GOST 12302-83 Bags made of polymer and combined materials. General technical conditions
Interstate standard
GOST 12302-83
"Packages made of polymer and combined materials.
General technical conditions"
Bags made of polymeric and composite materials. General specifications
Instead of GOST 12302-72 regarding bags made of polymer materials
This standard applies to bags made of polymer and combined materials intended for packaging and storage of industrial products.
Mandatory requirements for the quality of packages aimed at ensuring their safety for the life and health of the population, as well as for environment, are set out in , , , , , .
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 3).
Maximum deviations from the internal dimensions of bags should be established in the regulatory and technical documentation for bags for specific types of products.
Bags intended for automated packaging of products must be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard and regulatory and technical documentation for bags for specific types of products.
It is possible to produce bags from other types of films, depending on the requirements for packaging specific types of products.
2.1, 2.2. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
It is allowed to use other adhesive materials whose gluing quality is not lower than those specified.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 2).
The inner surfaces of the bag should not stick together.
The seams should be located from the edge of the bag at a distance of 0 to 10 mm.
It is allowed, depending on the properties of the products being packaged, to place seams at a distance of more than 10 mm from the edge of the bag.
When making bags with double-row seams ( and ), the distance between the seams should be no more than 8 mm.
Bags used for packaging products under vacuum and in an inert gas environment must be sealed.
When making tear-off bags, a serrated or sawtooth seam is allowed.
The strength of the seams of bags made of combined films should be no less than:
for bags with a lot of packaged products
up to 3.5 kg - from 2.0 to 6.0 N/cm (from 0.2 to 0.6 kgf/cm);
St. 3.5 to 7.5 kg - from 7.0 to 10.0 N/cm (from 0.7 to 1.0 kgf/cm).
2.9, 2.10. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1, 3).
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
For the manufacture of bags, films and adhesives are used that meet hygienic requirements and sanitary standards, provided for by the regulatory documentation for films and adhesives, and approved for use by sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).
Name of the manufacturer and (or) its trademark;
Name of product;
Batch number;
Number of bales in a batch;
Date of manufacture;
Stamp of the technical control department.
|
Batch size |
Sample |
Sample size |
Total sample size |
Acceptance number |
Rejection number |
|
From 3200 to 10000 inclusive. |
|||||
|
St. 10001 "35000" |
|||||
|
" 35001 and above |
|||||
Based on the results of the inspection of the first sample, the batch is accepted if the number of packages that do not meet the requirements of this standard in the first sample is less than or equal to the acceptance number specified in , and rejected if this number is greater than or equal to the rejection number specified in the table. 2.
If the number of packages that do not meet the requirements of this standard in the sample is greater than the acceptance number, but less than the rejection number specified in , then a second sample is selected.
Based on the results of the control of the second sample, the batch is accepted if the number of packages that do not meet the requirements of this standard in two samples is less than or equal to the acceptance number specified in, and rejected if this number is greater than or equal to the rejection number specified in the table. 2.
3.1-3.3. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
The packages are tested under the same atmospheric conditions in which they were conditioned.
It is allowed to test bags under conditions different from conditioning conditions if the time from the end of conditioning to the end of testing the sample does not exceed 10 minutes.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
4.6, 4.7. (Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).
(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 3).
Stacks of bags are formed into bales and wrapped in wrapping paper in accordance with GOST 8273 or placed in bags made of hard-sealed films and sealed.
Transportation allowed plastic bags in rolls with a clearly defined tear line. Packaging of rolls must be done in accordance with the requirements of GOST 10354.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 1).
Name of the manufacturer and its trademark;
Names and brands of the material from which the bag is made;
Package type and size;
Number of packages in a bale;
Packer numbers;
Designations of the regulatory and technical document for packages.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).
The bags must be stored under the conditions established for the polymer films from which they are made.
Transportation of bales formed in transport packages - in accordance with GOST 26663.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2).
(Introduced additionally, Amendment No. 1).
Polyethylene is not just a widely used material, but also a part of our modern life. Polyethylene is used in various fields - from the food industry to space exploration. Garbage bags made from polyethylene are very popular. They are convenient for collecting waste and make cleaning work more efficient. Such bags can be used everywhere: in factories, offices, on the street or at home.
Mass production of polyethylene bags began in 1957, and they immediately began to be in great demand. Bags with handles appeared much later, almost twenty years later. Today, garbage bags are made from the following materials:
- HDPE - low-density polyethylene;
- LDPE - high pressure polyethylene.
Types of bags made from LDPE polyethylene
Several brands of LDPE are produced. In production and household sphere Polyethylene 15813-020, which is of the highest grade, is very common. LDPE bags are stored indoors, protected from direct sunlight. Bags are stored at a distance of at least 1 m from heating devices.
The material has the following features:
- Resistance to mechanical damage;
- Elasticity;
- Convenient application of dyes and long-term retention of dyes on the surface;
- Brightness and attractiveness of colors;
- Resistance to cold;
- Strength.
Garbage bags have a strength of up to twenty kilograms. The same material is used to strengthen the cut-out handles of packages made from PSD or HDPE. The use of this technology helps increase lifting capacity. Such bags are widely used in trade in cases where not only the colorful emblem on the packaging is important, but also the strength of the bag. In addition, such bags are used in the food industry and medicine.
The production and characteristics of HDPE bags are regulated in accordance with GOST 16338-85. These bags have a characteristic rustling sound. The molecular structure of the material ensures its high strength. At the same time, such bags are not inferior in elasticity to LDPE bags. If you make a cut-out handle in such a product, there will be no need to strengthen it, and the load-carrying capacity of the package, which is 25-30 kilograms, will not decrease. The disadvantages of HDPE bags include their low resistance to negative temperatures: when severe frosts they become vulnerable. The dyes on the surface of such bags look paler and less saturated. But in terms of strength, HDPE is superior to LDPE. Such bags are used mainly for packaging products in the food industry.
Mixed pressure polyethylene combines the best properties of HDPE and PSD. Garbage bags are also made from this polyethylene. This material combines strength with elasticity and can be recognized by its rustling and glossy surface. Used for the manufacture of packaging and packaging bags, its maximum load capacity is thirty kilograms.
Biodegradable bags
Today, biodegradable bags are also produced that have similar characteristics to conventional plastic bags. But at the same time, the decay period of such packages is only a few years, provided such minimal conditions as access to light, water and oxygen are present. Life time garbage bags when using the oxo supplement, d2w is fourteen months. To store them, you can use a cool, dark room protected from sunlight, in which the temperature does not rise above plus thirty degrees.
Process of making plastic garbage bags
The production of garbage bags begins with the process of processing polymer waste, represented by synthetic thermoplastic materials, which include polyethylene. The raw materials are scraps and residues that cannot be used in primary production due to their size. Typically, high-quality lump waste from the polymer industry is used. HDPE bags can also be made from various household waste (for example, used disposable tableware). Since such raw materials may contain various impurities, they must be carefully prepared for processing.
In addition to various wastes, agglomerate can be used as a raw material. Also suitable raw materials are secondary granules that can adhere very tightly to each other. Before entering production, polymers are processed in several stages:
- primary sorting of polymers;
- crushing of raw materials;
- washing, then drying (using a washing machine, centrifuge, and dryer);
- ranulization.
Description of the processing process
The procedure for producing garbage bags from recycled granules includes two main stages: extrusion and subsequent processing of the material on special machines that form the bags.
Extrusion consists of the following stages:
- Granulated polyethylene is supplied in special containers or on pallets;
- Raw materials are manually poured into special floor bins;
- Rotating screws during the processing process capture granules, then moving them along a screw channel located along the axis of the machine cylinder;
- From friction and heaters, polyethylene heats up and then melts;
- The resulting material is compressed by a screw, then pressed into the forming head through a screen (there is also underwater granulation, used in the most powerful devices).
The filter meshes located on the grate do not allow foreign components and contaminants to enter the polyethylene mass. The output is a polyethylene sleeve that needs to be inflated. A compressor is used for this purpose. The resulting polyethylene film is cooled with air to the temperature required for the raw material to harden. Then the polyethylene, passing through rubber and wooden shafts, is compressed and wound into a roll using a conveyor.
During the extrusion process, dyes, stabilizers and plasticizers are added to recycled materials. Dyes help give polyethylene the required color, and the last two substances help improve its physical and chemical properties. The thickness of the resulting film is determined by the characteristics of the equipment; it can range from 10 to 200 microns. The film thickness determines the load capacity of the package. A bag made of polyethylene with a thickness of 14-15 microns can withstand up to three kilograms of cargo, and with a thickness of more than 40 microns - up to twenty kilograms.
When the extrusion process is completed, a polyethylene tube is produced, which then enters the bag forming machine for further processing, which includes the following processes:
- cutting polyethylene;
- folding;
- sealing the seams of the product;
- perforation along the tear line for garbage bags produced in rolls.
If necessary, printing is carried out on plastic bags. Such packages are pre-treated with corona discharge. Emblems and logos can be applied using flexography or silk-screen printing.
Recycled polyethylene waste is used in the production of garbage bags. The most popular are packages with a volume of thirty, sixty or one hundred and twenty liters. Large bags with a volume of two hundred liters are used for packaging and subsequent removal of bulky waste or large quantities of small waste.
Features of choice
If for ordinary household waste, then garbage bags with a volume of 20 to 35 liters are suitable, which are optimal for a regular bucket with a volume of 10-12 liters.
If garbage bags are needed for use in the garden, at the dacha, or for packaging large items, then you should pay attention to garbage bags marked 60-120 liters.
Well, if you are doing repairs, then look for LDPE bags with a volume of 120 liters or more, which are especially durable and cut-resistant.
HDPE or PVD?
Another important point: all garbage bags differ in strength. The fact is that they are manufactured using different technologies. The polyethylene used to make trash bags comes in two types: high-density or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and low-density or high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
Typically, thin bags (from 5 to 15 microns) are made from HDPE, with the key feature being the material's tensile strength. Often used as packaging material. Thin HDPE bags are intended primarily for light waste that is removed daily (offices, hotels). Thicker ones are suitable for garbage containers, removed when filled.
Thick (from 20 microns) bags are made from LDPE. Despite the fact that LDPE bags are more stretchable than HDPE bags, this does not affect consumer qualities: they are more resistant to punctures, and thicker polyethylene allows the service life of such a bag to be extended. The main purpose is street cleaning, heavy garbage, food waste.
Color of garbage bags.
Garbage bags, or garbage bags, can be found in completely different colors - from black to glamorous gold. However, you need to take into account that thin colored bags when filled will be almost transparent and when you take out the garbage, the contents of this bag will be visible to others.
As for smells, the bags can smell like strawberries, bananas, apple and even jasmine. Scented packets are believed to help eliminate bad odors, but this is more of a marketing ploy for consumers!
If this characteristic is important to you, then don’t worry: even the most sophisticated consumer has plenty to choose from, since each company tries to add as many varieties as possible to its line of garbage bags. Needless to say, the number of producers of household goods is increasing every day, because these are goods of everyday demand and they will be in demand in any economic conditions.
Ties.
But what really matters is the way the bag is tied. It can be problematic to tie and carry a garbage bag filled to the top. Therefore, high-quality garbage bags have either handles with which you can tie the bag or a drawstring. You will have to pay for convenience - these categories of packages are slightly more expensive than usual. But remember that the ties are only for tightening the bags, not for carrying them. Therefore, it is possible that when carrying, the ties will break.
Garbage bags or used bags from the store?
Many of us, instead of garbage bags, use “T-shirt” bags in which we brought groceries from the store. On the one hand, this is correct, they are similar in size and material, but using them there is one important drawback. The T-shirt bag, thanks to the side folds, has a folded bottom, which, when loaded, forms two holes. If any liquid accumulates in such a bag, this liquid will end up outside and the trash can will be constantly dirty.
HDPE garbage bags have a vertical bottom seam that diverges in the form of a cross, which reduces the possibility of liquid leakage.
Harm to the environment
IN Lately All over the world, the consumption of polyethylene and various plastic packaging is significantly increasing and, as a result of this growth, the amount of plastic waste is increasing. In Moscow alone, 500,000 tons of plastic waste are generated per year. IN normal conditions polyethylene decomposes in 100-150 years, so the amount of plastic waste increases from year to year. The main environmental benefit of garbage bags is their recyclability. And all manufacturers of similar goods use this opportunity, subjecting the bags to recycling.
But environmentally friendly products today are not just a fashion trend, they are the future. That's why biodegradable bags came into being. Biodegradable garbage bags are a small but still help to our planet in the fight against pollution. Due to a special additive, these bags completely decompose in just 2-3 years, instead of 100-150 years. At the same time, in terms of their characteristics, biodegradable bags are in no way inferior to ordinary ones.
Polymeric sacks. General specifications
Group D93
OKS 55.080;
OKP 22 9719
Preface
1. Developed and introduced by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 223 “Packaging”.
2. Adopted and put into effect by Resolution of the State Standard of Russia of March 2, 2001 N 104-Art.
3. The standard is harmonized with international standards ISO 6591-2-85 "Bags. Designation and method of measurement", ISO 7965-2-93 "Bags. Drop test".
4. Introduced for the first time.
1 area of use
This standard applies to bags made of polymer films intended for packaging, transportation and storage of bulk products weighing up to (50 +/- 1) kg, temperature from minus 40 to plus 60 °C.
Mandatory requirements for the quality of bags are set out in 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.2.3, 4.4.3.
Bags intended for packaging, transportation and storage of dangerous goods must meet the requirements of GOST 26319.
This standard uses references to the following standards:
GOST 12.1.004-91. System of occupational safety standards. Fire safety. General requirements
GOST 12.1.005-88. System of occupational safety standards. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area
GOST 12.1.007-76. System of occupational safety standards. Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements
GOST 12.1.010-76. System of occupational safety standards. Explosion safety. General safety requirements
GOST 12.2.003-91. System of occupational safety standards. Production equipment. General safety requirements
GOST 12.2.061-81. System of occupational safety standards. Production equipment. General safety requirements for workplaces
GOST 12.3.030-83. System of occupational safety standards. Plastics processing. Safety requirements
GOST 12.4.011-89. System of occupational safety standards. Protective equipment for workers. General requirements and classification
GOST 427-75. Metal measuring rulers. Specifications
GOST 10178-85. Portland cement and Portland slag cement. Specifications
GOST 10354-82. Polyethylene film. Specifications
GOST 14192-96. Cargo marking
GOST 14236-81. Polymer films. Tensile test method
GOST 15140-78. Paint and varnish materials. Methods for determining adhesion
GOST 16337-77. High pressure polyethylene. Specifications
GOST 17035-86. Plastics. Methods for determining the thickness of films and sheets
GOST 17308-88. Twine. Specifications
GOST 17811-78. Polyethylene bags for chemical products. Specifications
GOST 18106-72. The transport container is filled. Designation of parts of the container to be tested
GOST 18425-73. The transport container is filled. Free fall impact test method
GOST 19433-88. Dangerous cargo. Classification and labeling
GOST 20477-86. Polyethylene tape with a sticky layer. Specifications
GOST 21798-76. Tara. Conditioning method for testing
GOST 26319-84. Dangerous cargo. Package
GOST 26663-85. Transport packages. Formation using packaging tools. General technical requirements
GOST R 50460-92. Mark of conformity for mandatory certification. Shape, dimensions and technical requirements.
3. Classification, main parameters and dimensions
3.1. Bags must be made of the types indicated in Table 1.
Table 1
|
Bag type and characteristics |
Drawing |
| I - heat sealed with open top |
Picture 1 |
| II - heat sealed with open top with seams |
|
| III - glued with an open rebated top and a rectangular bottom |
|
| IV - glued open top with hexagonal bottom |
|
| V - heat sealed with valve |
|
| VI - heat sealed with valve and folds |
|
| . |
|
| . |
|
| VII - glued with flap and hexagonal bottom and top |
|
Conventions used in the figures:
a - bag length, b - bag width, e - fold width, c - bottom width, k - valve width, / - valve length, t - valve cuff length, p - seam width.
3.3. The bottom width c for bags of types III, IV should be 130 - 170 mm. The fold width of bags of types II, III, VI is 90 mm.
Valve length l - 85 - 130 mm.
Valve width k - 85 - 130 mm.
Valve cuff length m - 95 - 140 mm.
It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to install other valve and cuff sizes.
3.4. Maximum deviations in bag sizes should not exceed, mm:
along the length - +/- 10;
width - +/- 10;
along the width of the bottom and top - +/- 10;
along the width of the fold - +/- 5;
along the length and width of the valve - +/- 5;
along the length of the valve cuff - +/- 5.
3.5. Symbol bag when ordering and in the documentation of other products must contain:
- short name of the bag - MPE;
- bag type - I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII;
- length and width of the bag, mm;
- film thickness and designation of the regulatory document.
Example of a symbol for a type I bag 850 mm long, 550 mm wide, made of polyethylene film 0.200 mm thick:
MPEI - 850 x 550 - 0.200 GOST R 51720-2001
4. Technical requirements
Bags must be manufactured by heat sealing or gluing in accordance with the requirements of this standard in accordance with regulatory documents and working drawings approved in the prescribed manner.
4.1. Characteristics
4.1.1. The bags must have a uniform seam with a width of (4 +/- 2) mm, without cracks or burnt areas.
In bags of types I, II, the distance from the edge to the seam should not exceed 10 mm. It is allowed to make bags without edges.
4.1.2. The strength of the bag weld must be at least 60% of the tensile strength of the film.
The strength during delamination of the adhesive seam must be at least 4.9 N/cm (kgf/cm).
4.1.3. The drop height during free fall and test cycles are established in the regulatory documents for bags for specific types of products. If drop heights and test cycles are not specified, the bags must withstand a minimum of three drops from a height of 1.2 m.
4.1.4. Bags should not have sticking of internal surfaces.
4.1.5. Bags must be free of tears, cracks and through holes. Non-gluing (air bubbles) of reinforcing sheets is allowed, subject to compliance with 4.1.2.
4.1.6. The width of the top of Type VII bags should be equal to the width of the bottom.
The valve must be colored or have a colored arrow indicating its location. The reinforcing sheet must be matte.
4.1.7. By agreement with the consumer, bags may have point perforations to allow air to escape.
4.1.8. By agreement with the consumer, color printing can be applied to the surface of the bags. The print must be clear, without distortions, omissions, and the text must be easy to read.
4.2. Requirements for raw materials
4.2.1. Bags must be made from tubular film grade N in accordance with GOST 10354, obtained by processing high-density polyethylene in accordance with GOST 16337 grades that provide the specified physical and mechanical properties of the bags and their performance characteristics.
It is allowed to produce bags from films obtained from compositions of polyethylene with polymers, or other materials in accordance with regulatory documents that ensure the specified physical and mechanical properties of the bags and their performance characteristics.
4.2.2. The bags are made from film thickness:
(0.150 +/- 0.030) mm - for products weighing no more than 20 kg;
(0.200 +/- 0.030) mm - for products weighing over 20 kg and not more than 30 kg;
(0.220 +/- 0.030) mm - for products weighing over 30 kg and not more than (50 +/- 1) kg.
It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to produce bags from a film of a different thickness, which ensures the performance characteristics of the bags.
4.2.3. Bags for food products must be made from films approved for contact with food by the sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities of the Russian Ministry of Health.
4.2.4. For gluing bags, adhesives of domestic or imported production must be used in accordance with regulatory documents, ensuring the strength of the bag's gluing.
4.2.5. Adhesives for bags intended for packaging food products must be approved for use by the sanitary and epidemiological supervision authorities of the Russian Ministry of Health.
4.3. Package
4.3.1. Bags of the same type and size are placed in bales of 25 - 100 pcs. Bales are packed in plastic bags. Bags with packed bales are sealed or sealed. It is allowed to tie bales with twine in accordance with GOST 17308 or with packaging tape made of polymeric materials in accordance with regulatory documents without subsequent packaging in plastic bags.
Bales of bags are formed into transport packages in accordance with GOST 26663.
4.4. Marking
4.4.1. Each stack of bags must be marked (or attached a label) in accordance with GOST 14192 indicating the following data:
- trademark and (or) name of the manufacturer and its legal address;
- batch number;
- symbol of bags;
- number of bags in a bale;
- date of manufacture;
- designation of the regulatory document according to which the bags are made;
- inscriptions “For food products” for bags in contact with food products;
- manipulation signs “Keep away from moisture”, “Keep away from sunlight”.
Transport marking - according to GOST 14192.
4.4.2. It is allowed, by agreement with the consumer, to apply markings to the bags that characterize the products being packaged.
4.4.3. Bags intended for dangerous goods are marked in accordance with Appendix 2 of GOST 26319 and GOST 19433.
4.4.4. For bags that have passed mandatory certification, the mark of conformity according to GOST R 50460 or the number of the certificate of conformity is indicated in the shipping documentation.
5. Safety requirements
5.1. The materials from which the bags are made do not release toxic substances into the environment at room temperature and do not have an effect on the human body upon direct contact. Working with them does not require special precautions.
5.2. When polymer raw materials are heated during processing above the melting point, volatile products of thermal oxidative destruction containing organic acids and carbonyl compounds, including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and acetic acid, may be released into the air.
5.3. When the concentration of the listed substances in the air of the working area is higher than the maximum permissible, acute and chronic poisoning is possible. Formaldehyde causes an irritant and sensitizing effect. Acetaldehyde, carbon monoxide and acetic acid have a general toxic effect on the body.
Ethyl acetate has a narcotic effect. Ethyl acetate and polyisocyanate vapors cause irritation to the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract.
5.4. Maximum permissible concentrations of harmful vapors and gases of thermal oxidative destruction in the air of the working area of production premises must comply with GOST 12.1.005, mg/m3:
formaldehyde - 0.5;
acetaldehyde - 5.0;
carbon oxide - 20.0;
acetic acid - 5.0;
ethyl acetate - 200.0;
polyisocyanate - 400.0.
5.5. Bags are made in production premises, equipped with local exhaust and general ventilation. Workplaces must be organized in accordance with GOST 12.2.003, GOST 12.2.061. Relative humidity in work areas should be at least 50%.
The air exchange rate in the room must be at least 8. General ventilation is taken equal to 0.5 local at an air speed of exhaust ventilation 2 m/s.
The technological regime for the production of bags is carried out in accordance with GOST 12.3.030 in compliance with fire and explosion safety rules in accordance with GOST 12.1.004 and GOST 12.1.010.
5.6. Personal protective equipment for those working in the production of bags must meet the requirements of GOST 12.4.011.
6. Resource conservation and environmental requirements
6.1. In order to save resources and avoid environmental pollution, waste generated during the manufacture of bags and used bags must be processed into secondary raw materials at enterprises for processing polymer materials.
Bags that have been used and are contaminated with harmful chemical products, are buried in special landfills in accordance with established sanitary standards.
7. Acceptance rules
7.1. Bags are presented for acceptance in batches. A batch is considered to be no more than 100,000 bags. one type, size, made from one batch of raw materials and issued one quality document, which must contain:
- trademark and (or) name of the manufacturer and its legal address;
- batch number and release date;
- symbol of bags;
- number of bales;
- test results or confirmation of compliance of the quality of bags with the requirements of the regulatory document according to which the bags are manufactured;
- mark of conformity or number of the certificate of conformity.
7.2. When controlling the quality of bags, acceptance and periodic tests are carried out.
During acceptance tests, the appearance of the bags, film thickness, adhesion of the internal surfaces of the bags, print quality, continuity and strength of the seams are monitored.
During periodic testing and in case of disagreement in quality assessment, bags that have passed acceptance tests are subjected to control tests for mechanical strength to impact during free fall.
7.3. To control the quality of bags, a sample is taken in the amount of 0.1% of bags, but not less than 15 pieces.
7.4. If at least one bag in the sample does not meet the requirements of the regulatory document for bags for a specific type of product, a double sample taken from the same batch is inspected.
Based on the results of re-inspection, a batch is considered to comply with the requirements of the regulatory document if all bags in the sample comply with the requirements of the regulatory document.
7.5. In regulatory documents for bags for specific types of products, it is allowed to establish other levels and testing procedures.
8. Test methods
8.1. The bags selected for the sample are visually inspected to identify tears, cracks, through holes, the continuity of the seam, and the quality of sizing of the reinforcing sheets are checked.
The bags selected for the sample are conditioned in accordance with the requirements of GOST 21798, mode 4 (E) for 4 hours.
8.2. To control the size of the bags and the thickness of the film, 10 bags are selected from the sample.
The dimensions of the bags are measured with a ruler according to GOST 427 with an accuracy of 1 mm. Measurements are carried out at the points indicated in Figures 1 - 9.
Film thickness is measured according to GOST 17035.
To carry out the tests, two strips with a length of at least 200 mm and a width of 100 - 120 mm each are cut from each bag along its entire width at a distance of at least 300 - 500 mm from each other.
8.3. To determine the tensile strength of the weld, 5 bags are taken from the sample.
From each bag, 5 samples are cut out with a width of (15 +/- 0.2) mm and a length of (100 +/- 5.0) mm. Samples are cut from various sections of the weld in the longitudinal direction of the bag.
The seam should be located in the middle and be perpendicular to the length of the sample.
Before testing, measure the film thickness of the sample in three places. The minimum value is taken into account.
The tensile strength of the welded seams of bags is determined according to GOST 14236 on a tensile testing machine, the working scale of which is selected so that the measured load ranges from 10% to 90% nominal value scale, and the distance between the clamps is set to (50 +/- 1.0) mm. Clamp expansion speed - (500 +/- 50.0) mm/min.
For bags with folds, with a valve, with folds and a valve, tests are carried out on 3 samples cut in the area of the two-layer welded joint and on 3 samples cut in the area of a four-layer welded joint.
The arithmetic mean of the determinations for each bag is taken as the test result.
The result is calculated separately for a two-layer and four-layer welded joint.
8.4. To determine the strength of the adhesive seam of the bag, 5 bags are selected from the sample. From each bag, 5 samples with a width of (15 +/- 0.2) mm and a length of (100 - 150 +/- 5) mm are cut out in the area of \u200b\u200bthe two-layer connection of the bottom and top according to Appendix B. Testing of the samples is carried out no earlier than 24 hours after making the bags. The samples are laminated to a length that ensures they are securely fastened in the clamps of the machine.
The speed of expansion of the clamps of the tensile testing machine is (100 +/- 10) mm/min.
During testing, the vibrations of the force meter needle are monitored and at least 5 pairs of maximum and minimum force readings are recorded on the scale.
Where - P avg average delamination force, N;
B- sample width, mm.
Average delamination force P avg calculated as the arithmetic mean of at least three smallest maximum readings of the force meter.
The arithmetic mean of five measurements is taken as the test result for each bag.
8.5. To test bags for impact during free fall, 5 bags are selected from the sample. The symbol of the surfaces of bags is established in accordance with GOST 18106. Bags are tested in accordance with GOST 18425 on a dropping device with opening flaps, ensuring the free fall of the bag in a given position, lifting and dropping the bag, setting the dropping height with an error of no more than +/- 5 cm.
During the free fall impact test, the bag is filled to its full capacity with a product or props corresponding to the maximum weight of the product being packaged.
Portland cement in accordance with GOST 10178, sand, sawdust or a mixture thereof can be used as props. The props in the bag should be evenly distributed. The filled bag is brewed, while the air above the product must first be displaced. The prepared bag is placed on the drop-down platform of the device so that the parting line of the valves runs through the middle of the bag. Then raise the platform to a height of 1.2 m or another height as required regulatory documents onto bags for a specific type of product, open the doors and drop each sample of bags with an open top: once on the surface of the bag 1, 3, 5; valve bags - on the surface 1, 2, 5.
Bags are considered to have passed the test if, after testing under the specified conditions, they do not have ruptures that affect the safety of the contents.
8.6. Control of adhesion of the internal surfaces of an unfilled bag is carried out according to GOST 17811.
8.7. The quality of printing is checked according to GOST 15140 (method 4) using polyethylene tape with an adhesive layer according to GOST 20477 or another method according to regulatory documents.
9. Transportation and storage
9.1. Bags are transported by all types of transport in covered vehicles in accordance with the cargo transportation rules in force for this type of transport.
Transportation of bags in packages - in accordance with the rules for the transportation of goods in force in specific types transport.
9.2. Vehicles must be clean, dry and free of sharp protruding parts. If necessary, vehicles should be lined with paper or cardboard. If there are sharp protruding parts, they should be wrapped in paper or other materials. Vehicles must be selected and prepared for the transportation of bags in a fire-safe manner in accordance with the rules in force for specific types of transport.
9.3. The piles of sacks in the car must be stacked in such a way that during jolts, shifts are excluded, as well as the piles are not piled on the doors of the car.
9.4. Bales of bags are unloaded from vehicles using loading and unloading mechanisms.
9.5. Bales of bags should be stacked in stable stacks.
9.6. Bags should be stored in closed warehouses, protected from direct sunlight.
When stored in a heated room, the bags are placed at a distance of at least 1 m from heating devices.
When storing bags in bales, the stack height should be no more than 2.5 m.
10. Operating instructions
10.1. Filling bags
10.1.1. Bags must be filled using special filling machines and devices.
10.1.2. When packaging products in bags with a valve, air must first be removed from them by:
- use of perforation in the valve area;
- pre-compression of the product using a vibration device located between the hopper and the packaging machine;
- vibration and air suction during the filling of the bag;
- removing air from the product on crimping rollers after filling the bag or by other methods.
Preface
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-2009 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation"
Standard information
1 DEVELOPED by the State Scientific Institution All-Russian Scientific Research Institute meat industry named after V.M. Gorbatov Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (GNU VNIIMP named after V. M. Gorbatov Russian Agricultural Academy)
2 INTRODUCED by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (TK 226)
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Protocol No. 58-P of August 28, 2013)
4 By Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated September 17, 2013 No. 1068-st, the interstate standard GOST 32224-2013 was put into effect as a national standard of the Russian Federation on July 1, 2015.
5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index “National Standards”, and the text of changes and amendments is published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, the corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index “National Standards”. Relevant information, notices and texts are also posted in information system common use- on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
© Standardinform, 2014
In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced, replicated and distributed as an official publication without permission from the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
GOST 32224-2013 INTERSTATE STANDARD MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS FOR BABY FOOD Method for determining the size of bone particles
MEAT AND MEAT PRODUCTS FOR BABY FOOD Method for determining the size of bone particles
Meat and meat products for child nutrition. Method for determination of bone particle size
Date of introduction - 2015-07-01
1 area of use
This standard applies to the following types of meat and meat products for baby food, including those using poultry: semi-finished meat products (chopped, minced meat, semi-finished dough products); mechanically separated and additionally separated meat; sausages; meat, meat-and-vegetable and vegetable-meat canned food and other meat products for baby food and establishes a method for determining the size of bone particles in them.
2 Normative references
This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:
5.2 At least three units of semi-finished meat products, sausages and cans of canned food are selected for analysis. The total sample weight is from 400 g to 5 kg. At least three samples with a total weight of at least 500 g are taken from blocks of mechanically separated meat and semi-finished products from different places.
5.3 Samples taken for analysis are accompanied by a sampling report, which must indicate: the name of the product, the date of sampling and its number, the name of the manufacturer, the batch number, the place where the sample was taken, the purpose of the analysis, the name of the person taking the samples, the name of the laboratory.
5.4 Mechanically separated meat samples are stored in a refrigerator at a temperature below minus 4 °C, meat product samples - at a temperature from 0 °C to plus 5 °C until the analysis is complete.
6 Measuring instruments, auxiliary equipment, reagents and materials
Computer image analyzer of any design, with a program supplied by the manufacturer, adapted for histology.
Biological light microscope of any design, complete with an illuminator or separately, preferably a binocular attachment with a photo-video output.
Micrometer eyepiece, 10 mm/100 divisions, diameter 20.4 mm.
Object-micrometer type OMO with a division value of 0.01 mm.
Drying cabinet that maintains temperature (103 ± 2) °C.
Conical flasks Kn-2-100 THS according to GOST 25336.
Glass slides for microslides according to GOST 9284.
Laboratory scales with a maximum permissible absolute error of single weighing of no more than ± 0.01 mg.
A combined laboratory bath that allows you to maintain a temperature of 100 °C.
It is allowed to use other measuring instruments with metrological and auxiliary equipment With technical characteristics, as well as reagents of purity and materials of quality not lower than specified.
7 Preparation for analysis 7.1 Isolation of bone particles
(50.0 + 0.5) g of the analyzed sample is crushed with a knife into pieces weighing up to (1.0 + 0.2) g and placed in a beaker with a capacity of 500 cm 3. Add 300 cm 3 of a 2% solution of potassium hydroxide (or sodium hydroxide) and heat in a boiling water bath, stirring the contents periodically with a glass rod.
After dissolving the main part of the sample, the resulting alkaline solution with pieces of soft tissue floating in it is drained. The treatment is repeated until the soft tissues are completely dissolved. Bone particles are in the sediment.
7.2 Washing bone particles
The isolated bone particles (sediment) are placed in a flask and washed through a glass funnel with a thin stream of water for 15 minutes.
7.3 Sedimentation and drying
The washed bone particles are deposited on a paper filter and dried together with the filter in an oven at a temperature of (103 + 2) °C until the change in mass stops.
8 Taking measurements
8.1 To measure the size of bone particles, they are placed on a glass slide so that they are located without overlapping or touching each other.
8.2 The prepared preparation is examined under a transmitted light microscope. First use overview lenses - 10x or less, and then lenses with medium magnification up to 40x. Eyepieces are used with 10x or 16x magnification. To determine the maximum size, the largest bone particles isolated from the sample are measured.
8.3 Determination of the micrometer eyepiece division value
For each combination of lenses and eyepieces used in the work, the price of the eyepiece-micrometer division is determined.
An eyepiece micrometer is a round glass plate with a 5 mm long ruler in the center. The ruler is divided into 50 parts of 0.1 mm each. Before the measurement, the micrometer eyepiece division value is determined. To do this, each time an eyepiece and objective combination is used, a micrometer object is placed on the stage. The latter is a glass slide with an applied ruler 1 mm long, divided into 100 parts. One division of the micrometer object ruler corresponds to 0.01 mm or 10 µm. Set the rulers of the micrometer object and the micrometer eyepiece parallel and align their zero marks. Then it is determined how many divisions of the micrometer object exactly match the divisions of the micrometer eyepiece.
The division price of the eyepiece-micrometer t is calculated using the formula
where a is the number of divisions counted along the ruler of the micrometer object;
b - the corresponding number of divisions of the eyepiece-micrometer ruler;
c is the value of one division of the ruler of the micrometer object, equal to 10 µm. For measurements at very low magnifications, micrometer objects are used, in which 1 cm of the ruler is divided into 100 parts of 0.1 mm each. In this case, one division of the micrometer object ruler is equal to 100 µm.
8.4 Measurement using an eyepiece micrometer
When taking measurements directly under a light microscope, a special eyepiece micrometer or an eyepiece micrometer in the form of a glass plate with a ruler placed in the eyepiece of the microscope is used.
Preliminarily determine the price of dividing the eyepiece ruler for the lenses used using the ruler on the glass slide (see Appendix A). The measurement is carried out using any lens so that the measured structures in the field of view are no less than 10 and no more than 50. The maximum size of the largest bone particles is measured; this value is the upper limit of the size of bone particles in the analyzed sample.
8.5 Measurement using an image analysis system
Using an image analysis system to measure bone particles complex shape their Feret diameter is measured, and for highly elongated particles, their length. If it is impossible to automatically separate particles, use their interactive separation.
The following results are obtained: total number of particles, minimum and maximum particle sizes, average particle sizes and percentages, as well as other parameters in accordance with the image analysis system program. Statistical results are obtained automatically in the form of tables, size distribution graphs or charts.
9 Processing of results
Based on the obtained measurements of the sizes of bone particles, the percentage of bone particles exceeding the standard size X, % is calculated using the formula
where /l 1 is the number of bone particles exceeding the normalized size; t 2 - total number of measured bone particles.
To obtain reliable results, the arithmetic mean of the measurements of three parallel samples of isolated bone particles is taken as the final result. At least 100 particles are measured in each of them.
* Feret diameter - the distance between tangents to the image contour drawn parallel to the viewing direction.
Appendix A (mandatory)
An example of determining the division value of an eyepiece-micrometer
The 32 divisions of the micrometer object completely fit 16 divisions of the micrometer eyepiece; the value of one division of the micrometer object ruler is 0.01 mm or 10 µm. Using formula (1) (see 8.3), find the price of division of the micrometer eyepiece ruler, µm:
Knowing the price of one division of the micrometer eyepiece at a given magnification, we begin to measure objects. In this case, the number of divisions of the eyepiece-micrometer, corresponding to the length of the measured object, is multiplied by 20 microns (the found division value).
UDC 637.514.7:611.018:006.354 MKS 67.120.10 N19
Key words: meat, meat products for baby food, mechanically separated meat, bone particles, image analysis system, eyepiece micrometer
Signed for publication on 04/01/2014. Format 60x84Vs.
Uel. oven l. 0.93 Circulation 31 copies. Zach. 1488
Prepared based on the electronic version provided by the developer of the standard
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