When traveling around Russia and the world, you must remember that the time may vary depending on where you are. Since basically local time is used everywhere, it is necessary to be able to determine it anywhere in the world. The modern system of time zones is based on the universal coordinated time UTC (universal time), on which the time of all time zones depends. The UTC scale was introduced in 1964 and is based on atomic clocks. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) always remains an independent reference for the whole world and from which, knowing the difference between your standard time, you can always calculate your local time.
The standard time system makes it easy to determine the standard time at any point. There is a certain relationship between standard time and time zones. The difference between the standard times of two points is equal to the difference between the numbers of the time zones. This ratio allows you to determine the time at a given point according to the known standard time of another point of time.
The time at a given point will be equal to the time of the point where it is known, plus or minus the difference in time zone numbers. The specified difference is added to the known standard time if the point whose time is being determined is located to the east of the point whose time is known, and if to the west, it is subtracted.
In Russia:
According to the federal law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Calculation of Time””, adopted on July 1, 2014, from October 26, 2014, Moscow time corresponds to the third time zone in the national time scale of the Russian Federation UTC + 3. 11 time zones have been established, corresponding to the international numbering of time zones from the 2nd to the 12th inclusive.
1st time zone (MSK-1, Moscow time minus 1 hour, UTC + 2): Kaliningrad region;
2nd time zone (MSK, Moscow time, UTC + 3): Republic of Adygea (Adygea), Republic of Dagestan, Republic of Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Republic of Kalmykia, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Republic of Crimea, Republic of Mari El, Republic of Mordovia, Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Republic of Tatarstan, Chechen Republic, Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia, Krasnodar Territory, Stavropol Territory, Arkhangelsk Region, Astrakhan Region, Belgorod Region, Bryansk Region, Vladimir Region, Volgograd Region, Vologda region, Voronezh region, Ivanovo region, Kaluga region, Kirov and Kostroma regions, Kursk region, Leningrad region, Lipetsk region, Moscow region, Murmansk region, Nizhny Novgorod region, Novgorod region, Oryol region, Penza region, Pskov region, Rostov Region, Ryazan Region, Saratov Region, Smolensk Region, Tambov Region, Tver Region, Tula Region, Ulyanovsk Region, Yaroslavl Region, Nenets Autonomous Okrug; cities of federal significance - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sevastopol;
3rd time zone (MSK + 1, UTC + 4): Udmurt Republic, Samara region;
4th time zone (MSK + 2, UTC + 5): Republic of Bashkortostan, Perm Territory, Kurgan Region, Orenburg Region, Sverdlovsk Region, Tyumen Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs;
5th time zone (MSK + 3, UTC + 6): Republic of Altai, Altai Territory, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Tomsk regions;
6th time zone (MSK + 4, UTC + 7): Republic of Tyva, Resp. Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Kemerovo Region;
7th time zone (MSK + 5, UTC + 8): Republic of Buryatia, Trans-Baikal Territory, Irkutsk Region;
8th time zone (MSK + 6, UTC + 9): Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Aldansky, Amginsky, Anabarsky, Bulunsky, Verkhnevilyuisky, Vilyuisky, Gorny, Zhigansky national Evenki, Kobyaysky, Lensky, Megino-Kangalassky, Mirninsky, Namsky , Neryungrinsky, Nyurbinsky, Olekminsky, Oleneksky Evenk national, Suntarsky, Tattinsky, Tomponsky, Ust-Aldansky, Ust-Maysky, Khangalassky, Churapchinsky and Eveno-Bytantaysky districts), the city of Yakutsk, Amur Region;
9th time zone (MSK + 7, UTC + 10): Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Verkhoyansky, Oymyakonsky and Ust-Yansky districts), Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Magadan Region, Sakhalin Region (Alexandrovsk-Sakhalinsky, Anivsky, Dolinsky , Korsakovsky, Kurilsky, Makarovsky, Nevelsky, Nogliksky, Okhinsky, Poronaysky, Smirnykhovsky, Tomarinsky, Tymovsky, Uglegorsky, Kholmsky, Yuzhno-Kurilsky districts), the Jewish Autonomous Region, the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk;
10th time zone (MSK + 8, UTC + 11): Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Abyisky, Allaikhovsky, Verkhnekolymsky, Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky and Srednekolymsky regions), Sakhalin region (North Kuril region);
11th time zone (MSK + 9, UTC + 12): Kamchatka Territory, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug.
Precise time signals are transmitted by radio, television and the Internet in the UTC system.
Problem solving algorithm
according to standard and local time.
Definition of standard time
Task: Determine the standard time of Magadan, if it is 6 hours in Moscow.
Actions:
1. Determine what time zone the points are in
Moscow 2; Magadan 10;
2 .Determine the time difference between items
10 -2 =8 (difference between points in time)
3. Calculate standard time (determine which point is to the east, which is to the west.) Magadan is to the east, which means there is more time there, therefore, the time difference must be added to Moscow time. 6 +8 = 14 hours
Answer: Standard time of Magadan is 14 hours.
Determination of local time
Task: Determine the local time in Magadan if it is 6 hours in Moscow.
Actions:
1. Determine the geographical longitude of the points
Moscow 37°E; Magadan 151°E;
2. Calculate the difference in degrees between points
151°-37°=114°
3. Calculate the time difference between points
114 x 4 \u003d 456:60 \u003d 7.6 hours (this is 7 hours 36 minutes, because 0.6 hours x 60 minutes = 36 minutes)
4. Determine the local time (add the time of Moscow and the time difference.)
6 + 7 hours 36 minutes = 13 hours 36 minutes
Answer: Local time in Magadan is 13 hours 36 minutes
Notes :
0.1 hour - 6 minutes
0.2 hours -12 minutes
0.3 hours -18 minutes i.t.d
Tasks for determining standard time
The plane took off from Chita (8th time zone) to Murmansk (2nd time zone) at 22:00.
The plane landed in Murmansk at 21:00. How long was the plane in flight?
Solution:
To answer the task, you need to determine the time difference in two cities. It is known that the time of each time zone differs by 1 hour. For Chita and Murmansk, the difference is
(8 - 2 = 6) 6 hours Knowing that Chita is located east of Murmansk, we conclude that in Chita
time is 6 hours more than in Murmansk. So the plane took off from Chita when it was (22 - 6 = 16) 16 hours in Murmansk, and landed in Murmansk at 21 hours. Accordingly, it was in flight for 5 hours.
Tasks:
1. The plane took off from Chita (8th time zone) to Murmansk (2nd time zone) at 15:00 local time. The flight time from Chita to Murmansk is 5 hours. What time will it be in Murmansk when the plane lands? Answer: 14 hours
2. Determine when Moscow time will land in Moscow (2nd time zone)
an airplane that took off from Yekaterinburg (4th time zone) at 11 am local time and was in flight for 2 hours. Answer: 11 am.
3. Determine when Moscow time will land in Moscow (2nd time zone)
An airplane that took off from Novosibirsk (5th time zone) at 11:00 local time and was in flight for 5:00. Answer: 13:00.
4. The plane took off at 9 am from Moscow (2nd time zone) to Yakutsk (8th time zone).
When, according to local time, will the plane land in Yakutsk, which was in flight for 5 hours?
Answer: 20 hours
5. What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Krasnoyarsk (6th time zone) if it is midnight in London? Answer: 7 hours.
6. What time (including maternity leave) will it be in Murmansk (2nd time zone) when it is 12 noon in London? Answer: 3 p.m.
7. Determine the standard time (including maternity time) of Krasnoyarsk (6th time zone), if it is 11 a.m. in London. Answer: 18 p.m.
8. What time is it in Omsk (5th time zone), when is 3 pm in Moscow? Answer: 18 hours
9. What time, taking into account maternity leave, will it be in Vladivostok (9th time zone) when it is midnight in London? Answer: 10 o'clock
To solve problems for determining standard time, it is necessary: to carefully study the map of time zones in Russia and the world. Pay attention to the time difference on the territory of Russia and the world, have a clear idea of standard, maternity, Moscow time; remember the location of the international date line.
The main theses of the topic: time zones of the world.
In each time zone, time is calculated according to the meridian passing through its middle. This time is called zone time. It differs from the time of the neighboring zone by exactly one hour. The belts are counted from west to east. The zero zone is taken as the belt along the axis of which the Greenwich meridian passes.
Local time is the time on one meridian at each point.
The territory of Russia is located within 11 time zones, from 2 Moscow to 12. Eleven hours separate the Kaliningrad region from Chukotka in the east.
Date line. In order to avoid confusion with the days of the year, an international agreement has established a date line. It was carried out according to geographical maps approximately along the 180th meridian, bypassing the land. If we cross this line from west to east, then we will make a T + 1 turn, i.e. T + 1 day, and, oddly enough, we will arrive yesterday. Therefore, crossing this line from west to east, we must count the same day twice. When crossing the international date line from east to west, on the contrary, skip one day.
Decree time. By a special resolution (decree) of the Council of People's Commissars in 1930, standard time in the country was moved one hour ahead. This was done for a more efficient, full use of daylight hours.
Summer time. Day length increases in summer. On the last Sunday of March across the country, daylight saving time is introduced: the clocks are moved back one hour. In autumn, on the last Sunday in October, daylight saving time is cancelled.
Tasks for determining standard time .
1. Determine the summer time in Yakutsk, in Magadan, if it is 10 am in Moscow?
2. Determine the time in Brazil, if it is 8 hours in Moscow?
3. What system would be used to measure time on the Earth if it did not rotate around its axis?
4. The ship, which sailed from Vladivostok on Saturday, May 24, arrived in San Francisco (USA) exactly 15 days later. What date, month, and day of the week did he arrive in San Francisco?
5. It's noon on the zero meridian, and 17-00 on the ship. What ocean is the ship sailing in?
6. If it's 12:00 in London, what time is it in Moscow and Vladivostok time zone?
7. What time is it in Magadan local time, if on the Greenwich meridian line
12-00?
8. A resident of Alaska flew to Chukotka. How many hours does he need to move the hands?
9. How many times can you celebrate the New Year in our country?
Solving problems in local and standard time.
Task №1.
At 30°E Wednesday, January 1, 18:00 local time. What is the day of the week, date and time on the 180th meridian?
Solution:
1.Find the difference in degrees and in time between 30°E. and 180 degree meridian:
180°- 30°E = 150°: 15°/hour = 10 hours (this is the time difference).
Since the 180 meridian is located east of 30 ° E, then by local time 30 ° E. (18 hours) you need to add the time difference i.e. 10 hours:
18 hours + 10 hours = 28 hours (1 day and 4 hours).
Answer:
Task number 2.
Standard time in Kyiv is 12 noon. At point A, the local time is 9:00, and at point B, it is 14:00.
Determine the geographical longitude of points A and B.
Solution:
Longitude of Kyiv - 31 ° E
For point "A"
1) 12 hours - 9 hours = 3 hours;
2) 3 hours×15° = 45°;
3)45° - 31° = 14°W.
For point "B"
1) 14 hours - 12 hours = 2 hours;
2) 2 hours×15° = 30°;
3)31°+30° = 61°E
Answer:
The longitude of point A is 14°W, the longitude of point B is 61°E.
Task number 3.
On the 180th meridian - Monday, May 15, 15:00 local time. What date, day of the week and local time at: 45°E, 150°E, 0° longitude, 15°W, 170°W.
Solution:
a) 180° - 45° = 135: 15/hour = 9 hours
9 hours is the time difference between 180° meridian and 45° east. Since 45°E located east of 180° meridian, then
Answer:
b) 180° - 150° E = 30°, 30°: 15/hour = 2 hours,
15 hours - 2 hours = 13 hours.
Answer:
c) 180° - 0° = 180°, 180°: 15/hour = 12 hours
15 o'clock - 12 o'clock = 3 o'clock in the morning.
Answer:
d) 180° + 15°W. = 195°, 195°: 15/hour = 13
given the direction of the earth's rotation from west to east:
15:00 - 13:00 = 26:00 or 2:00 am, May 15, Monday.
Answer:
e) 180° – 170°W. = 10° × 4min= 40 minutes
15 hours + 40 minutes = 15 hours 40 minutes.
Answer:
Task number 4.
The plane took off from Pretoria (ΙΙ time zone) at 15 o'clock on December 1st and flew to the northeast. After 9 hours, he crossed the 180th meridian, and after another 2 hours he landed in Honolulu (14 time zone). What time and what date will it be in Honolulu at the time of landing.
Solution:
1. Determine the time difference between cities
24 - 14 - 2 = 12 hours
2. Determine the time in Honolulu at the time of landing from Pretoria. Since Honolulu is to the west,
15 – 12 = 3 hours
3. Standard time in Honolulu at the time of landing
3 + 9 + 2 = 14 hours.
Answer:
The height of the sun above the horizon.
Determination of geographical coordinates.
Task number 1.
Determine the geographical latitude of the city if it is known that on the days of the equinox the sun at noon is above the horizon at an altitude of 63 ° (the shadow falls to the south).
Solution:
The point is in the southern hemisphere. The height of the sun on the equinox days is determined by the formulah= 90° - φ. Determine the latitude of the point φ = 90° - 63° = 27°S.
Task number 2.
At what geographical latitude is city A located if the sun at noon on December 22 (the shadow falls to the south) is at an altitude of 70 ° above the horizon.
Solution:
It follows from the condition of the problem that point A is located in the southern hemisphere, since the shadow falls to the south. The height of the sun for the summer solstice (December 22 - summer in the southern hemisphere) is determined by the formulah= 90° - φ + 23° 30"
From this formula, you can find φ the latitude of the place i.e. city A
φ = 90° - 70° + 23°30" = 43°30"S
Answer:
The geographical latitude of the city A \u003d 43 ° 30 "S.
Task number 3.
Determine the geographical coordinates of the city - the capital, located to the west of Kyiv at 27 ° 30 ". The North Star in this place is visible at a distance of 54 ° from the zenith point.
Solution:
1. The longitude of Kyiv is 30 ° 30 "E. We can find the geographical longitude of the city
λ = 30°30" – 27°30" = 3°E
2. In the northern hemisphere, the geographical latitude of any point is equal to the angle between the North Star and the horizon line. Finding latitude:
φ = 90° - 54° = 36°N
Answer:
Geographic coordinates 36°N. and 3°E
Task number 4.
In the city - the capital of the island state, the sun is highest above the horizon at 4 o'clock GMT during the day. During the year, the height of the sun varies from 52° to 90°. Name the city and state.
Solution:
1. Determine the time zone of the city:
12 o'clock – 4 o'clock = 8 time zone
2. Determine the geographical longitude knowing that every 15 ° time difference is 1 hour.
8 hours × 15° = 120° E
3. the city is located between the tropics, since the sun can be at its zenith (90 °)minthe angle of incidence of the sun's rays of 52 ° makes it possible to determine the geographical latitude during the winter solstice
φ = 90° - 52° - 23.5° = 14.5°
The city has geographical coordinates 14.5°N. and 120°E
Answer:
Manila, Philippines.
Recently, we have witnessed experiments with time. Sometimes we change the hands of the clock twice every year, sometimes we abandon winter time in favor of summer time, sometimes vice versa. However, there are always those who are dissatisfied. Some do not like that twice a year we either lose or gain an extra hour, others do not like that it dawns late or darkens early in winter. The project of transition to winter time is discussed. And many, it seems, are completely confused, and what time is true for our country. Let's figure it out.
Due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis, in different places on the globe, located in different meridians, at the same moment the time is different. This is local time. So, when it is 12 noon in Moscow, it should be 12.34 in Saratov, 2.23 in Omsk, 4.37 in Irkutsk, and 6.17 in Vladivostok; in - 11.31, in Warsaw - 10.54, in London - 9.27, etc. Thus, it is inconvenient to use local time.
national time
In the 19th century, with the development of railway transport, the advent of the telegraph and telephone, many countries began to introduce national time, the same throughout the state. And in 1848, Greenwich time was introduced in England - according to the observatory in Greenwich near London. In 1866 Roman time was introduced in Italy; a little later in Germany - Berlin time. In the Russian Empire, the Pulkovo time was used on the railways - according to the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg.
standard time
By the end of the 19th century, when international communication increased, it became clear that national time was inconvenient to use. In 1879, the head of the railway traffic in Canada, Sir Sandford Fleming(1827-1915) proposed to divide the globe along the meridians into 24 identical zones, according to the number of hours in a day. Within the belt, the time of the central meridian passing in the middle of this belt was taken. Thus, each zone includes 15 degrees of longitude, the time between adjacent zones differs by 1 hour. The meridian passing through the Greenwich observatory was considered zero (initial). Belt I lies between 7.5° and 22.5° east of Greenwich, belt II lies between 22.5° and 37.5°, belt III lies between 37.5° and 52.5°, belt IV lies between 52.5 ° and 67.5 °, V zone - between 67.5 ° and 82.5 °, etc. The boundaries of time zones are drawn taking into account the administrative division so that the administrative unit (country, republic, region) is in one time zone.
There are 11 time zones in our country. is located in the II time zone, the Chukotka Peninsula - in the XII. At one time, for convenience, the XI and XII time zones were combined, there were 10 zones. As a result of the last reform in 2011, the number of time zones in Russia decreased, which caused dissatisfaction with many people.
Some countries have abandoned different time zones on their territory. So, in, which is located in five time zones, there is a single Chinese standard time, which differs from Greenwich Mean Time by 8 hours (UTC + 8).
Decree, winter and summer time
Daylight savings time - the time set by public authorities; means "standard time plus one hour". At the same time, the formal numbering of time zones is preserved. So, Moscow is in the II time zone. In accordance with the standard time, one more hour is added, i.e. its time corresponds to the III time zone, but formally it belongs to the II.
Daylight Saving Time is time that is 1 hour ahead of the time in that time zone. Thus, in our country, taking into account the standard time, the time is shifted 2 hours ahead of standard time.
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For the first time, a New Zealand entomologist proposed a system for switching to daylight saving time. George Vernon Hudson(1867-1946) in 1895. In the first half of the 20th century, many European countries and the United States began to turn their clocks twice a year.
There is still no consensus among scientists regarding the harm to health during the transition from winter to summer time and vice versa. In addition, it is calculated that the effective switching zone lies within latitudes from 30° to 55°. Some countries at various times refused to switch, preferring to change the opening hours of enterprises in summer and winter. So, for example, in Japan, exams in educational institutions cannot begin earlier than two hours after sunrise.
Timekeeping in Russia
For the center of Moscow, local (solar) time is UTC+02:30:48. It operated until 1919. In 1919, the Council of People's Commissars introduced a system of international time zones. Moscow was assigned to the II time zone, although it is located on the border of the II and III time zones (37 ° 30 'E), usually in such cases it is referred to a more eastern zone. Daylight saving time was also introduced, the hands were moved 1 hour ahead (UTC + 3). In 1930, in the USSR, by a decree (decree) of the Council of People's Commissars, maternity time was introduced to make better use of daylight hours during the working day and save electricity; the hands were moved forward 1 hour. Those. Standard time is the time zone plus 1 hour. For Moscow, it turns out +3 hours from Greenwich time.
In 1981, summer time was introduced in the USSR, then an attempt was made to abandon it in 1991-1992. On the last Sunday in March, the clocks were moved 1 hour ahead of standard time. Those. for Moscow UTC+4. Thus, winter time corresponds to maternity time, i.e. standard time + 1 hour, UTC + 3, daylight saving time - standard time + 2 hours, UTC + 4.
In 2011, President Medvedev canceled the transition to winter time, the country remained in summer time. At the same time, for the convenience of a number of structures, time zones were shortened. So, if earlier the time difference between Moscow was 9 hours (many remember “It is 15 hours in Moscow, midnight in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky”), now it has become 8 hours. As a result, it gets dark early in winter. Muscovites also had a lot of grief in summer time in winter: in December it dawned only at 10 am.
Time Zones:
UTC−12 - International Date Line
UTC−11 - American Samoa
UTC−10 - Hawaii
UTC−9 - Alaska
UTC−8 - North American Pacific Time (USA and Canada)
UTC−7 - Mountain time (USA and Canada), Mexico (Chihuahua, La Paz, Mazatlán)
UTC−6 - Central Time (USA and Canada), Central American Time, Mexico (Guadalajara, Mexico City, Monterrey)
UTC−5 - Eastern North American Time (USA and Canada), South American Pacific Time (Bogotá, Lima, Quito)
UTC−4:30 - Caracas
UTC−4 - Atlantic Time (Canada), La Paz, Santiago)
UTC−3:30 - Newfoundland
UTC−3 - South American Eastern Time (Brazilia, Buenos Aires, Georgetown), Greenland
UTC−2 - Mid-Atlantic Time
UTC−1 - Azores, Cape Verde
UTC+0 - Western European Time (Dublin, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Casablanca, Monrovia)
UTC+1 - Central European Time (Amsterdam, Berlin, Bern, Brussels, Copenhagen, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Belgrade, Bratislava, Budapest, Warsaw, Ljubljana, Sarajevo, Skopje, Zagreb) West Central African Time
UTC+2 - Eastern European time (in winter, summer - UTC+3; Athens, Bucharest, Vilnius, Kiev, Chisinau, Riga, Sofia, Tallinn, Tiraspol, Helsinki), Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, Libya, Turkey, South Africa
UTC+3 - Kaliningrad time (Kaliningrad), Belarusian time (), East African time (Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Tanzania, Somalia, Uganda, Sudan, Madagascar), Iraq, Yemen, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar
UTC+3:30 - Tehran time
UTC+4 - Moscow time, countries of the Caucasus, United Arab Emirates, Oman
UTC+4:30 - Afghanistan
UTC+5 - Western Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
UTC+5:30 - India, Sri Lanka
UTC+5:45 - Nepal
UTC+6 - Yekaterinburg time, central and eastern parts of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Bangladesh, Bhutan time (Bhutan)
UTC+6:30 - Myanmar
UTC+7 - Omsk time, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Southeast Asia (Bangkok, Jakarta, Hanoi)
UTC+8 - Krasnoyarsk Time, Ulaanbaatar, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, China, Singapore, Taiwan, Western Australian Time (Perth)
UTC+9 - Irkutsk time, Korea, Japan
UTC+9:30 Central Australian Time (Adelaide, Darwin)
UTC+10 - Yakutian Time, East Australian Time (Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Sydney), Tasmania, Western Pacific Time (Guam, Port Moresby)
UTC+11 - Vladivostok Time, Central Pacific Time (Solomon Islands, New Caledonia)
UTC+12 - Magadan time, Marshall Islands, Fiji, New Zealand
UTC+13 - Samoa, Tonga
UTC+14 - Line Islands (Kiribati)
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Where on Earth do new calendar days originate, or, in other words: where does a day begin on our planet?
We know that the entire surface of the globe is conditionally divided into 24 time zones, and the beginning of the countdown of geographic longitudes comes from the zero meridian, which many people know as Greenwich.
It is the meridian of the zero time zone, in the east of which Moscow, for example, is located with a time difference of 4 hours, i.e. UTC +4 (summer time), and on the west side, for example, in Alaska, UTC -9 hours.
So, on the world map there is also a conditional date change line, relative to which in the west and east the current date differs by a whole day. This line corresponds to the 180° meridian.
The need to delimit the Earth's surface with such a line is connected primarily in order to avoid confusion in calendar dates when moving it by air and water vehicles. Astrology, by the way, also takes into account the exact time and place of birth or the data of a particular event when you have to build a natal chart, a solarium or a transit horoscope.
The line on which the date is changed does not quite follow the strictly drawn line of the 180° meridian and practically does not pass anywhere on land, except for Antarctica and the ice of the North Pole. And if this happens, then the governments of the states themselves decide to which part of the earth relative to the date change line to attribute their possessions - to the east or west. More often, such a decision is associated with close economic and political ties with neighboring states, with which it is easier to do business on the same date, or within the country itself. For example, when Alaska was sold to the United States, the date was moved back one day because the dates in Russia and the United States did not match.
From the north, the date line runs along the Arctic Ocean, goes around Russia from the east, passing through the Bering Strait and separating Russia and Alaska, makes a bend to the west from the 180 ° meridian, leaving the Aleutian Islands in the east, then returns to the meridian line and follows the Pacific ocean to Antarctica. Here, the date line deviates strongly to the east only in Oceania, skirting the islands of Kiribati and others, whose inhabitants are the very first on the planet to meet the new day.
From the point of view of tourism, it is very interesting to visit, for example, the most picturesque islands of Tonga, Samoa or Fiji, located along the international date line, in order, for example, to celebrate the New Year twice, flying from west to east on a charter flight from the Tonga archipelago, where already January 1, to some island of Samoa, where the day begins on December 31.
Be healthy and happy! See you on the site ""!
The time zones of the world are a unique phenomenon that some states fundamentally do not accept in an attempt to "adjust" the boundaries of time to their needs and ideology.
The time zones of the world are a unique phenomenon that some states do not accept in principle.
In past centuries, different countries where people lived according to the solar calendar had their own rules for setting the time. This usually depended on geographic longitude, which was very inconvenient, especially for traffic.
The standardization of time lines first appeared in Britain in the early 19th century. Greenwich "London time" (UTS) was established. This system works to this day.
The idea of dividing the world into 24 zones belongs to S. Fleming. For each belt, he proposed to allocate 15 degrees of longitude (Table 1).
Table 1. The number of time zones in different states
| Number of belts | State |
| 1 | Japan |
| 1 | South Africa |
| 1 | Estonia |
| 1 | Croatia |
| 1 | Türkiye |
| 1 | Syria |
| 1 | Romania |
| 1 | Monaco |
| 1 | Madagascar |
| 1 | Lithuania |
| 1 | China |
| 1 | Italy |
| 1 | Egypt |
| 1 | Hungary |
| 1 | Belgium |
| 1 | Algeria |
| 1 | Austria |
| 2 | Chile |
| 2 | Portugal |
| 2 | Mongolia |
| 2 | Kazakhstan |
| 2 | Spain |
| 2 | Congo |
| 3 | Mexico |
| 3 | Indonesia |
| 4 | Brazil |
| 5 | New Zealand |
| 5 | Denmark |
| 6 | Canada |
| 8 | Great Britain |
| 8 | Australia |
| 11 | USA |
| 11 | RF |
| 12 | France |
Time zone map of Antarctica
When did the world switch to the new system?
- In 1883, all US railroads were transferred to this system.
- Some settlements, which still continued to live according to "their own time", did not switch to the new system. In some regions, this continues to this day.
- In 1884, an international conference was held in the USA on the development of a new system of time zones. Its meetings were attended by 25 representatives from different countries. As a result, a decision was made on the zero meridian passing through the city of Greenwich.
- In the Russian Federation, the system was introduced in 1917.
How to find out what time zone is in a state or region?
- Open a directory on the World Wide Web.
- Study a map of time zones in a regular geographical atlas.
- Ask one of the locals what time it is.
How do time zones change in the countries of the world?
- When there is a transition from zone to zone, the duration of minutes and seconds does not change - only the value of hours.
- In some states, time differs from world time not by a certain number of hours, but, for example, by 40 or 45 minutes. But this is a departure from the standard.
- The abbreviation for world time is UTS (UTC). From the "0" meridian there is a shift in the positive direction or negative - to the east and west, respectively. In states where daylight savings is implemented, the TCB offset changes.
States in which "their" time
Some states are located in several time zones, and this problem is solved differently everywhere.
- The mainland of the country is located in six time zones, and the main one in 11.
- At the state level, time zones were fixed only in 1918.
- Now there are four belts: Pacific, mountainous, central and eastern.
- By their own hours they live in the Aleutian and Hawaiian Islands, in Alaska.
- The border lines of time zones are quite complex. A single belt may separate a county or state, so time is often adjusted to match the boundaries of territorial units.
- France breaks world records for the number of belts, although in reality it is located in only one. There are 12 corresponding zones here.
- The state is located in the "0" time zone, so the time here corresponds to Greenwich Mean Time.
- For economic purposes, in order for the work schedule to coincide with hours, the time adopted for Central Europe is used here, i.e. UTS + 1 hour.
Belarus:
- Since 2011, the country has introduced "legal time", which corresponds to world time + 1 hour.
- Minsk time is equal to UTS + 3 hours, therefore it coincides with Kaliningrad and is one hour behind Moscow.
- The same time is accepted among Armenians, Georgians, Azerbaijanis, Abkhazians, Turkmens, etc.
People's Republic of China:
- This state is located in five time zones. Until the establishment of communist power in 1949, the division was still respected. But now the time in the country is the same everywhere.
- The republic “leaves” TCB for +8 hours.
- The same time throughout the country is not convenient for all its inhabitants, especially the west suffers. Astronomical time here runs away from the accepted one by two hours, and you need to go to work not at 8 in the morning, but at 6. Therefore, the beginning of the working day had to be shifted.
On its territory, "their" time is also accepted. It differs from the world one by +9 hours. But since the state is small, there are no problems. It gets light here very early, and darker late.