Impact of modes of transport on the environment. The influence of road transport on the ecology of the city. Poisons that cars emit

Impact of transport on environment.

Being a powerful stimulus for socio-economic development, transport acts as one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Transport accounts for a significant part (up to 60-70%) of chemical pollution and the overwhelming share (up to 90%) of noise pollution, especially in cities.

The negative impact of transport has the following directions:

1. Release into the environment of waste from the combustion of carbon fuels (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, natural gas), containing dozens of chemicals, most of which are extremely toxic.

2. Noise impact on the environment, which especially affects urban residents, contributing to the progression of diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

3. Traffic hazards: traffic accidents on the roads claim many thousands of lives every year.

4. Acquisition of land for roads, stations, automobile and railway parks, airfields, port terminals.

5. Soil erosion.

6. Reduction of ranges and changes in the habitat of animals and plants.

The main sources of air pollution are vehicles with internal combustion engines, which are used in motor transport. Due to the increase in the size of the world's car fleet, the gross emissions of harmful products are growing. The composition of engine exhaust gases depends on the operating mode. When accelerating and braking, the emission of toxic substances increases. Among them are CO, NOx, CH, NO, benzo(a)pyrene, etc. The world fleet of cars with engines internal combustion Every year the following is emitted into the atmosphere: carbon monoxide - 260 million tons; volatile hydrocarbons - 40 million tons; nitrogen oxides -20 million tons.

In places where gas turbine and rocket engines are actively used (airfields, cosmodromes, test stations), pollution from these sources is comparable to pollution from vehicles. The total emissions of toxic substances into the atmosphere by aircraft are continuously growing, which is due to increased fuel consumption and an increase in the aircraft fleet. The amount of emissions depends on the type and grade of fuel, the quality and method of its supply, and the technical level of the engine.

The use of leaded gasoline, which contains lead compounds and is used as an anti-knock agent, causes contamination with very toxic lead compounds. About 70% of lead added to gasoline with ethyl liquid enters the atmosphere in the form of compounds with exhaust gases, of which 30% settles on the ground immediately after the cut of the car's exhaust pipe, 40% remains in the atmosphere. One medium-duty truck emits 2.5-3 kg of lead per year.

The sea and river fleet provides greatest influence on the aquatic environment, where waste compounds, washing water, industrial and household waste end up. However, the main pollutant is oil and oil products that are spilled as a result of accidents and tanker washing.

Nowadays, the problem of transport placement has become more acute. As transport networks expand, the area they occupy increases.

A main railway line, for example, requires land acquisition up to 100 m wide (includes the track itself 10-30 m, then a strip from which soil is taken for the track and reforestation). Large marshalling yards placed on sites up to 500 m wide and 4-6 km long. Huge coastal areas are occupied by port facilities, and several tens of square kilometers are allocated for airports.

Automobile transport

The Russian automobile fleet in 1996 consisted of 19.6 million units, including 14.7 million cars, 4.2 million trucks and about 0.7 million buses. There is a steady upward trend in numbers vehicles.

Specifics of mobile sources of pollution (cars)
manifests itself:

· high rates of growth in the number of cars compared to the growth in the number of stationary sources;

· in their spatial dispersion (cars are distributed throughout the territory and create a general increased background of pollution);

· in close proximity to residential areas;

· higher toxicity of vehicle emissions compared to emissions from stationary sources;

· the complexity of the technical implementation of protective equipment on mobile sources;

· in a low location of the source of pollution from the earth's surface, as a result of which exhaust gases from cars accumulate in the breathing zone of people and are less dissipated by the wind compared to industrial emissions and emissions from stationary sources of transport, which, as a rule, have chimneys and ventilation pipes of considerable height.

The listed features of mobile sources lead to the fact that motor transport creates vast areas in cities with a stable excess of sanitary and hygienic air pollution standards.

Motor transport in a number of regions accounts for over 50% of the total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.

Atmospheric pollution from mobile sources of vehicles occurs to a greater extent exhaust gases through the exhaust system of a car engine, and also, to a lesser extent, crankcase gases through the engine crankcase ventilation system and hydrocarbon fumes from gasoline from the engine power system (tank, carburetor, filters, pipelines) during refueling and during operation.

Exhaust gases Cars with carburetor engines contain carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons among the most toxic components, and diesel gases contain nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, soot and sulfur compounds. One car annually absorbs an average of more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere.

Quantity crankcase gases in the engine increases with wear. In addition, it depends on driving conditions and engine operating mode. At idle, the crankcase ventilation system, which is equipped with almost all modern engines, works less efficiently, which worsens the environmental performance of cars.

Gasoline fumes in a car occur when the engine is running and when it is not running.

Gasoline evaporation into the atmosphere occurs not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary ones, which, first of all, should include gas stations(gas station). They receive, store and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious channel for environmental pollution, both as a result of fuel evaporation and spills.

Atmospheric pollution due to the “fault” of motor transport occurs, in addition, as a result of the functioning of automobile repair enterprises, asphalt concrete plants, road equipment bases and other transport infrastructure facilities.

Roads are one of the sources of dust formation in the surface air layer. When cars move, abrasion occurs on road surfaces and car tires, the wear products of which are mixed with solid particles of exhaust gases. Added to this is the dirt carried onto roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. The chemical composition and amount of dust depend on the road surface materials. The greatest amount of dust is created on dirt and gravel roads. Roads coated with granular materials (gravel) produce dust consisting mainly of silica. On roads with asphalt concrete pavement, the dust additionally includes wear products of binder bitumen-containing materials, particles of paint or plastic from the road marking lines into lanes. Significant amounts of land are being alienated for roads land area. Thus, the construction of 1 km of a modern highway requires up to 10-12 hectares of area.

Railway transport

Per share railway transport accounts for 75% of freight turnover and 40% of passenger turnover. Such volumes of work are associated with high consumption of natural resources and, accordingly, emissions of pollutants into the biosphere. However, in absolute terms, pollution from rail transport is significantly less than from road transport. The reduction in the impact of railway transport on the environment is due to the following main reasons:

· low specific fuel consumption per unit of transport work (lower fuel consumption is due to the lower rolling resistance coefficient when wheelsets move on rails compared to the movement of car tires on the road);

· widespread use of electric traction;

· less alienation of land for railways compared to roads.

Despite these positive aspects, the impact of railway transport on the environmental situation is very noticeable. It manifests itself primarily in air pollution, aquatic environment and lands during the construction and operation of railways.

In railway transport there is a significant number of stationary sources of emissions into the atmosphere: locomotive, carriage depots, rolling stock repair plants. More than 90% of emissions come from boilers(boiler houses, forges).

Specific for railway transport are enterprises for the preparation and impregnation of sleepers, crushed stone plants, washing and steaming stations.

Sleeper impregnation plants(SHPZ) prepare and impregnate wooden sleepers with antiseptic for the repair and construction of railway tracks. The antiseptic contains coal and shale oils. The main sources of release of pollutants are the impregnation cylinder during the period of pumping out the antiseptic, as well as cooling sleepers during their transportation in trolleys to the warehouse. The process of processing sleepers is accompanied by the release into the air naphthalene, anthracene, acenaphthene, benzene, toluene, xylene, phenol, that is, substances that mostly belong to hazard class 2. In addition to the atmosphere, sleeper impregnation plants pollute soil and water bodies. ShPZ wastewater is saturated with antiseptic, dissolved resins, and phenols.

Enterprises for the extraction and processing of crushed stone pollute the atmosphere with mineral dust containing over 70% silicon dioxide. Wastewater from a crushed stone plant is formed during washing of crushed stone and during wet air cleaning in aspiration systems. They can pose a danger to ecosystems if they enter nearby water bodies.

Operate as part of carriage depots or as independent enterprises washing and steaming stations, where tanks are cleaned of residual oil products, accompanied by the release of hydrocarbon vapors into the environment. The wastewater generated when washing tanks is contaminated petroleum products, dissolved organic acids, phenols. If leaded gasoline was transported in the tank, the effluent also contains tetraethyl lead. Recycled water supply is used for washing.

Contaminated wastewater is also generated in points for preparing and washing freight and passenger cars. Residues of transported goods, mineral and organic impurities, dissolved salts, and bacterial contaminants pass into wastewater. The items mostly do not have recycling water supply, which sharply increases the consumption of water resources and pollution of the natural environment.

Ecosystems are also impacted during the construction of railway lines.

The considered environmental consequences of the influence of railway transport are not exhaustive and may have other manifestations in specific situations.

Air Transport The specific impact of air transport on the environment consists of significant noise impact and emissions of pollutants.
substances.

Noise is created by aircraft engines, auxiliary power units of aircraft, special vehicles for various purposes, vehicles with thermal and wind power plants made on the basis of spent aircraft engines, equipment of stationary facilities where production is carried out. Maintenance and repair of aircraft. Noise levels reach 100 dB on airport aprons,
in control rooms from external sources - 90-95 dB, inside airport terminal buildings - 75 dB.

In addition to noise impact, aviation leads to electromagnetic pollution of the environment. It is caused by radar and radio navigation equipment of airports and aircraft, necessary for monitoring aircraft flights and weather conditions. Radar devices emit streams of electromagnetic energy into the environment. They can create high-intensity electromagnetic fields that pose a real threat to people.

Pollution of the biosphere with combustion products of aviation fuel is another aspect of the impact of air transport on the environmental situation, but aviation has a number of distinctive features Compared to other modes of transport:

· the use of mainly gas turbine engines determines a different nature of the processes occurring in them and the structure of exhaust gas emissions;

· the use of kerosene as fuel leads to changes in the components of pollutants;

· aircraft flights at high altitudes and at high speeds lead to the dispersion of combustion products in the upper layers of the atmosphere and over large areas, which reduces the degree of their impact on living organisms.

Exhaust gases from aircraft engines account for 75% of all emissions from civil aviation, which also includes atmospheric emissions from special vehicles and stationary sources.

Water transport

The decrease in the volume of freight and passenger traffic leads to a reduction in fuel consumption, and, consequently, in emissions of pollutants from ships. A corresponding reduction in emissions occurred at onshore facilities.

During sea transportation, the sea is polluted with oil and transported cargo, as well as wastewater and garbage. In addition to tankers, maritime transport vessels with nuclear power plants and nuclear technology service vessels pose a great potential danger. They can lead to radioactive contamination of the environment.

Emissions from stationary sources of maritime transport into the atmosphere are mainly coal combustion products, dust and solid particles generated during the transshipment of bulk cargo. Sea and river ports create local zones of environmental pollution.

Wastewater from ships, port waters and ship repair enterprises contains household wastewater, fecal and subsoil water. They are characterized by high levels of bacterial contamination. Subsoil waters They are a condensate of water vapor formed due to temperature differences outside and inside the engine room under conditions of high humidity, as well as water solutions used for washing ship mechanisms with fuel fractions dissolved in them, rust deposits and other inclusions. The penetration of subsalt water into reservoirs leads to chemical pollution of the aquatic environment and bottom soils.

Pipeline transport

Pipeline transport is intended for pumping oil, petroleum products, and gas from the place of their production to places of consumption. It includes a complex of various structures: pipelines, compressor, pumping, booster stations.

The impact of pipeline transport on environmental systems occurs during the construction of its facilities, during operation and in the event of emergency situations.

The first aspect of environmental impact is the alienation of land resources and their withdrawal from agricultural use. In addition, natural landscapes are disturbed. Self-recovery of disturbed soil and vegetation cover in the right-of-way occurs over the course of decades; recovery periods are especially long in the northern regions. Sometimes complete revegetation does not occur at all.

The laying of pipelines can be carried out underground, semi-underground, ground and above-ground methods.

Underground and semi-underground installation was carried out on initial stages creation of pipeline transport. But it turned out that pipelines laid using these methods in permafrost areas caused the thawing of frozen soils due to their heating by pumping products. As a result, ground subsidence occurred and pipes burst. To eliminate this we switched to ground and above-ground laying methods. The above-ground method involves the construction of a special embankment for the pipeline, and the above-ground method involves the construction of supports. Among other negative aspects, laying pipelines on the surface of the earth disrupts the migration of wild animals: the pipeline thread becomes an insurmountable obstacle for animals. Even a pipeline laid above ground on supports repels herds of deer. Currently, pipelines are laid underground using reliable thermal insulation. Gas is transported after preliminary compression at a compressor station,
as a result of which the gas temperature rises to 60 ° C, and subsequent cooling of the gas to negative temperatures. The surface of the pipeline through which the cooled gas is pumped also acquires a negative temperature. This technical solution, which eliminates the heat flow from the pipe into the ground, makes it possible to take into account environmental restrictions in relation to the conditions of the North.

During the operation of pipelines, hydrocarbon pollution of the atmosphere is possible due to gas leakage through cracks, leaks and ruptures of pipelines, as well as as a result of “breathing” of tanks. Leaks of liquid transported products lead to their spreading and destruction of flora and fauna. They are often accompanied by fires, which release large amounts of toxic products into the atmosphere.
combustion.

Pipeline accidents lead to massive releases of oil and gas and cause pollution of large areas and extremely high levels of harmful substances in surface waters and soil. The main causes of accidents are violations of the manufacturing technology of pipes and equipment, corrosion damage to pipelines, and external mechanical influences. Therefore, it is necessary to periodically carry out diagnostics of pipelines, which will avoid emergency situations and increase the environmental safety of pipeline transport.

Kuzmina Anna

Problems of environmental safety of road transport are integral part environmental safety. Ecological problems, associated with the use of traditional motor fuel in vehicle engines, are relevant not only for Russia, but also for all countries of the world. Motor transport, generating noise and polluting the air, is one of the main sources of environmental pollution in large cities and populated areas, as well as posing a threat to human life. Therefore, I became interested in the impact of road transport on the environment and human health.

Goal of the work

To find out the role of internal combustion engines in human life, to reveal the essence of the environmental problems associated with them and to try to outline a way out of the current difficult environmental situation in the world associated with their use.

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ALL-RUSSIAN COMPETITION OF SCIENTIFIC AND INNOVATION PROJECTS OF THE SIEMENS COMPANY in RUSSIA
(2012 - 2013)

Abstract research work

“The influence of road transport on the environment and human life.”

Direction: infrastructure and cities

The work was completed by Anna Kuzmina

Student of class 10A, MBOU "Gymnasium No. 1"

G. Kurchatov, Kursk region

Head: Ilchuk Irina Anatolyevna,

Physics teacher, MBOU "Gymnasium No. 1"

Kurchatov, 2012

1. Justification for choice. 3

2. Purpose of the work. 3

3. Project objectives. 3

4. Hypothesis. 3

5. Problematic question. 4

6. Relevance of the problem. 4

7. Introduction. 4
8. Problems of ecology of road transport. 5

9. Ways to reduce harmful effects on the environment.

The problem of toxicity of exhaust gases from cars. 6

Environmentally friendly car - reality or fantasy? 8

10. Conducting observations. 11

12. Conclusion. 16

13. Literature. 17

Applications. 18

1. Justification for choice

Problems of environmental safety of road transport are an integral part of environmental safety. Environmental problems associated with the use of traditional motor fuel in vehicle engines are relevant not only for Russia, but also for all countries of the world. Motor transport, generating noise and polluting the air, is one of the main sources of environmental pollution in large cities and towns, and also poses a threat to human life. Therefore, I became interested in the impact of road transport on the environment and human health.

2. Purpose of the work

3. Project objectives.

Get to know how car engines work.
Find out how air pollution depends on the intensity of vehicle traffic?
Conduct a study confirming the impact of transport on the environment.
Find out how to minimize this impact.
Evaluate ways to solve environmental problems.

4. Hypothesis.

During the operation of numerous heat engines, heat losses occur, which ultimately lead to an increase in the internal energy of the atmosphere, i.e., to an increase in its temperature. This could lead to the melting of glaciers and a catastrophic rise in sea levels, and at the same time to global change natural conditions. During the operation of thermal installations and engines, oxides of nitrogen, carbon and sulfur are released into the atmosphere, which are harmful to humans, animals and plants.

5. Problematic question.

If emissions of toxic substances are inevitable in the operation of motor vehicles, how can they be reduced?
Is it possible to create an environmentally friendly car?

6. Relevance of the problem.

The relevance of this topic is due to the increasing number of road transport and solving the problem of its impact on the quality of the urban environment and public health.

Introduction.

Modern human life is impossible without the use of a wide variety of machines that make his life easier. With the help of machines, people cultivate the land, extract oil, ore, and other minerals, move around, etc. The main property of machines is their ability to do work.

The main contribution to air pollution comes from cars running on gasoline, followed by airplanes, cars with diesel engines, tractors and other agricultural machines, railway and water transport. The main air pollutants emitted by mobile sources (the total number of such substances exceeds 40) include carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere only with exhaust gases, while incompletely burned hydrocarbons enter both with exhaust gases (which is approximately 60% of the total mass of hydrocarbons emitted) and from the crankcase (about 20%) , fuel tank (about 10%) and carburetor (about 10%); solid impurities come mainly from exhaust gases (90%) and from the crankcase (10%).

Main part.

Problems of ecology of road transport.

Problems of environmental safety of road transport are an integral part of the country's environmental security. The significance and severity of this problem is growing every year. It is alarming that emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from motor vehicles are increasing annually by an average of 3.1%. As a result, the amount of annual environmental damage from the functioning of the Russian transport complex amounts to more than 75 billion rubles and continues to grow.

One car annually absorbs an average of more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere, while emitting approximately 800 kg of carbon monoxide, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides and almost 200 kg of various carbons with exhaust gases. As a result, in Russia, a huge amount of only carcinogenic substances enter the atmosphere from motor transport per year: 27 thousand tons of benzene, 17.5 thousand tons of formaldehyde, 1.5 tons of benz(a)pylene and 5 thousand tons of lead. In general, the total amount of harmful substances emitted annually by cars exceeds 20 million tons.

In terms of environmental damage, motor transport leads in all types negative impact: air pollution - 95%, noise - 49.5%, climate impact - 68%.

Cars in Russia today are the main cause of air pollution in cities. Now there are more than half a billion of them in the world. In Russia, every tenth resident has a car, and in large cities - every fifth. Emissions from cars in cities are especially dangerous because they pollute the air mainly at a level of 60-90 cm from the surface of the earth and, especially on sections of highways where there are traffic lights. Cars emit carbon dioxide and monoxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, benzene, benzopyrene, soot into the atmosphere (about 300 different toxic substances in total). When car tires rub against asphalt, the atmosphere becomes polluted with rubber dust, which is harmful to human health. The car consumes a huge amount of oxygen. In one week, on average, a passenger car burns as much oxygen as its four passengers spend breathing in a year. As the number of cars increases, the area occupied by vegetation, which provides oxygen and clears the atmosphere of dust and gas, decreases; parking lots, garages and highways take up more and more space. Worn tires and rusty bodies accumulate in landfills. However, old car bodies can be seen in courtyards and vacant lots. Cars pollute the soil. One ton of gasoline, when burned, emits 500-800 kg. harmful substances. If the car engine runs on gasoline with the addition of lead, then they pollute the soil with this heavy metal along the road in a strip 50-100 m wide, and if the road goes up and the engine runs under load, the polluted strip is up to 400 m wide! Lead, which pollutes the soil, accumulates in plants that animals eat. With milk and meat, the metal enters the human body and can cause serious illnesses.

Ways to reduce harmful effects on the environment.

The problem of toxicity of exhaust gases from cars.

Using internal energy means doing useful work using it, that is, converting internal energy into mechanical energy. In the simplest experiment, which consists of pouring some water into a test tube and bringing it to a boil (the test tube is initially closed with a stopper), the stopper, under the pressure of the resulting steam, rises up and pops out. In other words, the energy of the fuel is converted into the internal energy of steam, and the steam, expanding, does work, knocking out the plug. This is how the internal energy of the steam is converted into the kinetic energy of the plug.

If the test tube is replaced with a strong metal cylinder, and the plug with a piston that fits tightly to the walls of the cylinder and is able to move freely along them, then you will get the simplest heat engine.

Man has been using the internal combustion engine for a long time, not knowing about its negative effects on humans, animals and plants. Only in Lately this negative impact was noticed and they began to fight it. The main air pollutants are cars, especially trucks. The quantity and concentration of harmful substances in exhaust depend on the type and quality of fuel. These are mainly substances such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hexene, pentene, cadmium, sulfuric anhydride, sulfur dioxide, lead, chlorine and some of its compounds. These substances negatively affect humans, animals, plants and cause global changes in the biosphere.

Now let's look specifically at their impact. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides are “greenhouse” gases, that is, they cause a greenhouse effect, which is expressed in an increase in temperature at the Earth’s surface. Its mechanism is the formation of a special layer in the atmosphere, which reflects heat rays coming from the Earth, preventing them from escaping into outer space. This could lead to melting of ice in the polar regions and, as a result, rising sea levels. But it must be said that the thermal effect is almost compensated by the glacial effect. The latter is caused by a layer of dust particles that reflect heat rays coming from the Sun back into space.

2.5-10 tons of CO are generated per year, 7 million tons of CO 2 . Carbon monoxide is toxic; it forms a strong compound with hemoglobin in the blood - carboxyhemoglobin, which prevents the intake of a sufficient amount of oxygen 2 into the brain and, as a result, increases the incidence of mental illness. SO 2 , NO are mutagens, teratogens, form smog and acid rain with fog or rain. Sulfur oxides with water form sulfuric acid, and nitrogen oxide forms nitric and nitrous acids. In humans they cause skin lesions, obstructive rickets, and pulmonary edema. Animals also experience dysfunction and even death. In plants, the leaves are first affected, and then the entire plant dies. Thus, in Scandinavia there is a massive loss of forests for this reason. These rains also cause corrosion of metals and destruction of buildings. In addition, nitrogen oxides contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer.

Cadmium has a negative effect on the skeletal and reproductive systems, adrenal cortex, teeth, and disrupts carbon metabolism. At high concentrations, it causes the itai-itai disease.

Lead is a teratogen, causing damage to the central nervous system, skeletal system, hearing, vision in infants and subsequently death. In adults, it causes disruption of the circulatory system and impotence.

ICEs also absorb oxygen, reducing its concentration in the atmosphere. Let's consider special case- automobile. Yes, people now cannot imagine their existence without motor transport, but if you look at this convenience from a different point of view, the amount of combustion products emitted by a car makes you horrified.

One passenger car annually absorbs more than 4 tons of oxygen from the atmosphere 2 , emits about 800 kg of CO, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides, 200 kg of various hydrocarbons with exhaust gases.

Car exhaust gases are a mixture of approximately 200 substances. They contain hydrocarbons - unburned or incompletely burned fuel components (only 15% of it is spent on driving the car, and 85% “flies to the wind”), among which unsaturated hydrocarbons of the ethylene series, especially hexene and pentene, occupy a large place. Their share increases 10 times when the engine is running at low speeds or when the speed increases, that is, during traffic jams or at a red traffic light. CO 2 and most other emissions are heavier than air, so they accumulate near the surface of the earth. Carbon monoxide (I) combines with hemoglobin in the blood and prevents it from carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Nitrogen oxides play a large role in the formation of hydrocarbon transformation products in atmospheric air. Due to incomplete combustion of fuel in a car engine, some of the hydrocarbons turn into soot containing resinous substances. 1 liter of gasoline may contain 1 g of tetraethyl lead, which is destroyed and released into the atmosphere in the form of a lead compound. Lead is one of the main environmental pollutants; it is supplied mainly by modern engines with high degree compressions produced by the automotive industry.

Environmentally friendly car - reality or fantasy?

The internal combustion engine remains the main one driving force car. In this regard, the only way to solve the energy problem of road transport is the creation of alternative fuels. The new fuel must satisfy many requirements: have the necessary raw materials, low cost, not impair engine performance, emit as little harmful substances as possible, be combined, if possible, with the existing fuel supply system, etc.

On a much larger scale, oil substitutes will be used as fuel for cars: methanol and ethanol, synthetic fuels obtained from coal. Their use will help to significantly reduce the toxicity and negative impact of the car on the environment.

Among alternative fuels, the first to be noted are alcohols, in particular methanol and ethanol, which can be used not only as an additive to gasoline, but also in their pure form. Their main advantages are high detonation resistance and good operating efficiency; the disadvantage is their reduced calorific value, which reduces the mileage between refills and increases fuel consumption by 1.5-2 times compared to gasoline. In addition, due to the poor volatility of methanol and ethanol, starting the engine is difficult.

The use of alcohols as automobile fuel requires minor modifications to the engine. For example, to operate on methanol, it is enough to readjust the carburetor, install a device to stabilize engine starting, and replace some corroding materials with more resistant ones. Given the toxicity of pure methanol, it is necessary to carefully seal the vehicle's fuel supply system.

It is not difficult to make the engine “clean”. You just need to switch it from gasoline to compressed air. But this idea did not stand up to criticism when it comes to car engines: you can’t go far with such “fuel.” And American experts proposed replacing compressed air with liquid nitrogen. They even developed a car design in which nitrogen, expanding as it evaporates, would push the three pistons of the engine. And to make the evaporation process more active, it is proposed to inject nitrogen into a special heating chamber, where a small amount of diesel fuel is burned. Such a scheme, with sufficient power, will provide a range of up to 500 km. Coal is the most common non-renewable energy source. Back in the 30s, the production of synthetic automobile fuel from coal was established in Germany. There was even a period when it satisfied about 50% of the country’s need for gasoline and diesel fuel. Currently, interest in synthetic fuel from coal is manifested in many countries.

The environmental benefits of hydrogen have been proven in various tests.

In what form can hydrogen be used? Gaseous, even highly compressed hydrogen is unprofitable, since its storage requires large cylinders.

The EU has decided to switch 10% of vehicles to biofuels by 2020. The European Union has set a target of converting 10% of its cars to biofuels by 2020. This decision was approved at a meeting in Brussels by the energy ministers of 27 EU countries. “By 2020, at least 10% of the automobile fuel consumed in each EU country should be fuel of biological origin,” says the resolution of the EU Energy and Transport Council. We are talking about such types of fuel as alcohols and methane produced from biomass. The resolution emphasizes the need for pan-European action to improve the efficiency of technologies for producing this fuel and improve its commercial opportunities. Currently, biofuel produced in Europe is on average 15-20 times more expensive than traditional fuel.

Some car models, including Saab 9-5 and Ford Focus, are adapted to use a fuel mixture containing 80% biofuel.

Biodiesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oil through its chemical transformation by the so-called transesterification process. In Europe it is made from sunflower and canola oil, in the United States it is made from soybean oil or a variety of canola oil. Happening chemical reaction oils with alcohol, mainly methyl alcohol, to reduce viscosity and cleanse the oil. This chemical process produces a homogeneous, stable and high-quality product: EMVH (Methyl Ester of Vegetable Oils), its properties are close to diesel oils. Benefits of biodiesel:

Biodiesel is a source of renewable energy, the solution of the future to replace the use of oil

The use of biodiesel does not require changing the kinematic chain; only, depending on the model and age of the car, a fuel filter is installed. Biodiesel helps prevent warming on our planet caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide and sulfur in the atmosphere: unlike combustible engines, it does not increase the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere. Indeed, during its life cycle, a plant must absorb an amount of carbon dioxide equivalent to the amount of emissions during engine operation.

Recently, the idea of using pure hydrogen as an alternative fuel has become widespread. Interest in hydrogen fuel is explained by the fact that, unlike others, it is the most common element in nature.

Hydrogen is one of the main contenders for the title of fuel of the future. To produce hydrogen, various thermochemical, electrochemical and biochemical methods can be used using solar energy, nuclear and hydraulic power plants, etc.

The environmental benefits of hydrogen have been proven in various tests. In what form can hydrogen be used? Gaseous, even highly compressed hydrogen is unprofitable, since its storage requires large cylinders.

A more realistic option is to use liquid hydrogen. However, in this case it is necessary to install expensive cryogenic tanks with special thermal insulation.

The only exception would be an electric car engine. Work on its creation is being carried out by the largest automobile manufacturing companies in the world, primarily Japan.

The source of current in electric vehicles is currently lead batteries. Without recharging, such cars provide a range of up to 50-60 km ( maximum speed 70 km/h, with a carrying capacity of 500 kg), which allows them to be used as a taxi or for technological transportation of small consignments within the city. Serial production and use of electric vehicles will require the creation of battery charging stations that meet all the necessary technical and economic requirements.

Experts believe that the most energy-saving and highly efficient source of energy for electric vehicles is fuel cell batteries. Such elements have many advantages, first of all, high efficiency, reaching 60-70% in real installations; They do not need to be charged, like batteries; it is enough to replenish the supply of reagents. The most promising is the hydrogen-air electrochemical generator (ECG), in which the reaction product during generation electrical energy is chemically pure water. The main disadvantage of ECH today is its high cost.

Humanity is too slowly, but still approaching the understanding that it is necessary to put material consumption in its rightful place among other sources of personal identity, such non-material values as family, friendship, communication with other people, the development of one’s own personality; that one should finally live in accordance with the possibilities of the Earth. The solution to this particular problem primarily determines whether we will preserve the Earth’s biosphere.

Conducting observations.

My gymnasium is surrounded by three roads, two of which are local roads with medium traffic intensity, and the third is a regional road with high traffic intensity.

To date, according to the traffic police, 22,125 vehicles have been registered in the city of Kurchatov and the Kurchatovsky district. Behind last years its number has increased significantly.

	2008	2009	2010	2011
"A" (motorcycles)	1596	1775	1789	1875
"B" (passenger cars)	12110	13944	15380	18239
"C" (trucks)
"D" (buses)
"E" (cargo trailers)
Total number of automatic telephone exchanges	15488	17601	19088	22125

The increase in the number of vehicles is associated with an increase in the standard of living of the population, but at the same time, more and more harm is caused to the environment.

I conducted a survey of the population of the gymnasium microdistrict. All respondents associate their health problem with the state of the environment and one of the factors of its pollution is the exhaust gases of motor vehicles.

I checked how the increase in cars affects environmental pollution. For comparison, I conducted research to count the number of cars passing along Svoboda Square, Naberezhnaya Street and past the traffic police post. The counting was carried out for an hour at the same time. As a result, it was found that Freedom Square and the traffic police post are the busiest places, and the largest concentration of vehicles is observed from 17°°-18°°.

Street name	ATS	Number of automatic telephone exchanges
		7°°-8°°	13°°-14°°	17°°-18°°
Freedom Square	Total			1137
	Buses
	Cars
	Trucks
St. Embankment	Total
	Buses
	Cars
	Trucks
Traffic police post	Total			1644
	Buses
	Cars			1067
	Trucks

The length of our city from west to east is 4.5 km, from north to south - 800 meters. Our gymnasium is located near Freedom Square. I calculated the amount of harmful substances contained in car exhaust gases. For ease of calculation, only cars passing from 13°°-14°° were taken, at the moment when students were walking home from the gymnasium. BA 1000 liter gasoline engine emits 200 kg of carbon monoxide, 20 kg of nitrogen oxide, 25 kg of hydrocarbons, 1 kg of soot, 1 kg of sulfur compounds. A passenger car requires 10 liters of gasoline per 100 km.

I carried out calculations and found that when traveling 1 km and burning 0.1 liters of gasoline:

Street name	Carbon monoxide	Nitric oxide	Hydrocarbons	soot	Sulphurous connections
Freedom Square	10.16 kg	1.02 kg	1.52 kg	0.05 kg	0.05 kg
St. Embankment	5.02 kg	0.5 kg	0.75 kg	0.03 kg	0.03 kg
Traffic police post	12.3 kg	1.23 kg	1.85 kg	0.06 kg	0.06 kg

The data in the table is for 1374 cars that drove 1 km along the city in one hour, and if you remember that there are more than a billion cars on Earth, then what an impressive figure this will be.

To determine the lead content, I took snow samples at a distance of 30, 60, 120, 240 m. from the road to see how far the pollution spreads.

Another environmental problem is spontaneous car washes. There are 6 officially registered car washes in our city, but they do not satisfy all the needs of the population. The growth of unauthorized car washes continues.

Conclusions: - having studied the statistical data on the growth in the number of vehicles in the city of Kurchatov and the Kurchatovsky district, I came to the conclusion that at such a rate of increase in vehicles, in 5 years there will be traffic jams on the streets of our city similar to those now in Moscow, and courtyard areas will turn into parking lots for cars;

Having conducted a survey among residents of the gymnasium microdistrict, I found out that one of the sources of environmental pollution, and therefore a factor worsening their health, is vehicle exhaust gases;

After studying the technical literature, I came to the conclusion that the environment can be improved by using more environmentally friendly modes of transport. For example, a bicycle, as is done in the city of Dubna, Moscow region and Geneva (CERN).

The traffic volume is enormous everywhere. It produces such air pollution that it cannot even be compared with emissions from industrial facilities. Transport creates 45-50% of all pollution.

So, there are two ways to reduce air pollution from road vehicles. The first is to reduce the amount of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere by each car. The second is to use as much as possible those vehicles that consume less fuel and, therefore, pollute the atmosphere less.

Stricter comprehensive controls on road vehicles are needed to stop pollution. An example is the following initiative: from 1 January 1993, all new cars intended for sale in the European Community must be equipped with catalytic contactors. This little device eliminates most hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen and carbon harmful to the human body. And as I already said, their presence in the atmosphere in large quantities creates a greenhouse effect, which threatens global warming on the planet. Another problem is lead, which is added to gasoline to make the engine more efficient. It is very poisonous and dangerous, especially for the body of young children. Therefore, the use of leaded gasoline is currently prohibited in our country. Studies have shown that engine exhaust gases are most toxic in the first five minutes of operation, when the engine is still cold. One woman proposed an original way to solve this problem: this air is collected in a sealed bag located under the rear seat of the car, and when the engine warms up, it enters the cylinders and burns out.

Car owners themselves could greatly help in the fight against air pollution if they began to use public transport more often or drive at low speeds, because this would reduce the emission of toxic compounds. Also, one of the ways to solve this problem is to use small cars in cities. It is not for nothing that environmentalists are concerned about the increase in the number of powerful jeeps on city streets, the use of which in the city is not justified. A recent survey of car owners showed that their personal vehicles are the main culprit of air pollution; they do not want to drive slowly or, especially, give up their personal vehicles. In order for such a desire to appear, it is necessary to thoroughly improve the work public transport. And since it is still far from perfect, it is not surprising that private cars are flooding city streets.

Nowadays, when a car with a gasoline engine has become one of the significant factors leading to environmental pollution, experts are increasingly turning to the idea of creating a “clean” car - an electric car. In some countries their mass production begins. In order to stimulate the production of electric vehicles, the state obliges each automobile plant to produce at least one electric vehicle model.

Five brands of electric vehicles are produced in our country. The electric car of the Ulyanovsk Automobile Plant (UAZ-451-MI) differs from other models in its electric propulsion system alternating current and built-in charger. Charger equipped with a current converter allowing the use of a light and low-speed traction motor. Cars of this brand are already used in Moscow to deliver groceries to stores and schools.

In the interests of environmental protection, it is considered advisable to gradually convert vehicles to electric power, especially in large cities. It is proposed, using existing types of current sources, with a certain improvement, to create and put into operation electric vehicles that can economically and technically compete with conventional cars. The forecast is as follows: if in 2010 there were 5% of electric vehicles out of the total number of cars, then in 2025 their number is expected to increase to 15%.

As mentioned, the main source of air pollution is exhaust gases. But this problem can be solved if the internal combustion engine is replaced with electric motors used in electric vehicles, and alternative sources nutrition listed above.

But what about public transport? And here there is a way out. You just need to replace buses and minibuses with trolleybuses and trams. And, paradoxically, use a bicycle as an individual transport. Of course, a car is much more comfortable and convenient, but imagine having to choose between a bicycle and the harm that exhaust fumes cause to our health. I think most will choose a bicycle.

Every year, more than 250 thousand Russians die from environmental immunodeficiency, and hundreds of thousands get sick. The reason is the direct impact of toxicants, allergens, mutagens under unfavorable environmental conditions. In recent years, the country's mortality rate has doubled the birth rate.

What needs to be done to make our hometown clean and beautiful?

1. Greening the city. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen.

2. Conduct vehicle inspections 2 times a year, since the amount of harmful substances emitted by a car into the atmosphere depends on the condition of the engine.

Make car repairs more affordable.
Tighten sanctions against violators.

Conclusion.

From my work I concluded that with the invention of heat engines, man's power over nature increased. But man is a part of nature, therefore, in order to live on Earth without fear for our future, for our health, to admire the beauty of nature, we need to take care of our home, otherwise we can die.

Nowadays, people who make responsible technical decisions must master the basics of natural science, be environmentally literate, be aware of their responsibility for their actions and understand the harm they can cause to the environment. In my opinion, a car is simply necessary in the life and activities of modern civilization. But any shortcomings of scientific and technological progress must be eliminated in a timely manner in order to keep the environment clean. A person must understand that life on Earth depends on his relationship to nature, on the harmony between them.

Literature:

Printed publications:

1.Physics: Non-standard classes, extracurricular activities. 7-11 grades. M.A. Petrukhina, Volgograd: Teacher, 2007.

2) V.A. Popova, Physics grades 8-9: collection of elective course programs. - Volgograd: Teacher 2007

3) Polyansky SE. Lesson developments in physics: grade 8, 2nd edition, M: VAKO, 2004

Electronic editions:

2) http://www.pollockpress.com/transport.php

Application.

Questioning.

I conducted a survey among my classmates. Here are the results:

1. Does your family have a car?

Yes - 20 No - 4

2. How often does your family use a car?

Every day - 14 On weekends and less often - 6

4. Where do you leave your car overnight?

Near entrance-11 In the parking lot, in the garage-9

Where do you wash your car?

Near a pond, near the house - 6 On special. car washes-14

6. Do you believe that road transport in the future can be environmentally friendly?

Yes-11 No-13

This study shows that using a car is becoming an integral part of the life of a modern person, but environmental problems associated with this do not concern every car owner.

Plan:

Introduction.

1. The impact of transport on the environment. Greenhouse effect.

2. Ways to solve environmental problems:

a) creation of new engines;

b) development of means of protecting the atmosphere and hydrosphere (obtaining additives that promote more complete combustion of fuel, creating effective filters, etc.).

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

The problem of preventing degradative changes in the human environment, rational use and conservation of nature affects not only developed industrial countries. This problem concerns developing countries no less. There is no doubt that the scale of industrial and agricultural production, the degree of use of natural resources and, accordingly, the nature of degradation changes in the human environment in these countries differ significantly from the former. However, the existing modification of the historically established ecological, thermodynamic and biogeochemical structure of the biosphere is becoming a real fact for developing countries.

The problem of the “man-nature” relationship is one of the concrete expressions of the main question of philosophy about the status of being and thinking, about the interaction of the material and the spiritual.

The genesis of the “man-nature” relationship corresponds to the era of the separation of man from the animal world. In the early stages of his history, man recognized himself not as a special phenomenon of nature, but only as one of its many manifestations. This can be considered as a spiritual expression of a certain level of development of primitive society, which was at the stage of gathering, i.e., absolute dependence on the external environment.

« Previously nature frightened man, but now man frightens nature.”

Jean Yves Cousteau.

1. Impact of transport on the environment. Greenhouse effect.

The main toxic emissions from a car include: exhaust gases, crankcase gases and fuel fumes. Exhaust gases emitted by the engine contain carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (CxHy), nitrogen oxides (NOx), benzopyrene, aldehydes and soot. The distribution of the main emission components of a carburetor engine is as follows: exhaust gases contain 95% CO, 55% CxHy and 98% NOx, crankcase gases contain 5% CxHy, 2% NOx, and fuel vapors contain up to 40% CxHy.

The main toxic substances - products of incomplete combustion - are soot, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and aldehydes.

Harmful toxic emissions can be divided into two types: regulated and unregulated. They act on the human body in different ways.

Lead is the main air pollutant in Russian Federation Currently, vehicles using leaded gasoline account for 70 to 87% of total lead emissions, according to various estimates. PbO (lead oxides)- occur in the exhaust gases of carburetor engines when leaded gasoline is used to increase the octane number to reduce detonation (this is a very fast, explosive combustion of individual sections of the working mixture in the engine cylinders with a flame propagation speed of up to 3000 m/s, accompanied by a significant increase in gas pressure). When one ton of leaded gasoline is burned, approximately 0.5...0.85 kg of lead oxides are released into the atmosphere. According to preliminary data, the problem of lead pollution from vehicle emissions is becoming significant in cities with a population of over 100,000 people and for local areas along heavily trafficked highways. A radical method of combating lead pollution from vehicle emissions is to stop using leaded gasoline. According to 1995 data. 9 out of 25 oil refineries in Russia switched to the production of unleaded gasoline. In 1997, the share of unleaded gasoline in total production was 68%. However, due to financial and organizational difficulties, the complete abandonment of the production of leaded gasoline in the country is delayed.

Protection of the natural environment and rational use of natural resources is one of the pressing global problems of our time. Its solution is inextricably linked with the struggle for peace on Earth, for the prevention of nuclear disaster, disarmament, peaceful coexistence and mutually beneficial cooperation of states.
In recent decades, we have all observed a sharp increase in temperature, when in winter instead of negative temperatures, we observe thaws of up to 5–8 degrees Celsius for months, and in the summer months there are droughts and hot winds that dry out the soil of the earth and lead to its erosion. Why is this happening?

Scientists claim that the cause is, first of all, the destructive activities of mankind, leading to global climate change on the Earth. The combustion of fuel in power plants, a sharp increase in the amount of waste from human production activities, an increase in motor transport and, as a consequence, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions into the Earth's atmosphere with a sharp reduction in the forested area, led to the emergence of the so-called greenhouse effect of the Earth.

Long-term observations show that as a result economic activity changes gas composition and dustiness of the lower layers of the atmosphere. Millions of tons of soil particles rise into the air from plowed lands during dust storms. During the development of mineral resources, during the production of cement, during the application of fertilizers and the friction of car tires on the road, during the combustion of fuel and the release of industrial waste, a large amount of suspended particles of various gases enter the atmosphere. Determinations of air composition show that there is now 25% more carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere than 200 years ago. This is, of course, the result of human economic activity, as well as deforestation, the green leaves of which absorb carbon dioxide. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is associated with the greenhouse effect, which manifests itself in the heating of the inner layers of the Earth's atmosphere. This happens because the atmosphere transmits most of the sun's radiation. Some of the rays are absorbed and heat up earth's surface, and the atmosphere heats up from it. Another part of the rays is reflected from the surface of the Planet and this radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules, which contributes to an increase in the average temperature of the Planet. The effect of the greenhouse effect is similar to the effect of glass in a greenhouse or greenhouse (this is where the name "greenhouse effect" comes from).

One of the gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect is natural gas.

Natural gas.

Natural gas used in the energy sector is a non-renewable energy resource, but at the same time it is the most environmentally friendly type of traditional energy fuel. Natural gas is 98% methane, the remaining 2% is ethane, propane, butane and some other substances. When gas is burned, the only truly dangerous air pollutant is a mixture of nitrogen oxides.

At thermal power plants and heating boiler houses that use natural gas, carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to the greenhouse effect, are half as much as at coal-fired power plants that produce the same amount of energy. The use of liquefied and compressed natural gas in road transport makes it possible to significantly reduce environmental pollution and improve air quality in cities, that is, to “slow down” the greenhouse effect. Compared to oil, natural gas does not produce as much environmental pollution during production and transportation to the point of consumption.

Natural gas reserves in the world reach 70 trillion cubic meters. If current production volumes continue, they will last for more than 100 years. Gas deposits are found both separately and in combination with oil, water, and also in the solid state (so-called gas hydrate accumulations). Most natural gas fields are located in inaccessible and environmentally sensitive areas of the Arctic tundra.

Although natural gas does not cause a greenhouse effect, it can be classified as a “greenhouse” gas because its use releases carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect.

In addition, the development of the greenhouse effect is facilitated by: carbon dioxide and chlorofluorine-containing gases.

Carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide - carbon dioxide, is constantly formed in nature during the oxidation of organic substances: decay of plant and animal residues, respiration, combustion of fuel. The greenhouse effect occurs due to human disruption of the carbon dioxide cycle in nature. Industry burns huge amounts of fuel - oil, coal, gas. All these substances consist mainly of carbon and hydrogen. Therefore, they are also called organic hydrocarbon fuels.

During combustion, as is known, oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released. As a result of this process, every year humanity emits 7 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere! It’s hard to even imagine this magnitude. At the same time, forests on Earth are being cut down - one of the most important consumers of carbon dioxide, and they are being cut down at a rate of 12 hectares per minute!!! So it turns out that more and more carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere, but less and less is consumed by plants.

The carbon dioxide cycle on Earth is disrupted, so in recent years the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing, albeit slowly but surely. And the more it is, the stronger the greenhouse effect.

Chlorofluorinated gases.

Halogens or chlorofluorinated gases are widely used in the chemical industry. Fluorine is used to produce some valuable secondary derivatives, for example, lubricants that can withstand high temperatures, plastics that are resistant to chemical reagents (Teflon), and liquids for refrigeration machines (freons or freons). Freon is also released by aerosols and refrigeration machines. It is also believed that freon destroys ozone layer in the atmosphere.

The motor transport complex is now considered as a worldwide environmental threat to humanity. Air pollution from vehicles is associated with the energy consumption of fossil fuels. According to European statistics for 1998, transport energy consumption accounted for 29.8% of total energy consumption in the European Union (EU).

In the EU transport sector, in terms of fuel consumption, motor transport accounts for 84.4%, aviation - 11.1%, railway- 2.5% and for river transport - 2%.

According to statistical data, road transport is the largest environmental polluter among other types of transport in Ukraine (Table 5.3).

Table 5.3

Emissions of main harmful substances by transport in Ukraine (2011)

kind of transport


Automotive
Railway
Sea and river

The impact of vehicles on ecosystems is:

Pollution by toxic emissions of the atmosphere, water bodies and soils, changes in chemical composition soils and microflora, the formation of industrial waste. Pollutants, in addition to their harmful effects on living nature, negatively affect man-made systems - on Construction Materials, historical architectural and sculptural monuments, monuments and other works of art, cause corrosion of metals, damage to leather and textile products;

Consumption of natural resources - atmospheric air, which is necessary for the flow of work processes in the internal combustion engines of vehicles, petroleum products and natural gas, which are fuel for internal combustion engines, water for internal combustion engines cooling systems and vehicle washing, production and domestic needs of transport enterprises, land resources alienated for the construction of highways and other transport infrastructure facilities;

The release of thermal energy into the environment during the operation of internal combustion engines and installations in which fuel is burned;

Creation high levels noise and vibration;

Activation of unfavorable natural processes such as water erosion, waterlogging, formation of mudflows, landslides and landslides;

Injury and death of people, animals, large material losses as a result of accidents and disasters;

disturbance of soil and vegetation cover and reduction in crop yields.

The largest part of the harmful substances emitted by a car engine comes from exhaust gases - a product of incomplete combustion of the fuel used, which contains various chemical compounds, including those hazardous to human health and harmful to the environment.

Scientific laboratory analyzes of vehicle exhaust gases show that they contain about 200 components. The composition of exhaust gases depends on the type of fuels, additives and oils used, engine operating modes, its technical condition, vehicle traffic conditions and the like. The toxicity of exhaust gases from gasoline engines is mainly due to the content of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide, and from diesel engines - nitrogen oxide and soot (Table 5.4).

Table 5.4

Composition of automobile exhaust gases

Compared to carburetor engines, diesel engines have the following advantages:

Higher fuel efficiency (30 - 40%);

High reliability;

Less toxic.

The disadvantages of a diesel engine include:

Greater weight and size with the same power as carburetor engines;

More difficult engine starting;

Increased noise level during operation;

Significant emissions of soot from exhaust gases, which can cause the formation of carcinogenic substances.

The emissions of carburetor internal combustion engines are more toxic due to greater emissions of CO, NOx, CmHn. Diesel internal combustion engines emit large quantities of soot, which in its pure form is non-toxic, but its parts, having high adsorption activity, carry toxic substances on their surface, incl. carcinogenic. Soot can remain suspended in the air for a long time, thereby increasing the time a person is exposed to toxicants. The use of leaded gasoline contributes to the release of lead into the environment (75% of gasoline is leaded gasoline containing from 0.15 to 0.5 g Pb / l) - a poison of cumulative action.

A car running on leaded gasoline emits 30 - 540 mg of dioxins in dioxin equivalent for every kilometer traveled.

About 70% of Pb added to fuel enters the atmosphere. Of these, 30% settles on the ground immediately after the exhaust pipe, 40% remains in the air. One medium-duty truck emits 2.5 - 3 kg Pb/year. The concentration of Pb in the air depends on its content in gasoline:

The maximum content of Pb compounds was observed within 50 m from roads, which reaches 200 mg/kg. It accumulates in plants: carrots concentrate it to concentrations exceeding the MPC by 4–7 times, wheat and barley by 5–8 times, potatoes by 26 times.

Emissions C m N n - wall zones in the combustion chamber have a low temperature, the flame is extinguished and a thin film of fuel is formed (0.005-0.4 microns thick). The piston moves upward, scraping off this film. A lean combustible mixture (α> 1.15) leads to regular misfires and unstable operating cycles.

Due to a decrease in the combustion efficiency of the combustible mixture with α > 1.15 there is a sharp increase in CmHn in the emission.

Soot- present in diesel emissions due to incomplete combustion of fuel or through fuel cracking on hot surfaces.

Diesel emissions have a characteristic appearance and smell: black smoke - soot (carbon fraction 0.1 - 0.3 microns), adsorbs organic matter; white smoke - fog from fuel vapors, water droplets, aldehydes, has an irritating effect on humans, appears in case of interruptions in the ignition system, at idle and at low loads; blue smoke - consists of droplets of CmHn smaller than in white smoke, formed after cooling the exhaust gases.

EmissionsNO x - increase if the combustion temperature increases. The maximum NOx concentration created is α = 1.05 - 1.1; for a. = 1.2 decreases due to a decrease in the temperature of the operating cycle through "dilution with air. For idling, the combustion temperature of the working mixture is 700 - 750 ° C, ΝΟx - is not formed, for 1000 - 1100 ° C (NOx) = 0.1%, for 2000 -2200 ° C - 0.5%. With a large excess of air, the combustion temperature decreases, NOx is formed in smaller quantities.

In gas engines, the operating process does not differ from carburetor engines; due to lower operating temperatures, the amount of incomplete combustion products and ΝΟx in the emission decreases.

Currently, CO, NO ", CmHn are standardized in emissions, and in the future - Pb. Standardized emissions should include Pb, surfactants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), SO2, aldehydes, soot.

The requirements of the UNECE (Committee on Environmental Policy of the Economic Commission for Europe) on the toxicity of exhaust gases from transport engines are consistently strengthened. In table 5.5. shows the dynamics of growth in emissions requirements for passenger cars.

Table 5.5

Emission standards for passenger cars for European countries (g/km)

	administration time
diesel

	January 1996
	January 2000
	January 2005
	September
	September
petrol

	January 1996
	January 2000
	January 2005
	September
	September

ZV - general hydrocarbons, NMVV - non-metallic hydrocarbons, AF - suspended particles

The Euro 6 standard introduces for the first time a limit on carbon dioxide emissions - 120 g per kilometer traveled. Due to the impossibility of fulfilling this requirement at modern cars, the implementation of this standard has been postponed to 2016.

Separate standards exist for light commercial vehicles weighing up to 1305 kg, light commercial vehicles weighing 1305 kg - 1760 kg, light commercial vehicles weighing 1760 kg - 3500 kg, buses and trucks with diesel engines, large trucks (over 3500 kg).

The maximum external noise level for vehicles is set within 77 - 80 dB.

According to the "AUTO oil" program for the USA and European Union countries:

- Petrol: Pb content is not allowed. S - no more than 0.015%, surfactant no more than 1%, B - no less than 2.7%;

- Diesel fuel : S - no more than 0.035%, surfactant - no more than 1%.

Emissions of harmful substances are affected by engine operating mode. On average, idling takes up 30% of the total driving time, braking and acceleration - 55%, constant speed - 15%. For idling, the main toxicants are CO and CmHn; NOx is absent due to low temperature. In the process of acceleration, compared to movement at a constant speed, fuel is consumed 2 times more. During braking, the content of incomplete combustion products (soot, aldehydes) increases. Optimal driving speed for trucks- 60 - 65 km/h. In case of movement at low speeds (25 - 30 km/h), fuel consumption per unit of distance increases by 2 - 3 times compared to the optimal speed. For passenger cars, the optimal speed is 80 - 90 km/h. At a speed of 30 - 35 km/h, fuel consumption also increases by 2 - 3 times. Minimum emissions coincide with minimum costs.

As a result of the oxidation under the influence of sunlight of individual components of exhaust gases from automobile engines, gasoline vapor and other substances, photochemical smog is formed. Smog causes irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, damages crops, forests and contributes to the corrosion of metals, etc. Studies have shown that up to 35% of total vehicle emissions are determined by the condition of the road surface and the organization of vehicle traffic. In the case of heavy traffic 100 -200 meters from the edge of the roadway, the soil becomes unsuitable for growing crops.

The greatest harm is caused by a highway to flora and fauna when it crosses migration routes and habitats of animals, territories and objects of natural reserves. Zone of influence highway extends to a distance of up to 3 km from the edge of the roadway, depending on the intensity of traffic, the composition of vehicles, as well as the meteorological, climatic and topographic conditions of the area.

An important aspect of environmental pollution is liquid and solid waste from motor transport enterprises (ATE). Petroleum products enter the environment from cars during oil leakage from units and outside car washes. On average, a passenger car leaves 50 kg of pollutants in a car wash per year, and a truck leaves 250 kg.

Table 5.7

Composition of ATP wastewater

To the bottom batteries lead dust and pieces of lead plates fall out, which can also enter the environment.

Today, due to the lack of a system for collecting and recycling used oil (the annual amount in Ukraine is 116,000 tons/year), significant pollution is caused precisely by this lack of vehicle operation.

Environmental pollution can be caused by ethylene glycol (a component of antifreeze, poisonous, has great penetrating power and, at the slightest leak in the cooling system, enters the environment) and brake fluid.

A serious threat is the large number of used car tires; today there is no effective method for their disposal implemented in Ukraine.

Over the course of its life cycle, a car generates a mass of waste 10 times greater than the mass of the car itself. If we take into account the water used by cars (cooling system and washing), then the mass of waste will exceed the mass of the car by 100 times. For example, in an ATP, out of 150 ZIL vehicles, 130 generate 1.5 thousand tons of secondary resources and waste per year of operation, and taking into account water consumption - 9 thousand tons.

But still, the most significant impact on the environment is created by combustion products.