The word “computer” means “computer”, i.e. computing device. The need to automate data processing, including calculations, arose a long time ago. More than 1500 years ago, counting sticks, pebbles, etc. were used for counting.
Nowadays it is difficult to imagine that you can do without computers. But not so long ago, until the early 70s, computers were available to a very limited circle of specialists, and their use, as a rule, remained shrouded in secrecy and little known to the general public. However, in 1971, an event occurred that radically changed the situation and, with fantastic speed, turned the computer into an everyday work tool for tens of millions of people. In that undoubtedly significant year, the almost unknown company Intel from a small American town with the beautiful name of Santa Clara (California) released the first microprocessor. It is to him that we owe the emergence of a new class of computing systems - personal computers, which are now used by essentially everyone, from students primary classes and accountants to scientists and engineers.
At the end of the 20th century, it is impossible to imagine life without a personal computer. The computer has firmly entered our lives, becoming man's main assistant. Today in the world there are many computers from different companies, different complexity groups, purposes and generations.
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On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
Practical work on the subject: “Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Science”
Practical work on the subject: “Fundamentals of computer science and computer technology” Topic: The main stages of developing and researching models on a computer using the example of studying a physical model...
WORK PLAN for the office/laboratory of ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Office/laboratory number ___17_______ Ufa College of Statistics, Informatics and Computer Engineering for the 2013-2014 academic year Head of the office/laboratory M.V. KISELOVA
WORK PLAN of the office/laboratory of ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT Office/laboratory number ___17_______ Ufa College of Statistics, Informatics and Computer Engineering for the 2013-2014 academic year...
Work program of the academic discipline "Peripheral devices of computer technology" in specialty 230101 Computers, complexes, systems and networks
The work program is drawn up in accordance with State requirements to a minimum of content and level of training of graduates in specialty 230101 Computers, complexes, systems and networks...
Methodological development of the student conference “History of the development of computer technology”
Acquiring new knowledge helps broaden one’s horizons, generate interest in studying computer science and information technologies, the formation of general cultural, educational, cognitive, information...
Pre-electronic era
The need to count objects in humans arose in prehistoric times. The needs of counting forced people to use counting standards. The first computing device is the abacus. As it becomes more complex economic activity and social relations and after centuries began to be used - abacus.
Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662)
French religious philosopher, writer, mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal in 1642 he designed the first mechanical calculator that allowed him to add and subtract numbers.
G. Leibniz
In 1673, a German scientist G. Leibniz developed counting device, which used a mechanism known as “Leibniz wheels”. His adding machine not only performed addition and subtraction, but also multiplication and division.
Carl Thomas
In the 19th century, Karl Thomas invented the first calculating machines - adding machines. Functions: addition, calculation, multiplication, division, memorizing intermediate results, printing results and much more.
Babbage's Analytical Engine (mid-19th century)
The analytical machine consists of 4,000 steel parts and weighs 3 tons. The calculations were carried out in accordance with the instructions (programs) developed by Lady Ada Lovelace (daughter of the English poet Byron). Countess Lovelace is considered the first programmer and the ADA programming language is named after her.
The first computer in the world
In 1945, American electronics engineer J.P. Eckert and physicist J.W. Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania designed, by order of the US military department, the first electronic computer - “Eniak” (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)
The first Soviet computers
The first Soviet electronic computer (later called MESM - small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1949 in Kyiv, and three years later, in 1952, the BESM (high-speed electronic calculating machine) went into operation in Moscow. Both machines were created under the leadership of the outstanding Soviet scientist Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev (1902-1974), the founder of Soviet electronic computing technology.
MESM performed arithmetic operations on 5-6-digit numbers at a speed of 50 operations per second, had memory for vacuum tubes ah with a volume of 100 cells, occupied 50 square meters. m., consumed 25 kW/h.
BESM - executed programs at a speed of approximately 10,000 commands per second. BESM memory consisted of 1024 cells (39 bits each). This memory was built on magnetic cores. The computer's external memory was located on two magnetic drums and one magnetic tape and could hold 100,000 39-bit words.
First generation computers (1945 – 1957)
All first-generation computers were made on the basis of vacuum tubes, which made them unreliable - the tubes had to be changed frequently. These computers were huge, clunky, and overly expensive machines that could only be purchased by large corporations and governments. The lamps consumed huge amounts of electricity and generated a lot of heat.
Second generation computers (1958 – 1964)
In the 60s of the 20th century, second-generation computers were created, in which transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Such computers were produced in small series and used in large research centers and leading higher educational institutions.
In the USSR in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe was released
BESM-6 (High Speed Electronic Calculating Machine 6) which could perform 1 million operations per second.
Third generation computer
Since the 70s of the last century, third-generation computers began to be used as the elemental base integrated circuits . Computers based on integrated circuits have become more compact, faster and cheaper. Such mini-computers were produced in large series and became available to most scientific institutes and higher educational institutions.
Personal computers
Development high technology led to the creation of large integrated circuits - LSIs, including tens of thousands of transistors. This made it possible to begin producing compact personal computers available for mass use.
First personal computer
The first personal computer was created in 1977 Apple II , and in 1982, IBM began manufacturing IBM PC personal computers.
Personal computers
Over thirty years of development, personal computers have become powerful, high-performance devices for processing the most various types information that qualitatively expanded the scope of application of computers. Personal computers are produced in stationary (desktop) and portable versions.
Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer.
Computer generations
Characteristic
Years of use
40 - 50s XX century
Main element
generation
generation
60s XX century
Electric lamp
Speed, operations per second
Tens of thousands
Personal computers
70s XX century
Number of computers in the world, pcs.
Transistor
generation
Hundreds of thousands
Integrated circuit
80s XX century – present tense
Large integrated circuit
Millions
Billions
Hundreds of thousands
Slide 1
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As early as 1,500 years ago, abacus began to be used to facilitate calculations. In 1642, Blaise Pascal invented a device that mechanically performed the addition of numbers, the 1654 slide rule, the invention of the punched card, the first device that made calculations fast and became widespread. and in 1694, Gottfried Leibniz designed an adding machine that could mechanically perform four arithmetic operations, 1822-1838 - Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, the first attempt to create a programmable computing device.
Slide 4
Slide 5
The beginning of the development of technology is considered to be with Blaise Pascal, who in 1642. invented a device that mechanically performs the addition of numbers. His machine was designed to work with 6-8 digit numbers and could only add and subtract, and also had a better way of recording the result than anything before. Pascal's machine measured 36(13(8) centimeters. Pascal's engineering ideas had a huge influence on many other inventions in the field of computer technology.
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Slide 7
Charles Babbage invented the first universal programmable computer. In 1812, the English mathematician Charles Babbage began working on the so-called difference engine, which was supposed to calculate any functions, including trigonometric ones, and also compile tables. Babbage built his first difference engine in 1822 and used it to calculate the table of squares, the table of function values y=x2+x+41 and a number of other tables. However, due to lack of funds, this machine was not completed. But this failure did not stop Babbage, and in 1834 he began a new project - the creation of the Analytical Engine, which was supposed to perform calculations without human intervention. From 1842 to 1848, Babbage worked hard, using his own resources. Unfortunately, he was unable to complete the work on creating the Analytical Engine - it turned out to be too complex for the technology of that time. Babbage's merit is that he was the first to propose and partially implement the idea of program-controlled computing. It was the Analytical Engine that in its essence was the prototype of the modern computer. This idea and its engineering detail were 100 years ahead of its time!
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The first statistical tabulator was built by the American Herman Hollerith, with the goal of speeding up the processing of the results of the census, which was conducted in the United States in 1890. The idea of using punch cards for these purposes belonged to a high-ranking Census Bureau official, John Shaw Billings (future father-in-law of Hollerith). Hollerith completed work on the tabulator by 1890. Tests were then conducted at the Census Bureau, and Hollerith's tabulator was found to be the best in competition with several other systems. A contract was concluded with the inventor. After the census, Hollerith was awarded several prizes and received a professorship at Columbia University.
Slide 10
Slide 11
In 1938, Zuse completed work on a prototype electromechanical binary programmable calculator, the V1 (renamed the Z1 after the war). This machine could work with floating point and negative numbers.
Slide 12
6. First generation of computers with von Neumann architecture Memory on ferrite cores. Each core is one bit.
Slide 13
The first working machine with von Neumann architecture was the Manchester “Baby” - Small-Scale Experimental Machine, created at the University of Manchester in 1948; it was followed in 1949 by the Manchester Mark I computer, which was already a complete system, with Williams tubes and a magnetic drum as memory, as well as index registers. Another contender for the title of “first digital stored program computer” was EDSAC, designed and constructed at the University of Cambridge. Launched less than a year after Baby, it could already be used to solve real problems.
Slide 14
Slide 15
The next major step in the history of computer technology was the invention of the transistor in 1947. They have become a replacement for fragile and energy-intensive lamps. Transistorized computers are usually referred to as the "second generation" that dominated the 1950s and early 1960s. Thanks to transistors and printed circuit boards, a significant reduction in size and energy consumption, as well as increased reliability, was achieved.
Counting on fingers Finger counting goes back to ancient times, being found in one form or another among all peoples even today. Famous medieval mathematicians recommended finger counting as an auxiliary tool, allowing for fairly effective counting systems.
Counting with objects For example, the peoples of pre-Columbian America had highly developed knot counting. Moreover, the system of nodules also served as a kind of chronicles and annals, having a rather complex structure. However, using it required good memory training. To make the counting process more convenient, primitive man began to use other devices instead of fingers. The counting results were recorded different ways: notching, counting sticks, knots, etc.
Abacus and abacus Counting with the help of grouping and rearranging objects was the predecessor of counting on the abacus - the most developed counting device of antiquity, which has survived to this day in the form of various types of abacus. The abacus was the first developed calculating device in the history of mankind, the main difference of which from previous methods of calculation was the performance of calculations by digits. Well adapted to perform addition and subtraction operations, the abacus turned out to be an insufficiently efficient device for performing multiplication and division operations.
The logarithms introduced in 1614 by J. Napier had a revolutionary impact on the entire subsequent development of calculation, which was greatly facilitated by the appearance of a number of logarithmic tables calculated both by Napier himself and by a number of other calculators known at that time. Subsequently, a number of modifications of logarithmic tables appeared. However, in practical work the use of logarithmic tables has a number of inconveniences, therefore J. Napier as alternative method proposed special counting sticks (later called Napier's sticks), which made it possible to perform multiplication and division operations directly on the original numbers. Napier based this method on the lattice multiplication method. Along with sticks, Napier proposed a counting board for performing the operations of multiplication, division, squaring and square root in binary s.s., thereby anticipating the advantages of such a number system for automating calculations. Logarithms served as the basis for the creation of a wonderful computing tool - the slide rule, which has served engineers and technicians around the world for more than 360 years. Napier sticks and slide rule
In 1623, the German scientist Wilhelm Schickard proposed his solution based on a six-digit decimal calculator, which also consisted of gears, designed to perform addition, subtraction, as well as table multiplication and division. The first actually implemented and well-known mechanical digital computing device was " Pascal", created by the French scientist Blaise Pascal. It was a six- or eight-digit geared device capable of adding and subtracting decimal numbers. Chiccard and Pascal machine
1673 Thirty years after Pascalina, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's "arithmetic instrument" appeared - a twelve-digit decimal device for performing arithmetic operations, including multiplication and division. End of the 18th century. Joseph Jacquard creates a program-controlled weaving loom using punched cards. Gaspard de Prony develops a new computing technology in three stages: development of a numerical method, compilation of a sequence program arithmetic operations, carrying out calculations by arithmetic operations on numbers in accordance with the left program.
Babbage's brilliant idea was realized by Howard Aiken, an American scientist who created the first relay-mechanical computer in the United States in 1944. Its main blocks - arithmetic and memory - were executed on gear wheels. Charles Babbage develops a project for the Analytical Engine, a mechanical universal digital computer with program control. Separate machine components were created. It was not possible to create the entire machine due to its bulkiness. Babbage's Analytical Engine
At the end of the 19th century. More complex mechanical devices were created. The most important of these was a device developed by the American Herman Hollerith. Its uniqueness lay in the fact that it was the first to use the idea of punched cards and calculations were carried out using electric current. In 1897, Hollerith organized a company that later became known as IBM. Herman Hollerith's machine The largest projects at the same time were carried out in Germany (K. Zuse) and the USA (D. Atanasov, G. Aiken and D. Stieblitz). These projects can be considered as direct predecessors of mainframe computers.
Gg. In England, with the participation of Alan Turing, the Colossus computer was created. It already had 2000 vacuum tubes. The machine was intended to decipher radiograms of the German Wehrmacht. Under the leadership of the American Howard Aiken, by order and with the support of IBM, Mark-1 was created - the first program-controlled computer. It was built on electromechanical relays, and the data processing program was entered from punched tape. Colossus and Mark-1
First generation computers 1946 – 1958 The main element is an electron tube. Due to the fact that the height of the glass lamp is 7 cm, the machines were huge. Every 7-8 min. one of the lamps was failing, and since there were thousands of them in the computer, it took a lot of time to find and replace a damaged lamp. Entering numbers into the machines was done using punched cards, and software control was carried out, for example in ENIAC, using plugs and typed fields. Once all the lamps were working, the engineering staff could configure the ENIAC to do something by manually changing the wiring connections.
Machines of the first generation Machines of this generation: “BESM”, “ENIAC”, “MESM”, “IBM-701”, “Strela”, “M-2”, “M-3”, “Ural”, “Ural-2” , “Minsk-1”, “Minsk-12”, “M-20”. These machines took up a large area and used a lot of electricity. Their performance did not exceed 23 thousand operations per second, and their RAM did not exceed 2 KB.
Second generation computers 1959 – 1967 The main element is semiconductor transistors. The first transistor was able to replace ~40 vacuum tubes and operates at high speed. Magnetic tapes and magnetic cores were used as information storage media; high-performance devices for working with magnetic tapes, magnetic drums and the first magnetic disks appeared. Much attention began to be paid to the creation of a systemic software, compilers and I/O tools.
Second-generation machines In the USSR, in 1967, the most powerful second-generation computer in Europe, BESM-6 (High-Speed Electronic Calculating Machine 6), came into operation. Also at the same time, the Minsk-2 and Ural-14 computers were created. The appearance of semiconductor elements in electronic circuits significantly increased the capacity of RAM, the reliability and speed of computers. Dimensions, weight and power consumption have decreased. The machines were intended to solve various labor-intensive scientific and technical problems, as well as to control technological processes in production.
Third generation computers 1968–1974 The main element is an integrated circuit. In 1958, Robert Noyce invented the small silicon integrated circuit, which could house dozens of transistors in a small area. One IC can replace tens of thousands of transistors. One crystal does the same work as a 30-ton Eniak. And a computer using IC achieves performance in operations per second. At the end of the 60s, semiconductor memory appeared, which is still used in personal computers as operational memory. In 1964, IBM announced the creation of six models of the IBM 360 (System360) family, which became the first third-generation computers.
Third generation cars. Third generation machines have advanced operating systems. They have multi-programming capabilities, i.e. simultaneous execution of several programs. Many tasks of managing memory, devices and resources began to be taken over by the operating system or the machine itself. Examples of third-generation machines are the IBM-360, IBM-370 families, ES EVM (Unified Computer System), SM EVM (Family of Small Computers), etc. The speed of machines within the family varies from several tens of thousands to millions of operations per second. The capacity of RAM reaches several hundred thousand words.
Fourth generation computer 1975 – present The main element is a large integrated circuit. Since the early 80s, thanks to the advent of personal computers, computing technology has become widespread and accessible to the public. From a structural point of view, machines of this generation are multiprocessor and multi-machine complexes operating on a common memory and a common field of external devices. RAM capacity is about 1 – 64 MB. "Elbrus" "Mac"
Personal computers Modern personal computers are compact and have thousands of times greater speed compared to the first personal computers (they can perform several billion operations per second). Every year, almost 200 million computers are produced around the world, affordable for the mass consumer. Large computers and supercomputers continue to develop. But now they are no longer dominant as they were before.
Prospects for the development of computer technology. Molecular computers, quantum computers, biocomputers and optical computers should appear in about a year. The computer of the future will make human life easier and more tenfold. According to scientists and researchers, personal computers will change dramatically in the near future, as developments are already underway today latest technologies, which have never been used before.
Von Neumann principles 1. Arithmetic-logical unit (performs all arithmetic and logical operations); 2. Control device (which organizes the process of executing programs); 3. Storage device (memory for storing information); 4.Input and output devices (allows you to input and output information).
1.A device for entering information by pressing buttons. 2.A device with which you can connect to the Internet. 3.A device that outputs information from a computer onto paper. 4.Device for entering information. 5. Device for displaying information on the screen. 6.A device that copies any information to a computer from paper. CROSSWORD
Information sources. 1.N.D. Ugrinovich Informatics and ICT: textbook for 11th grade. – M.: BINOM. Knowledge Laboratory, Virtual Museum computer technology Virtual Museum of Informatics Wikipedia - virtual encyclopedia
History of the development of computer technology
Performed:
IT-teacher
Boarding school No. 2 of JSC Russian Railways
Bryzgalina E.A.
V – VI century BC
Ancient Greek abacus
V century BC
Chinese
suan-pan
This is what the number 123456789 looks like on Soroban
XV century AD
Russian abacus
Table 1. “The first computers”
The first computers
Scientists
(a country)
Pascal's machine
Time period for creating the machine
Machine capabilities
(Germany)
Programmable adding machine
XVII century
John NAPPER
John Napier
( 1550 – 4.04.1617 )
XVII century
Blaise PASCAL
Blasé Paskal
( 19.06.1623 – 19.08.1662 )
XVII century
Gottfried Wilhelm LEIBNITZ
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz
( 1.0 7 .16 46 – 1 4 . 11 .1 716)
XIX century
Charles Babbage
Charles Babbige
(26 . 12 .1 791 – 1 8 . 10 .1 871)
Cardboard punch cards
STOCK
MILL
OFFICE
BLOCK
INPUT
BLOCK
SEAL
RESULT
Babbage's Analytical Engine
XIX century
Ada Augusta BYRON-KING
Ada Augusta Bayron King
( 10. 12 .1815 – 27. 1 1.1 8 52 )
4 0 e year XX century
The first electronic programmable adding machine
XX century
John (Janos) von NEUMANN
John (Janos) von Neuman
(28 . 12 .1 903 – 8 . 02 .1 957)
1946
The first ENIAC computer
CPU
DEVICE
MANAGEMENT
ARITHMETIC-LOGICAL UNIT
OPERATIVELY –
MEMORY DEVICE
DEVICE
INPUT - OUTPUT
Computer architecture by J. von Neumann
XX century
Sergey Alekseevich LEBEDEV
(2 . 1 1.1 90 2 – 3. 0 7.1 97 4 )
1950 – 1951
MESM (Small Electronic Calculating Machine)
1951
1953
Tube element of SESM (Specialized Electronic Calculating Machine)
BESM
(Large Electronic Calculating Machine)
Table 2. “Computer generations”
Generation
(year)
Computer basis
Innovations
"Pros"
"Minuses"
1948 - 1958
First generation computer
1959 - 1967
Second generation computer
1968 - 1973
Third generation computer
The first integrated circuit released by Texas Instruments
from 1974 to the present day
Fourth generation computer
In 1971, Intel (USA) created the first microprocessor - a programmable logical device made using VLSI technology
In 1981 IBM Corporation (International Business Machines) (USA) introduced the first model of a personal computer - the IBM 5150, which marked the beginning of the era of modern computers.
1983 Corporation Apple Computers built a personal computer Lisa- the first office computer controlled by a mouse.
1984 Corporation Apple Computer released a computer Macintosh on a 32-bit processor Motorola 68000