscape.
Graphic arts - it is a form of fine art. Performed using graphic materials: pencil, charcoal, sanguine .
Computer Science Questions
- What is computer graphics?
- . What types of graphics do you know?
- . Tell us about the features of raster graphics and their areas of application.
- . Tell us about the features of vector graphics and areas of its application.
Creative task
- Incorporate a building of an unusual shape into this landscape. You have 15 minutes to complete the task.
- For group 1 - drawing on paper Materials: pastel, sanguine.
- For group 2 – work in a graphic editor.
- Whoever completed the task attaches his drawing to the board, takes the test and answers the questions.
- Each group evaluates the activities of the opposing group.
- What influenced the change in the appearance of modern cities?
- What are the purposes of architectural structures today?
- What materials are used today to create architectural buildings.
- What kind of houses are usually built in modern neighborhoods?
- What are the features of 20th century architecture?
- What natural structures do buildings replicate?
- What modern architects do you know?
- What is bionics?
Answers on questions.
- Development of materials and technologies
- Decorate, protect, protect, influence well-being and mood
- Concrete, iron glass.
- Typical
- previously unheard of principles of shape formation and organization of space;
- Shells, corn cobs, ears, trees
- (Frank Lloyd Wright, Charles Edouard Le Corbusier, Norman Foster, Antonio Gaudi,
- a science that studies the structural features and functioning of organisms in order to create new devices, mechanisms, systems
Reflection
(House with windows). Filling windows with color.
Questions for students.
- Have you learned something new and interesting about modern architecture? (yellow orange)
- Did you like this lesson? (red)
- It was not interesting, (purple)
Homework
By fine arts – Make a sketch of a school or kindergarten building using knowledge of organic architecture.
in computer science– repetition of the covered material
Presentation on the topic "Architecture" in fine arts in powerpoint format. A voluminous presentation for schoolchildren contains 50 slides and talks about architecture from ancient times to the present. Presentation author: Elena Lipovskaya, 11th grade student.
Fragments from the presentation
The concept of "Architecture"
The word "architecture" comes from the Greek word "architecton", which means "master builder". Architecture is the art of construction, a type of creativity that shapes reality according to the laws of beauty. Architecture expresses the character of the era. It is influenced by social factors: character social order, the dominant ideology. At all times and among all peoples there have been special ideas about the beauty and artistic harmony of architectural style.
Antique architecture
The term "ancient" was coined by Italian humanists during the Renaissance to define Greco-Roman culture, the oldest known at the time. The period of antiquity begins in the 3rd millennium BC. e. and ends in the 5th century. n. e. (lat. Antiquus - ancient). The history of the ancient world is usually divided into several periods:- ancient period;
- archaic period;
- classical period;
- Hellenic period.
Greek architecture
- At the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Representatives of other Greek tribes came to the Peloponnesian Peninsula - the Dorians, Ionians and Aeolians. The country in which they found themselves abounded in materials - clay suitable for firing, wood, but above all stone, from coarse limestone to fine-grained marble. In these territories with an indented seashore, city-states were formed that zealously defended their independence. Citizens prioritized the prosperity of the state and increasing its well-being, erecting public buildings and installing statues.
- Greek architecture was temple architecture. The Greek temple served exclusively as a room for the statue of the deity. It originated from the Mycenaean megaron. The Greek temple became the main type of public building.
Temples of Greece
- The Greeks imagined their gods as anthropomorphic beings, immortal and more powerful than ordinary men and women, however, the interests, passions and weaknesses of the gods were completely “human” in nature.
- Being the dwelling of the deity, the temple had to have a clear and rationally constructed form. The prostyle, where a portico with free-standing columns was placed in front of the temple in anta, and the amphiprostyle, in which such porticos were located at both ends, had complex architectural structures.
- In larger temples, a colonnade was added to one of the listed architectural forms, surrounding the building on four sides.
Temple of Hera
One of the earliest temple buildings known to us was the Temple of Hera at Olympia. But in its place only marble architectural details and fragments were found, but it is known that the original columns were wooden, and there is evidence that the replacement of wood with marble was carried out gradually, as the wooden parts of the building rotted, losing their strength. However, the rather heavy proportions of the most ancient marble columns that have survived to this day indicate an understanding of their role specifically in the work of the stone structure. Craftsmen polished every detail until centuries of experimentation led to the sophistication and perfection of the Parthenon.
Parthenon
The undeniable simplicity and design of the Parthenon delights everyone. This world-famous building, full of beauty and harmony, is actually the Temple of the Virgin (Parthena in Greek) of Athena. It is built in the Doric style from marble quarried from Mount Pendeli, on the same spot where its two predecessors stood. The Parthenon took 15 years to build (447-432 BC). The delicate balance of the white columns of the Parthenon standing against the background blue sky, delights generations and generations, and serves as an eternal symbol of the soul and genius of humanity.
Acropolis
No one and nothing can resist the beauty of the Acropolis - the 156-meter limestone rock, the graceful crown of the city of Athens. Archaeological excavations on the slope and top of the Acropolis have revealed to us that this Sacred Rock was first inhabited in the Neolithic period, 6000 years ago. First The stone temple was built on the Acropolis in the early 6th century BC. , replacing the wooden one, and it served the cult of the Goddess Athena. Some sculptures from its pediment are housed in the Acropolis Museum. During the Persian Wars, the Acropolis was sacked (480-479 BC). The luxurious monuments that we see today date back to the great era when the reconstruction of the sanctuaries took place under the leadership of Pericles (460-429 BC). From this time and throughout the Middle Ages, the Acropolis remained untouched, and only in 1687 some buildings were partially destroyed.
Ancient Rome
- The architecture of Ancient Rome is divided into several periods:
- Republican period (V - I centuries BC);
- Imperial period (31 BC - 5th century AD);
- The time of Emperor Constantine (306-337 AD).
Pantheon
- PANTHEON (Greek temple dedicated to all gods), the only one preserved in Rome (43 m high), the greatest ancient domed structure. The Pantheon was built in 115-125. under Hadrian on the site of a similar temple of 27 BC, erected by Agrippa, but destroyed in 110 by a lightning strike. From the 7th century is in the possession of the pope and is a Christian church (Santa Maria Rotunda). It contains, among others, the tomb of Raphael. In honor of the Pantheon in 1791 classic church of St. Genevieve, patroness of Paris, was renamed the French Pantheon (since then - a temple of honor). It got its name because, along with the statues of Mars and Venus, statues of many other gods were installed there. Among the gods a statue of the deified Julius Caesar, Augustus, and Agrippa was placed.
- The sculptor Diogenes from Athens and, undoubtedly, other Greek sculptors and architects participated in the construction work. The Pantheon was erected as a temple to the gods of the house of Julia (and they, in addition to Mars and Venus, were almost all the Roman gods). After the Forum and the Colosseum, the most majestic monument of Roman architecture and the only ancient Roman temple whose walls and vaults remained intact is the PANTHEON.
Coliseum
In the 70-90s. AD the largest amphitheater was built ancient rome- an oval coliseum designed for 56 thousand spectators. Its diameters are 188 and 156 m, height 48.5 m. The architectural system of the Colosseum consists of three tiers of brick-concrete supports supporting marble-lined seats for spectators. The galleries of the two lower tiers are traditional cylindrical vaults; the third tier, built later, uses cross vaults formed by the intersection of two cylindrical vaults. The wall is completed with a high attic - the wall above the crowning cornice. The giant travertine-clad surface of the Colosseum walls gave the impression of power and strength.
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Romanesque style (from an armour. romanus - Roman) - the art style dominated over the Western Europe (and also mentioned some countries of the East Europe) in X-XII centuries (in a number of places - and in XIII century), one of the major stages of development of medieval European art. It was most fully expressed in architecture. The basic kind of art of Romance style - architecture, mainly church (a stone temple, monastic complexes).
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For Romance constructions the combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconicalness of external furnishings is characteristic. The building was always harmoniously entered in surrounding nature and consequently looked especially strong and thorough. It was promoted by massive walls with narrow apertures of windows and the in steps-profound portals.
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The basic constructions during this period become a temple-fortress and the lock-fortress. The main element of a composition of a monastery or the lock becomes a tower -donjon. Around of it other constructions made of simple geometrical forms - cubes, prisms, cylinders settled down.
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Transept - cross-section nief in crosswise by way of the temples, crossing the basic (longitudinal) nief and acting the ends from a lump of a construction.
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The arch - a building design of the curvilinear form, the employee for overlapping a premise.
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Nief - the extended premise limited with one or from both longitudinal parties by a number of columns or columns, separating it from next niefes.
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Apse (from gr. apsidos - an arch, a semicircle) - a ledge of a church building, semicircular or rectangular, blocked semicircular or the close semidone.
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A cathedral in Vhorms (the full name: “sacred Peter's Cathedral”) a cathedral of the German city of Vorms in Romanesque style. Least of three Rhine kaiser's cathedrals – in Vhorms, in Shpeier and in Mainz. The cathedral in Vhorms has was constructed between 1130 and 1181. Costs on a hill since this place has been protected from flooding.
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A cathedral in Shpeier - the big imperial cathedral in the city of Shpajer in Germany. The largest in the sizes the kept church in Romance style, since 1981 - object of the world cultural heritage of UNESCO. It is constructed in 1030-1061 by emperors of Sacred Roman empire. The structure has been begun by kaiser Konradom II, then continued by his son Henry III and has been finished by grandson Henry IV. A cathedral in Shpeier one of the largest buildings of the world. It had, in particular, political value as its size symbolized power of the kaiser.
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A cathedral in Mainz - a cathedral of bishop in the German city of Mainz, one of “the Imperial cathedrals”. From the architectural point of view, in the today's form it -three-niefes a basil with columns, in Romance style with elements of a gothic style and a baroque. Construction of a cathedral has presumably begun in the end of X of a century, the next centuries various parts were completed, restorations and restoration after partial destructions were carried out.
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Pisa's cathedral Pisa "s cathedral in honor of Assumption of the Blessed Maidens Maria cathedral of Pisa, a part of ensemble of area Piazza dei Miracoli. Into ensemble also enter a falling tower and baptistery.
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Baptistery (Pisa) The ensemble was created with XI till XIII centuries, during the highest blossoming Pisa, and represents one of the most significant monuments of Romance architecture of Italy.