32. Level and quality of life of the population: concepts, relationships, significance of study.
Under standard of living most often refers to the degree of provision of the population with necessary material and intangible goods and services, achieved level their consumption and the degree to which people's needs for these goods are met. The concept of “standard of living” in its modern interpretation is very capacious, covering all aspects of human activity, giving an idea of the well-being of society as a whole and its individual members in particular. The standard of living of the population is the most important criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the state’s socio-economic policy. Its increase is the main goal of social development of the social state.
The quality of life- this is the unity and interconnection of objective characteristics standard of living, which determine the degree of satisfaction of the material and social needs of a person and society, and the sociocultural, socio-psychological, spiritual, moral and ethical parameters of people’s life.
Objective indicators of quality of life : natural and social.
Subjective indicators of quality of life : cognitive (assessments of overall life satisfaction and assessments of satisfaction with various areas of life) and affective (emotional) .
Main conditions that ensure quality of working life (QWL) are the following:
Fair and appropriate remuneration for work.
Safe, healthy and comfortable working conditions.
A direct opportunity to use and develop one’s abilities, the opportunity to satisfy the need for self-realization and self-expression.
Labor democracy and legal protection of workers.
Opportunity for professional growth and confidence in the future.
A worthy place to work in human life.
Social utility of work.
33. System of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population, their characteristics.
Indicators of living standards can be divided into four groups: income indicators, combined indicators, indicators of social participation, subjective indicators.
The standard of living of the population is determined, on the one hand, by the composition and amount of needs for various vital goods (food, clothing, housing, transport, various utilities and household services, education, medical care, cultural and educational events, etc.), with the other is the possibility of satisfying them, based on the supply of goods and services on the market and the real incomes of people, their wages. In turn, both the size of real wages and the standard of living of the population are determined by the degree of production efficiency based on the use of scientific and technological progress, the scale of development and quality of the service sector, and the educational and cultural level of the population. To analyze and assess the standard of living, various indicators are used, such as the value of gross and domestic product, national income and real income per capita, housing provision, the amount of trade turnover and the volume of services per capita, etc. The standard of living is also indirectly indicated by fertility indicators and population mortality, average life expectancy, etc.
Basic indicators of the standard of living of the population.
|
Absolute |
Relative |
|
The volume of national income, w+m |
Share of the consumption fund in national income, c/(w+m) |
|
Nominal income of the population, w |
Real income of the population w/i |
|
Income from entrepreneurial activity, m |
Average business income per capita, m/N |
|
Volume of trade turnover, V |
The value of trade turnover per capita, V/N |
|
Volume of services performed, c-V |
Volume of services per capita, (c-V)/N |
|
The sum of all household deposits in savings banks, S |
Average size of one deposit in savings banks, S/N |
|
The size of the housing stock, F |
Number of meters of living space per person, F/N |
|
Salary fund, Payroll=Chsp*Salary year |
Average and minimum wages per employee, SZ=FOT/N, minimum wage |
|
Overall volume pension funds, D=NZ*SZ*TZ |
Average pension SP=D/NP |
c - consumption; w - wages; m - surplus value; i - inflation; N - population size; V - volume of trade turnover; S - savings of the population; F is the size of the housing stock; Chsp - the number of employees on the payroll; Salary year - the employee’s total salary for the year; D - income of the pension system; NZ - number of employees paying pension tax; SZ is the average salary of an employee paying pension tax; TZ - rate of deductions from wages; NP - number of pensioners; SP - average pension; Minimum wage is the minimum wage.
However, the full picture of the standard of living of the population cannot be revealed only on the basis of generalized and averaged values calculated for the entire population of the country as a whole. It is necessary to know the volumes and structure of consumption and income for various social, professional and demographic groups of the population. For example, it is important to know what the share of income in the total volume is for 10% of the population with maximum incomes and 10% with minimum incomes, what is the average wage for workers in various sectors of the national economy, for workers occupying various positions, etc.
Indicators and indicators of the standard of living of the population
|
Living standard indicators |
Indicators |
|
I. Satisfying basic physical needs |
|
|
1. Health |
Total mortality per 1 or 100 thousand population Number of children who died under the age of 1 year per 1000 births Life expectancy Morbidity with disability |
|
2. Food | |
|
2. Food |
2.1. Consumption of staple foods |
|
3. Housing |
3.1. Commissioning of the total area of residential buildings 3.2. Total area of dwellings 3.3. Housing improvement 3.4. Average apartment size |
|
4. Household property |
4.1. Provision of the population with cultural, household and household items 4.2. Sale of cultural and household items to the population |
|
5. Paid services |
5.1. Volume of paid services to the population 5.2. Structure of paid services to the population 5.3. Volume of household services |
|
II. Satisfying Spiritual Needs |
|
|
6. Cultural level of the population |
6.1. Level of education of the population 6.2. Volume of books and brochures published 6.3. Volume of published magazines and other periodicals 6.4. Provision of the population with televisions |
|
III. Satisfying social needs |
|
|
7. Working conditions |
7.1. Lost working time in industry (average per worker, days) 7.2. Changes in working conditions for workers 7.3. Injuries at work (the number of victims in accidents with loss of ability to work for one working day or more, and with death per 1000 workers) |
|
8. Rest conditions |
8.1. Number of children who spent their holidays in summer health camps |
|
9. Social Security |
9.1. The ratio of average and minimum pensions and wages 9.2. The ratio of average amounts of benefits for children and their subsistence level 9.3. The ratio of pensions and the cost of living |
|
10. Social and living environment |
10.1. Total number of unemployed 10.2. Mortality from accidents, poisoning, injuries, murders, etc. 10.3. Strikes (number of man-days of lost working time, number of participants) 10.4. Number of registered crimes 10.5. Volume of contaminated wastewater discharge 10.6. Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere |
|
11. Income and expenses |
11.1. Cash income of the population, incl. by type 11.2. Cash expenditures of the population, incl. by type 11.3. Average monthly salary of workers in the economy, incl. by industry, region and profession 11.4. Increase in household savings in deposits |
| " |
Prokushev E.F., Likhonin E.P.
Main indicators of quality of life
The concept of “quality of life” is a complex derivative of historical, geographical, economic, social and other factors that determine a person’s position in society. IN practical application concept of quality of life, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of “quality of life”, “lifestyle”, “conditions” and “standard of living”. Quality of life shows the effectiveness of people's lifestyle. The standard and living conditions are structural components of the quality of life.
The methodology for assessing the level and quality of life of the population is an important analytical tool for state socio-economic policy, which allows: to set guidelines for the state’s socio-economic policy for the future; carry out an analysis of the current level of social economic development countries; assess the level of poverty; conduct interregional comparisons of the level and quality of life of the population.
At the present stage of development of the Russian economy, the problems of the standard of living of the population and the factors determining its dynamics are becoming very important. The direction and pace of further transformations in the country and, ultimately, political and, consequently, economic stability in society largely depend on their solution. Solving these problems requires a certain policy developed by the state, the central point of which would be the person, his well-being, physical and social health. That is why all transformations that in one way or another may lead to a change in the standard of living are of great interest to a wide variety of segments of the population.
The transition to market relations has made significant changes in the regulation of income, which primarily determines the well-being of people. First of all, the role of the state in this area has decreased, the independence of regions and enterprises has expanded, and the importance of market regulators has increased. That is why it becomes so important to develop an enterprise’s own income policy, which would take into account the interests of various groups of workers and owners, provide for an effective system of employment and remuneration for work, measures for the social protection of workers, and, therefore, provide a person with a decent life.
Often the concept of standard of living is identified with such concepts as “welfare”, “lifestyle” and others, but the essence of standard of living is most fully revealed by the following definition.
Standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs.
The standard of living is determined by a system of indicators, each of which gives an idea of one aspect of human life.
There is a classification of indicators according to individual criteria: general and specific; economic and socio-demographic; objective and subjective; cost and natural; quantitative and qualitative; indicators of proportions and consumption patterns; statistical indicators, etc.
General indicators include the size of national income and the national wealth consumption fund per capita. They characterize the general achievements of the socio-economic development of society.
Particular indicators include working conditions, provision of housing and amenities, level of socio-cultural services, etc.
Economic indicators characterize the economic side of the life of society, the economic possibilities of meeting its needs. These include indicators characterizing the level of economic development of society and the well-being of the population (nominal and real incomes, employment, etc.).
Socio-demographic indicators characterize the gender, age, professional and qualification composition of the population, and the physical reproduction of the labor force.
The division of indicators into objective and subjective is associated with the justification of changes in people’s life activities and are divided depending on the degree of subjectivity of the assessment made.
Value indicators include all indicators in monetary terms, while natural indicators characterize the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services in physical terms.
To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are of great importance. Quantitative ones determine the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services, and qualitative ones determine the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.
As independent indicators, we can distinguish the proportions and structure of the distribution of the population’s well-being. Important role When determining the standard of living, statistical indicators play a role, which include general indicators, indicators of income, consumption and expenditure, monetary savings, accumulated property and housing of the population, and a number of others.
The above indicators only allow us to assess the current situation, identify trends of the past, and transfer them to the future, but they do not allow us to accurately predict the dynamics of living standards. This can only be done with a detailed analysis of the conditions (factors) that influence and even determine possible changes in the standard of living of the country’s population. As mentioned above, these factors are usually divided into groups.
The most significant factors that can radically influence changes in the standard of living of the population are political. They include the nature of the social (state) system, the stability of the institution of law and respect for human rights, the relationship between various branches of government, the presence of opposition, various parties, and so on.
Economic factors have a strong influence on the standard of living of the population, which include the presence of economic potential in the country, opportunities for its implementation, and the amount of national income. The standard of living in a country can also be judged by the ratio of wealthy and poor segments of the population. In world practice, two main forms of poverty are distinguished: absolute - when there is no income necessary to meet the minimum living needs of an individual or family, and relative - when income does not exceed 40-60%) of the average income in the country.
The level and dynamics of labor productivity is also important factor growth of GDP and national income, and therefore the standard of living changes depending on the dynamics of labor productivity. In turn, labor productivity depends on the development of scientific and technical progress, improvement of labor organization, production and management, and socio-economic factors.
The development of the social sphere (science, education, health care, culture) determines the satisfaction of the social needs of the population, contributes to the development of the nation's intelligence, affects the economic health of society, and so on.
In addition to those discussed above, the factors that determine the standard of living include: working conditions, recreational conditions, social security, social conditions (including environmental conditions, crime rates, etc.), personal savings.
Issues of organizing payment and material incentives for labor are closely related to the concept of “standard of living of the population.” Wages are the main source of income for the vast majority of the population, and the amount of real wages largely determines the financial situation of people.
The standard of living of the population is determined, on the one hand, by the composition and amount of needs for various vital goods (food, clothing, housing, transport, various utilities and personal services, education, medical care, cultural and educational events, etc.), with the other is the possibility of satisfying them, based on the supply of goods and services on the market and the real incomes of people, their wages. In turn, both the size of real wages and the standard of living of the population are determined by the degree of production efficiency based on the use of scientific and technological progress, the scale of development and quality of the service sector, and the educational and cultural level of the population.
Indicators of the standard of living of the population that are directly related to the organization of wages and the establishment of its minimum amounts include such concepts as food and consumer baskets, the cost of living, the subsistence budget.
A food basket is a set of food products for one person per month, calculated on the basis of minimum food consumption standards that correspond to a person’s physical needs, calorie content, content of essential nutrients and ensure compliance with traditional nutrition skills (Table 1).
Table 1.
A set of food products for socio-demographic groups of the population at the subsistence level
(kg per year)
Main types of food On average per capita - Men Women Pensioners Children
16-59 years old 16-54 years old up to 6 years old 7-15 years old
Bread and bakery products 130.8 177 124.9 119 64.4 112.3
Potatoes 124.2 160 120 90 85 135
Vegetables and melons 94 80.8 96.8 96.8 85 120
Fruits and berries 19.4 14.6 12.6 10.6 34.4 44.4
Sugar and confectionery 20.7 20.8 19.8 18.8 19.7 26.1
Meat and meat products 26.6 32.2 25 19.8 18.7 33.5
Fish and fish products 11.7 12.7 10.7 12.7 8.7 12.5
Milk and dairy products 212.4 201.7 179.4 174.1 279 303.4
Eggs, pcs. 51.4 180 150 90 150 180
Vegetable oil and margarine 10 11.2 9.8 8.9 6.8 11.7
According to experts from the Institute of Nutrition, this set of products meets the physical needs of a person in terms of calorie content and the content of essential nutrients. The minimum set of food products does not include alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, or delicacies.
Indicators of the subsistence level and the subsistence level budget (BLM) are used by the state as instruments of social policy. In particular, with the help of these indicators, the standard of living of the population is assessed (the shares of the population with budgets lower, equal and greater than the subsistence level budget are determined). The BPM serves as the basis for targeted social policies to support the lowest income groups of the population; with the help of the BPM, the minimum wage and minimum old-age pension should be determined; BPM is used as one of the criteria for poverty, giving the right to social payments and benefits.
As experience shows, any quantitative assessments for each of the above factors and for them as a whole are practically impossible. These living conditions are directly dependent on the country's total resources for consumption and accumulation, most fully measured by GDP.
Literature:
1.Animtsa E.G., Yolokhov A.N., Sukhikh V.A. Quality of life of the population of the largest city. Part 1 - Ekaterinburg: Publishing house of the Ural State Economic University, 2000. - 262 s.
2. Glushakova O.V. The evolution of methodology and theory of quality of life in the concepts of foreign and domestic scientific schools [Text]/ O.V. Glushakova//Bulletin of KuzGTU. - 2006. - No. 3. - P.141-147.
3. Glushakova O.V. Reproduction of the quality of life: forms of modification and their interaction [Text] / O.V. Glushakova // Bulletin of KuzGTU. - 2006. - No. 4. - P.129-133.
4. Levashov V.I. Social policy of income and wages - M: Center for Economics and Marketing, 2000. - 360 s.
5. Economic and social problems of Russia. Shadow economy: economic and social aspects. /Ed. Zhilina I.Yu., Timofeev L.M. - M: B., 1999 - 168 p.
Lecture: Level and quality of life of the population
The level of development of the country as a whole can be judged by the level and quality of life of people. These indicators indicate achievements in the economy and social security of the population by the state.
Standard of living
The standard of living characterizes the degree to which people's needs are met.
Needs include:
salary amount
housing provision
level of culture
safe working conditions
food quality
life expectancy
social protection and guarantees
Living standard indicator consists of two components:
consumer basket
living wage
It is necessary to analyze the standard of living in relation to human needs. The standard of living can be judged by the degree to which the population's needs are met.
The standard of living must be assessed based on a combination of indicators:
salary amount
social benefits
level of utility bills
availability of schools, cultural sites
housing provision
development of the service sector
availability of jobs
opportunity to get an education
amount of tuition fees, etc.
The quality of life
Quality of life is a concept different from level. The standard of living indicator is based on quantitative characteristics(yes, no, how much). The concept of quality of life reflects quality characteristics(how high-quality medical care is, what kind of clothing, what kind of food, what kind of environment). Quality of life is difficult to quantify. Several scales are used for determination.
Various scientists offer their own methods for determining the quality of life. But they all agree that a person's level of satisfaction with life can be determined by sociological survey and statistical data In total.
Quality of life index- this is a combined indicator that determines the state’s provision of meeting the needs of residents and the ability to ensure a prosperous existence.
Used around the world British research center methodology to determine the quality of life index. It includes 9 indicators:
health level
number of marriages and divorces
material security
political situation
favorable climatic conditions
job security
equality of women and men
level of political and civil freedom
participation in public life countries
Level and quality of life in countries around the world
The level and quality of life in post-industrial countries is higher than in developing countries. In developed countries, these indicators also differ. If we look at Europe, Norway took first place in 2000. The gross domestic product exceeded $335 billion. The unemployment rate is low (about 3%). High rates of literacy and social security. Sweden took second place. Each resident received $81,000. Sweden was distinguished by a highly developed service sector, highly industrialized country and a developed banking sector. Next came Canada, Belgium, Australia, and the USA. The 2016 indicators redistributed the ranking of states. First place went to Denmark, Norway had to move to 14th place. Switzerland took second place. Next come Australia, New Zealand, Germany. The United States of America completes the top ten countries.
The countries of Eastern Europe are much inferior in terms of living standards. The highest standard of living is in the Czech Republic, Croatia and Slovakia. Macedonia, Serbia and Bulgaria are the poorest countries in Europe, and accordingly their standard of living is the lowest. Of the former Soviet Republics, Estonia has the highest rates (18th place). The CIS countries are in 50th place and below. Only one country, Kazakhstan, took 47th position, since its GDP per capita is $24,000. High rates of development of healthcare and industry. In 2000, Russia was in 60th place. By 2016, its level increased by 5 points. The general standard of living of Asian countries can be assessed as “above average”. The discrepancy between individual countries is very large. Singapore, for example, ranked 25th in 2000, and Bangladesh 145th. In 2016, Singapore moved to 45th place. In most Asian countries, the population is below the poverty line. Unemployment, lack of services, industrial development, primitive types of agriculture, lack of a health care system. These indicators determine the standard of living of Asian countries. One of the important characteristics is the life expectancy indicator. IN developed countries Life expectancy is 80 years, in developing countries it is from 46 to 72. In some countries it is up to 35 years. In developing countries, 900 million people live on $2 a day (below the poverty line), and some on $1.25. This level is defined as the level of extreme poverty.
The socio-economic policy of the state, regardless of its political structure, has the goal of increasing the living standards of the population and should primarily be focused on increasing the well-being and development of people. Without an increase in living standards and provision of the population with necessary material and spiritual benefits, the development of society itself is impossible.
In accordance with Art. 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948), everyone has the right to a standard of living such as food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services, as is necessary for the health and well-being of himself and his family, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, illness, disability, widowhood, old age or other loss of livelihood due to circumstances beyond his control.
This interpretation is called “narrow” in the literature. Within its framework standard of living is defined as the level and degree of satisfaction of the population's needs for goods and services. And vice versa - the level of satisfaction of needs is determined by the standard of living of the population.
In the so-called broad interpretation, the standard of living includes the entire complex of socio-economic conditions of life of the people. Standard of living is a complex socio-economic category that reflects the level of development of physical, spiritual and social needs, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs.
The standard of living of the population is determined, on the one hand, by the composition and amount of needs for various vital goods (food, clothing, housing, transport, various utilities and personal services, education, medical care, cultural and educational events, etc.), with the other is the possibility of satisfying them based on offers on the market for goods and services, as well as people’s real incomes and their wages. At the same time, both the size of real wages and the standard of living of the population are determined by the degree of production efficiency associated with the use of scientific and technological progress, the scale of development and quality of the service sector, and the educational and cultural level of the population.
To analyze and assess the standard of living, various indicators are used (Fig. 9), such as the value of gross and domestic product, national income and real income per capita, housing provision, the amount of trade turnover and the volume of services per capita, etc. The standard of living is indirect The indicators of fertility and mortality of the population, average life expectancy, etc. are also evidenced.
However, a complete picture of the standard of living of the population cannot be presented only on the basis of generalized and averaged values calculated for the entire population of the country as a whole. It is necessary to know the volumes and structure of consumption and income for various social, professional and demographic groups of the population. For example, it is important to know what the share of income in the total volume is for 10% of the population with maximum incomes and 10% with minimum incomes, what is the average wage among workers in various sectors of the national economy, among workers occupying various positions, etc.
Specifically, we are talking about the entire set of conditions not only for the life, but also for the work of workers, i.e., all the living conditions of people. In this context, "standard of living" comes close to the concept " the quality of life".
Rice. 9.
The term “quality of life” goes back to the term “quality of working life”, which has been used since the 20s. last century is actively used in the scientific thought of the Western world. The emergence of the very concept of “quality of life” dates back to the late 50s - early 60s. XX century, when in the economically developed countries of the West, which had achieved a high standard of living, the conviction began to take hold that economic growth in itself does not lead to sustainable development. The term “quality of life” was first used by J. Galbraith in his book “The Affluent Society” (1958). US President John Kennedy introduced this concept into the political and practical lexicon in his State of the Nation report in 1963. His successor L. Johnson argued in 1964 that “the goals of American society can be measured by the quality of life of our people.” Then E. Toffler interpreted the concept of “quality of life” as a transition from satisfying basic material needs to the stage of satisfying modified personal needs for beauty, prestige, and self-actualization. Thus, since the 1960s. western world began the accelerated development of social consumption funds as the material basis for ensuring a high quality of life.
Currently, in foreign science, the quality of life is correlated with the balance of objective conditions of existence and the subjective assessment of these conditions at the level of society and the individual.
In pre-reform Russia, the concept of “quality of life” was not widely used due to the relatively low standard of living and ideological considerations. As a rule, at that time it expressed the quality of satisfying the material and cultural needs of people.
IN last years the term “quality of life” has taken a strong place in scientific research, public opinion, political vocabulary, media. If in the 1990s. Since the problem of quality of life was discussed only by individual members of the Russian expert community, now the phrase “quality of life” has become no less common than the phrase “standard of living.” Nevertheless, the widespread dissemination of this concept has not yet led to a unified perception of its essence and content.
Since there is an inextricable relationship and interaction between the standard of living and quality of life, improving the quality of life of the population in Russia can only occur on the basis of rising income levels, improving health and increasing life expectancy of people, stabilizing the environmental characteristics of the natural environment, accessibility of education for all segments of society, solutions housing problem, production of essential goods and services on a sufficient scale and at affordable prices. An increase in the standard of living also increases a person’s satisfaction with the reality around him, that is, his quality of life.
According to the definition of E. E. Rumyantseva, quality of life is a set of characteristics that reflect human living conditions. They can be classified as follows:
- - cost indicators: national income; GDP per capita; real income of the population; wages, pensions, savings; retail price level; tariffs for paid services, etc.;
- - natural indicators: provision of population with housing, durable goods;
- - indicators characterizing the development of non-production sectors;
- - indicators expressed in temporary form: duration of the working day, week; duration and use of non-working and free time;
- - socio-demographic indicators: birth rate, life expectancy, natural increase, migration, etc. d.;
- - indicators characterizing the condition and protection environment;
- - indicators and standards of social services and social security of the population.
Thus, in a broad sense, quality of life is a set of objective and subjective conditions and factors influencing human activity in the process of functioning of certain socio-economic relations. These relations change and improve during the development of material production and the transformation of the social environment.
Quality of life is a complex system the interaction of living conditions external to a person and subjective factors that characterize a person and are expressed in his economic, social and demographic behavior.
The development of indicators of quality of life allows us to determine the directions of concentration of efforts of government authorities for its confident growth, and contributes to the adjustment of all social policy.
There are many indicators (indicators) of the level and quality of life, each of which gives an idea of one aspect of human life (or the population as a whole).
The UN Committee of Experts recommended back in 1954 to analyze the standard of living according to 12 components: 1) health; 2) food; 3) education; 4) working conditions; 5) employment; 6) consumption fund; 7) vehicles; 8) living conditions; 9) clothes; 10) organization of recreation; 11) social security; 12) human freedoms.
Within the framework of each of the presented components, a whole set of indicators can be formed, by which one can judge trends and shifts in the standard of living of the population. The degree of their specification is determined by the goals of a particular study, as well as the possibilities of obtaining reliable information.
In current Russian practice, the main components of the standard of living of the population are indicators characterizing:
- - consumption of food, non-food goods and services;
- - provision of durable goods;
- - provision of living space;
- - level of comfort of the home;
- - provision of doctors, medical and treatment-and-prophylactic institutions;
- - level of morbidity, mortality, birth rate;
- - provision of cultural institutions, educational and preschool institutions.
Such indicators, for example, include:
- - energy value food ration per capita (kcal/day);
- - provision of housing for the population (sq. m of living space per 1 resident);
- - number of families registered for housing (% of the total number of families);
- - number of doctors per 1000 people. population;
- - mortality rate of the population of working age (per 100 thousand population of the corresponding age);
- - infant mortality rate (per 1000 births);
- - number of state daytime educational institutions;
- - number of state higher educational institutions;
- - number of state secondary specialized educational institutions;
- - number of students in different educational institutions(thousand people), etc.
These are the so-called direct, or immediate, indicators of the standard of living of the population. At the same time, it should be understood that the analysis of living standards is not limited to these indicators alone. In the conditions of commodity-money relations, consumption and provision of certain goods are mediated by the formation and distribution of income. Thus, the income of the population, and above all the wages of hired workers, act as indirect indicators of the standard of living of the population, becoming increasingly important in a market economy.
The formation of the housing market, the transition to paid social services, the development of insurance medicine and other reform intentions increase the “load” on wages, increasing its social significance. Currently, along with the above-mentioned traditional indicators of the standard of living of the population, one of the most important is the degree of accessibility of material goods and services to the bulk of the population, which is precisely determined by effective demand generated by the income of the population, and in particular wages.
Against the backdrop of the accelerated development of private and mixed forms of ownership, both the social structure of society and the nature of social and labor relations are changing. A class of private entrepreneurs is emerging for whom the concept of wages essentially ceases to exist. Nevertheless, the overwhelming majority of the economically active population, as is known, continues to act as hired workers, regardless of who their employer is - as before, the state or the new owner of the means of production. For this category of the population, wages are, if not the only, then certainly the main source of income. And this is not a Russian specificity. In developed countries, wages account for 60-70% of a worker’s total income, i.e., they serve as the basis for ensuring his normal life.
In general, in the structure of income of the entire population of Russia, the share of wages in 2011 was more than 67%, and for hired workers this share is even higher.
Indicators of quality of life characterize individual components of the standard of living from both quantitative and qualitative sides, but quantitative indicators predominate.
Understanding the quality of life as the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the entire complex of needs and interests of people allows us to consider the quality of life as a function and result of the life activity of a social subject, which is determined by the realized potential of a person in existing conditions. Hence, the measurement of this potential is at the same time an assessment of the quality of life, and the generally accepted methodology developed by specialists of the United Nations (UN).
One of the integral indicators of quality of life used in international comparisons is the human development index.
The selection of its constituent indicators is based on the definition of the basic opportunities that people should have to participate in the life of society: the possibility of long-term and healthy life, the opportunity and ability to acquire knowledge and have access to resources necessary for a decent standard and quality of life.
The UN concept is based on the fact that a person does not need an infinitely high income to ensure a satisfying, decent life. At the same time, it attaches great importance to economic growth, while emphasizing the need to closely link this growth with human development.
The Human Development Index consists of three components: life expectancy at birth, educational attainment and income level, as measured by the UN's gross domestic product per capita. Each of them is the result of the interaction of many indicators of socio-economic development and has its own qualitative characteristics.
The gross domestic product index (GDP) shows the economic performance of people, the life expectancy index (LI) shows the state of physical, social and mental health of the population, the education index (EI) shows the sociocultural and professional potential of the population.
The overall Human Development Index (HDI) is calculated as the arithmetic average of these three indices:
LPI is defined as the ratio of the difference between life expectancy minus 25 years to the difference between the conditional maximum (85 years) and minimum (25 years) age:
Life expectancy at birth (LE) is the number of years that, on average, one person from a generation would have to live if, throughout the life of that generation, the mortality rate at each age remained the same as in the years for which it was calculated. index.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the resulting indicator of the system of national accounts, characterizing the value of goods and services produced in the country in all sectors of the economy for final consumption, accumulation and export. Within the framework of the system of national accounts, GDP is measured in more than 150 countries around the world. The minimum and maximum values of GDP per capita for calculating the GDP are taken at 100 and 40,000 US dollars:
Education is one of the leading factors in the formation of a person’s needs and interests, the implementation of which largely determines his quality of life. IN modern conditions When the volume of knowledge increases virtually every 5-8 years, the importance of education grows. The high level of development of the education system and the effective use of the educational potential of the population in the most developed countries of the world provide up to 40% of the increase in gross national product.
When calculating IE, two components are taken into account: the proportion of students attending all levels of education aged 6 to 24 years (IP) and the proportion of literacy among the entire population over the age of 15 (IG). The education index is calculated using the formula
UN specialists conduct an annual assessment of the potential of the population of almost all countries of the world and determine the place of each of them in the ranking series according to this indicator.
Depending on the value of the HDI, the UN divides the countries of the world into three groups. An index of more than 0.800 characterizes countries with a high level of development, from 0.500 to 0.799 - with an average and less than 0.499 - with a low level of development.
At the same time, these three very important indicators that make up the HDI are clearly not enough to develop practical measures to improve the quality of life of the population. When we are not talking about cross-country comparisons, but about a single country, much more indicators are used for analysis.
Indicators of the standard of living of the population that are directly related to the organization of wages and the establishment of its minimum amounts include such concepts as food and consumer baskets, and the cost of living.
Food basket is a set of food products for a month for one person, compiled on the basis of minimum consumption standards that correspond to a person’s physical needs, calorie content, content of essential nutrients and ensure compliance with traditional nutrition skills.
Consumer basket- a set of goods and services that characterizes the typical level and structure of monthly (annual) consumption of a person or family. This set is used to calculate the minimum consumer budget (living wage) based on the cost of the consumer basket in current prices. The consumer basket also serves as a basis for comparing estimated and real consumption levels.
Living wage- the minimum level of income considered necessary to ensure a certain standard of living in a particular country. According to the Federal Law of October 24, 1997 No. 134-F3 “On the living wage in Russian Federation"The cost of living for the Russian Federation as a whole is established by the Government of the Russian Federation. The structure of the cost of living at the end of 2012 is shown in Table 5 and Fig. 10.
Table 5
The cost of living for the second quarter of 2012 in the Russian Federation, rub./month
Rice. 10. Structure of the cost of living by population groups in the second quarter of 2012.
The main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population in the Russian Federation are presented in Table. 6.
Test questions and assignments
- 1. Define the concept of “social policy”.
- 2. What are the social and economic functions of the rule of law in market conditions?
- 3. Define the concept of “social economy”.
- 4. Name the principles of social economics.
- 5. Define the concept of “economics of social work”.
Table 6
Main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population in the Russian Federation
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Index |
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Cash income of the population, billion rubles. |
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Average per capita cash income of the population, rub./month. |
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Real disposable cash income of the population compared to the previous year, % |
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Average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees of organizations (without social payments), rub. |
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Real accrued wages compared to the previous year, % |
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Average size of assigned pensions (at the end of the year; 2010, 2011 - as of January 1 of the following year; 2000, taking into account compensation payments), rub. |
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The real size of assigned pensions compared to the previous year, % |
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The average cost of living per capita, rubles/month: the entire population, |
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including: working population; |
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pensioners; |
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The population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level is millions of people. |
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of the total population, %; |
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To previous year, % |
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Correlation with the cost of living, % average per capita cash income; |
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average monthly nominal accrued wages; |
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average size of assigned pensions |
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Deficit of cash income of the population per year, billion rubles; |
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of the total monetary income of the population, % |
Note. Preliminary data are marked with an asterisk.
- 1. What is the role of social services in social services?
- 2. What situation is the basis for providing a citizen with social services?
- 3. Name the types of social services.
- 4. Talk about community needs.
- 5. What are the means and methods of generating needs?
- 6. Define the concept of “standard of living”.
- 7. Define the concept of “quality of life”.
- 8. Tell us about the structure of the cost of living in the Russian Federation.
- 9. Define the concept of “consumer basket”.
Define the concept of “food basket”.
The level and quality of life as the basis for the well-being of the population. The relationship and differences between the concepts of level and quality of life of the population. A general idea of the indicators of the level and quality of life of the population.
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Level and quality of life, their main indicators
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….………..3
1. Level and quality of life as the basis for the well-being of the population
1.2 The relationship and differences between the concepts of the level and quality of life of the population………………………………………………………………………………………..7
2. Indicators of the level and quality of life in modern conditions
2.1 General idea of the indicators of the level and quality of life of the population………………………………………………………………………………….……….9
2.2 Characteristics of the main indicators of the level and quality of life in modern conditions………………………………………………………..12
3. The most important areas of social policy to improve the level and quality of life……………………………………………………….…………..18
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….……26
List of references……………………………..…………….28
Applications……………………………………………………………………………….……..30
INTRODUCTION
Decline in living standards for the vast majority of the population, extremely high level exacerbation social problems against the backdrop of building an economic system that has nothing in common with a civilized market system, objectively determines the need to change the course of ongoing reforms. At the same time, it is vitally important that this course fully takes into account the social priorities of society and the moral values of the country. A holistic mechanism must be created that incorporates all the necessary elements for regulating economic and social processes. At the same time, social development is understood not as the implementation of the social through the economic, but as a holistic, comprehensive development of both economic and social. Social development should be considered, on the one hand, as a prerequisite for successful economic transformations, and on the other hand, as their ultimate goal.
This problem is extremely relevant for the Republic of Belarus.
Despite the understanding of the need for reform, society lacks any significant social basis for reform. It is necessary to find a model of social reconstruction that would take into account existing social relations and, first of all, social ones. It was social factors and their lack of demand by the economic and political systems that turned out to be the main obstacle to reforms.
The purpose of the study is to study the standard of living of the population and its indicators, to study social factors of social development.
Research objectives:
- consider the concept of standard of living of the population;
- consider the concept of quality of life of the population;
- determine the characteristics of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population;
- consider the features of the integral indicator of the level and quality of life;
- consider the main ways to improve social policy and propose effective forms and methods of its implementation.
Object research is the population in modern conditions.
The subject of the study is the content and structure of the standard of living of the population.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was various macroeconomic theories of the market, basic theories of public and social development.
1. LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE AS THE BASIS OF THE WELL-BEING OF THE POPULATION
The standard of living of the population is a general indicator not only of social policy, but also of the development of the economic system as a whole.
The level of social well-being is the degree to which people are provided with material goods, services and appropriate living conditions necessary for their comfortable and safe existence.
All indicators that determine the standard of living are of great importance for social well-being.
The state ensures a certain level of well-being of the population. This is reflected in increasing the incomes of the poor, creating a training system and retraining the unemployed. The state obliges entrepreneurs to pay workers wages not lower than a certain minimum, and provides free education and healthcare services.
At the present stage, some scientists consider the standard of living as an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of measurable needs, others as a component of lifestyle, and still others as the level of consumption of material and spiritual goods in comparison with historically determined social standards of consumption. UN documents note that the standard of living is the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population, provided by the mass of goods and services used per unit of time.
Most often found in scientific literature is more broad understanding this category, according to which the standard of living reflects the development of the physical, spiritual and social needs of the population, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs.
Thus, the standard of living is the degree to which the population is provided with the material, spiritual and social benefits necessary for life. It is also defined as a set of living conditions of people (work, life, leisure).
TO The category “standard of living” can be considered in the narrow sense of the word, as the level of consumption of goods and services, as well as in a broad sense, including the entire range of socio-economic living conditions of a particular society.
The system-forming basis of the category “standard of living” is a variety of human needs, which represent a person’s need for something. The nature of needs is very diverse.
In the mid-1950s. The term “quality of life” has appeared in global usage. It has become obvious that the concept of standard of living does not fully reflect the changing conditions of human life: environmental pollution, crises, urbanization, etc.
In countries with developed market economies, there is a reassessment of ideas about the standard of living and its quality, as well as the place of these categories in the system of socio-economic relations.
However, the most common point of view is that quality of life- this is the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the entire complex of people's needs. Quality and standard of living are closely interrelated, and quality of life as a broader concept reflects a much wider range of people's needs. Quality of life is objective. This assumes that the criterion for assessing this category is scientifically based standards of population consumption. The correlation between the actual satisfaction of needs and the developed standards shows O the degree to which the needs of individuals, their groups, and society as a whole are met. If the degree of satisfaction of a particular need is low, this indicates an unfavorable situation in a particular sector of the economy.
However, needs are subjective. Each person has his own scale of preferences, as a result of which the same degree of satisfaction of a specific need is assessed differently by different individuals. Therefore, it is not possible to determine people's satisfaction with the quality of their lives at this stage of development of human civilization.
1.2. The relationship and differences between the concepts of level and quality of life of the population
In the literature, the concepts of “quality of life” and “standard of living” are often intertwined and replace each other, which is not entirely correct.
The quality of life in modern concepts of quality abroad is understood as a complex characteristic of socio-economic, political, cultural-ideological, environmental factors and the conditions of existence of the individual, the position of a person in society.
The concept of quality of life adopted in post-industrial societies includes restrictions on meeting people's needs, ensuring the harmonious development of the noosphere. These restrictions include: environmental protection, concern for the safety of production and products, maintaining the resource potential of the country.
The quality category becomes a symbol of progress and survival of civilization. At the same time, traditional ideas about product quality, labor quality, work quality and product quality, which are widely used in quality management systems, are overcome. The concepts of human quality, quality of life, quality of social intelligence, quality of management, quality of human-technology systems, quality of information appear.
The standard of living of the population is a complex and multifaceted socio-economic category. It is very common to define the standard of living as the totality of products and services consumed by an individual, family or social group.
Standard of living is an economic category and social standard that characterizes the degree to which people's physical and social needs are met. The main components of the standard of living are: health, nutrition and income of the population, housing conditions, household property, paid services, cultural level of the population, working and leisure conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable citizens.
Social guarantees are a system of society’s obligations to its members to meet their most important needs. The state, by giving guarantees, declares that society undertakes to create conditions for each member of society to realize their economic activity and generate income.
Social protection is a system of measures carried out by society to ensure the necessary financial and social status of citizens.
These components are characterized by quantitative indicators, indicators and indices and are formalized into a system of indicators of living standards.
Thus, we can say that the concepts of level and quality of life are interconnected, but also have their own characteristics. The main difference is that quality of life is focused on assessing the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which cannot be directly quantified. And the standard of living is a category that characterizes one aspect of living conditions and is focused on assessing the degree of satisfaction of needs that can be directly quantified.
2. INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN MODERN CONDITIONS
2.1 General idea of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population
An indicator is a numerical characteristic of individual aspects of activity. There are absolute indicators (population size, volume of industrial production, turnover of various trades, etc.) and relative indicators (ratio of income and expenses, average per capita income and subsistence level, etc.).
Classification of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population is a necessary condition for its measurement.
Finding a relative measure of the level and quality of life is extremely difficult due to the complexity and versatility of the measurement object itself, since people’s needs for material and spiritual goods are in constant change and development, depending on the external system (economic and geographical location, natural and climatic conditions, financial security etc.) and internal (personal income, consumption and expenditure of the population, the ratio of income level to cost of living, etc.) factors.
To analyze the standard of living of the population as a complex economic category, a system of statistical indicators is proposed, which can be grouped into the following main blocks:
Income indicators of the population;
Indicators of expenditure and consumption of material goods and services by the population;
Saving;
Indicators of accumulated property and housing provision for the population;
Indicators of differentiation of income of the population, level and boundaries of poverty;
General assessments of the standard of living of the population.
To characterize the quality of life of the population, it is necessary to use indicators of demographic and social statistics. These include:
Vital indicators (fertility, mortality, life expectancy, marriage rate, divorce rate);
Indicators of migration movement of the population;
Labor force indicators;
Employment and unemployment indicators;
Indicators of the level of education (proportion of the population with secondary and higher education, average length of study).
These indicators are used in international statisticalpractice for more full characteristics welfare of the population.
The well-being scale allows you to clearly delineate the standard of living in accordance with specific indicators characterizing the degree of satisfaction of basic human needs.
Figure 1.1 - Welfare scale
The system of indicators of the quality of life of the population, reflected in quantitative measurements, should be supplemented with such characteristics as: health status, quality of nutrition, quality of housing, conditions and nature of work, quality of free time and recreation conditions, well-being of family life.
A comprehensive study of the dynamics and structure of indicators of the level and quality of life is being carried out both for the population as a whole and for individual social groups and households with different incomes.
The state's social policy is being developed and priority areas of social support for certain groups of the population are being determined.
For a unified quantitative assessment of the dynamics of the level and quality of life and their comparative analysis, general indicators are needed.
The determining factor in the well-being of society is the level of economic development of the country, therefore the main indicators characterizing the state of the economy are often used as general indicators of the level and quality of life. These include gross domestic product, national income and net national disposable income.
2.2 Characteristics of the main indicators of the level and quality of life in modern conditions
As noted above, the main indicators of the quality of life of the population are: vital statistics; indicators of migration movement of the population; labor force indicators; employment and unemployment indicators; indicators of education level.
Natural population movement - the processes of fertility and mortality, which ensure natural population growth, as well as the processes of marriage and divorce.
The initial characteristics of this indicator are absolute values. The absolute numbers of births and deaths, marriages and divorces are obtained based on current accounting data. This group of indicators includes:
Number of births, (N);
Number of deaths (M);
Natural population growth (Δ e);
Number of registered marriages (Sbr);
Number of registered divorces (Sр).
If the number of births exceeds the number of deaths, natural increase is positive, and if the number of deaths is greater than the number of births, natural increase is negative.
Migration (mechanical) movement is the movement of the population across the borders of the country and its territorial divisions, associated with a change of place of residence for a more or less long period.
Absolute indicators of migration movement of the population are the number of arrivals (immigrants) in a given locality(Spr) and the number of departures (emigrants, Svyb).
Absolute indicators of population movement are interval indicators; they are calculated for certain periods of time (per month, per year, etc.).
To characterize population reproduction and migration, a number of relative intensity indicators are calculated. These are demographic rates: birth rate, death rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate, arrival, departure, migration and general increase. They are calculated as the ratio of the corresponding number of demographic events (number of births, deaths, natural increase, number of registered marriages, divorces, number of arrivals, departures, migration and general absolute population growth) during the calendar period to the corresponding average population.
The natural increase rate can also be obtained as the difference between the total birth and death rates, and the migration increase rate as the difference between the total arrival and departure rates. The coefficient of total growth, in turn, can be calculated as the sum of the coefficients of natural and migration growth.
Labor resources are the part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, health, education, culture, qualifications and professional knowledge for work in the national economy.
Labor resources include the following categories:
Population of working age;
Working population of working age;
Labor resources.
To study and analyze them, a system of indicators is used that characterizes the number of labor resources, their composition according to various criteria, load factors, replacement rates, natural and migration movements, etc.
To characterize the degree of involvement of the population in the national economy of the country, the proportion of the economically active population in the total population is calculated. If the number of economically active population is divided by the number of working age population, the coefficient of economic activity of the population is obtained.
Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the labor force (economically active population) is not engaged in the production of goods and services. In real economic life, unemployment appears as an excess of labor supply over demand for it.
A general indicator characterizing the level of official registered unemployment is the unemployment rate (level), which is calculated as the ratio of the number of unemployed to the number of economically active population and expressed as a percentage.
Important qualitative characteristics of the population are indicators of educational level. In this regard, the composition of the population in terms of literacy and level of education is studied.
In modern conditions of transition to a market, the study and analysis of household incomes is of great importance. The definition of income proposed by the English economist J. Hicks is accepted: income is the maximum amount that can be spent on consumption during a certain period, provided that the equity capital of the business entity does not decrease during this period.
According to the concept of J. Hicks, household income indicators are calculated, reflecting the various stages of the income distribution process:
Primary income;
Disposable income;
Adjusted disposable income.
When studying the standard of living of a country's population, it is necessary to take into account only the primary income received by its residents, the amount of which for a certain period in market prices represents national income.
Primary income, adjusted for the balance of current transfers, forms household disposable income.
RD = PD + TT, (2.1)
where PD is primary income, TT is the balance of current transfers, defined as the difference between current transfers received and paid by other sectors of the economy.
National income, calculated taking into account the balance of current transfers received and transferred abroad, represents disposable national income - a macroeconomic indicator, which, along with indicators of national income, can be used in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the standard of living of the population and the state of the country's economy (free services of health care institutions, education, culture, etc.). If the amount of such receipts, called social transfers, is added to disposable income, we can obtain adjusted household disposable income:
SRD = RD + ST, (2.2)
where ST are social transfers in kind received by households from government bodies and non-profit organizations serving households.
Low wages do not stimulate scientific and technological progress - the main factor of development, since it is more economically expedient for employers to maintain additional staff than to carry out implementation modern technologies, conduct scientific developments etc. This significantly reduces the competitiveness of manufactured products, which, moreover, are often sold on external markets at reduced prices. Excessive number of employees and limited receipt of funds from foreign economic activity are also significant factors in reducing staff income.
Maintaining the excessive role of government bodies in regulating wages.
The ambiguous role of the indicator “labor productivity”, when, based on the rate of its growth, a conclusion is made about the level of wages. When calculating labor productivity in kind or labor, this approach, under certain conditions (stable price level), can be considered quite justified. But when the indicator is expressed through a cost meter, and at high rates of inflation, its use does not allow us to give an objective assessment of labor efficiency.
Income from property is determined by the availability and possibilities of its implementation both among business entities and the population of the country. As the privatization processes and the overall economic situation develop, we should expect an increase in revenue in this area. Income from property includes: interest on deposits, dividends on shares, payments on equity shares; rental of property or real estate.
Receipts from the financial system are bank loans, state insurance reimbursements, interest on deposits, etc. The size of such payments will be greater the richer the state and its population become, when savings take a greater share in citizens’ expenses, i.e. to a certain extent, these payments depend on the mass of financial resources circulating in the national economy.
Other income is of a varied nature. In recent years, the share of income from labor activities outside the country and, above all, in the Russian Federation, and conducting cross-border trade, has increased among them. Considering the greater possibility of receiving income from working abroad than in the Republic of Belarus, from conducting semi-illegal trading activities, their value will most likely tend to increase.
When studying population consumption across a country's territory, the localization coefficient is often used - this is the ratio of the specific weights of the consumption fund and the volume of production or the income of the population and the population size for individual territories.
There are certain features in calculating indicators of consumption of food and non-food products.
The amount of food expenses is equal to the volume of food consumption by the population. Indicators of food consumption are calculated per capita (usually per year) in value, natural and conditionally natural terms. (see Appendix G) Conversion into conditionally natural meters is carried out on the basis of conversion factors. For example, meat and meat products in terms of meat, milk and dairy products in terms of milk.
Calculation of indicators of consumption of non-food products has its own characteristics. When characterizing the consumption of non-durable goods (clothing, shoes, fabrics, hosiery), indicators are calculated in physical terms per capita.
To characterize the consumption of durable goods, indicators of their provision per 1000 people or 100 households are used. Unlike food needs, which have certain limits of decrease and increase, needs for non-food products are more variable and increase much faster. .
The main goal of social policy in the long term is to ensure sustainable growth in the level and quality of life of the population and create conditions for the development of human potential. At the same time, the state must provide every able-bodied person with conditions that allow him, through his own labor and enterprise, to ensure his own well-being and the well-being of his family and fully fulfill social obligations to the disabled, large families, disabled and low-income groups of the population, etc.
To achieve the main goal, the main directions of social policy should be:
- creating conditions and opportunities for all able-bodied citizens to earn money to meet their needs;
- ensuring rational employment of the population based on preserving jobs in vital and promising enterprises, creating new jobs, including in the private sector of the economy;
- creation of a flexible system of training and retraining of personnel;
- ensuring the growth of real cash incomes of the population;
- consistent increase in the level of wages as the main source of cash income for the population and the most important incentive for the labor activity of hired workers;
- the formation of a middle class as a factor in stabilizing society based on a significant increase in cash incomes of the population and a decrease in the level of poverty;
- increasing the level of pension provision;
- reducing the level of poverty among the population;
- increasing social protection for those in need by strengthening the targeting of assistance, rationalizing the system of benefits, improving social services, etc.
The state strategy for implementing social policy goals in the long term will be aimed at consistently increasingcash income of the population as the most important indicator of the standard of living of the population. The growth of household incomes and wages is considered as a factor of economic growth and expansion of domestic consumer demand.
Priority directions of policy in the field of remuneration should become:
- a radical increase in the level of workers' wages as the main source of cash income for the population and an important incentive for labor activity;
- increasing labor productivity and economic efficiency in all parts of the economy;
- growth of the investment potential of the population;
- decline tax burden on the wage fund of business entities of all forms of ownership, which will contribute to the creation of new jobs and the legalization of shadow income of the population.
To achieve your goals in the field of remuneration it is necessary:
- ensuring wage growth to a level adequate to modern requirements for the reproduction of the labor force;
- the formation of market mechanisms for regulating wages, strengthening the stimulating role of wages in increasing labor productivity and production efficiency;
- gradual approximation of state minimum social standards in the field of wages to the subsistence level budget, and in the future to the minimum consumer budget;
- improving the wage structure, increasing the share of wages based on tariff rates and salaries;
- regulation of inter-industry differences in wages, increasing the level of wages in agriculture and socio-cultural sectors of the public sector;
- development of social partnership at all levels of management;
- strengthening legislative protection of the rights of employees to work and fair pay.
In the field of cash income and wages policy, the following is provided:
- an increase in real cash income in accordance with GDP growth;
- growth of real wages in accordance with the growth of labor productivity with a slight decrease in the number of people employed in the economy.
The minimum wage is the minimum social standard in the field of remuneration.
Determining the volume and structure of food consumption and the provision of non-food products must be done taking into account, on the one hand, the need to more fully satisfy the population's needs for material goods, and on the other, increasing requirements for assortment and quality. By the end of the forecast period it is necessary to ensure:
- achieving a national average of scientifically based, balanced and high-quality nutrition through increased consumption of meat and meat products, predominantly low-fat varieties, fish and fish products, fruits and berries;
- make a transition from bread to meat and dairy foods rich in vitamins, replacing high-calorie foods with a significant proportion of fats and carbohydrates with less calories;
- a rational wardrobe structure that satisfies a variety of needs (everyday, seasonal, occasional, etc.) associated with various types of activities (work, household, leisure, etc.);
- a significant expansion of the use of cultural, household and household items, both used by the urban and rural population.
Increasing the level of consumption and its rationalization are envisaged on the basis of a stable balance of supply and demand to optimize the production of goods and the development of the service sector, improving the system of distribution relations.
The fight against poverty is the most important priority of social policy. For sustainable development, the maximum reduction in the level of poverty in the country is of paramount importance. The implementation of this task will take place on the basis of economic growth, improving the standard of living, especially of the working part of the population.
Pension provision is the most important area of social policy. At the current stage of development, the national pension system is faced with a number of internal and external problems. Fund shortages and economic problems make it difficult to maintain a sufficient level of pension provision and proper differentiation of pensions in accordance with labor contribution. The situation is aggravated by shortcomings in the internal structure of the pension system:
- multiple benefits for early retirement;
- low retirement age compared to other countries;
- the presence of other rules and conditions that entail irrational expenses. The aging of the population and, as a consequence, the growth of pensioners with a reduction in the number of people employed in the economy have a negative impact. Thus, the current system cannot contribute to social stability and needs to be reformed.
Its main goal is to improve the standard of living of pensioners through the creation of a stable, financially sustainable pension system that meets the principles of social justice and is capable of withstanding future demographic changes.
Strategic task reforming the pension system is the creation of a multi-level pension system that combines both distribution and savings mechanisms.
Based on the growth of monetary incomes, including wages, with the favorable development of financial markets and investment markets, it is necessary to ensure the development of additional pension insurance. Solving the tasks set for the pension system, developing the real sector of the economy and increasing the efficiency of public administration will increase the level of material well-being of disabled citizens.
An important component of increasing the level and quality of life of the population involved in working activities is social insurance. Its development must be aimed at providing guarantees to protect the population from social and professional risks associated with loss of earnings, work or health, and the formation of a sufficient economic base to compensate for basic social insurance risks.quality of life social policy
In the field of organizing the social insurance system, it is necessary to solve two major problems:
- provide an objective assessment, accounting and analysis of the level and factors of social risk for various categories of workers;
- achieve a fair distribution of responsibility for certain types of risk between subjects of social and labor relations.
Solving these problems will be facilitated by:
- establishment of differentiated insurance premiums depending on the amount of expenses for each type of insurance (risk class);
- linking the amount of insurance services with the amount of contributions and periods of their payment;
- personalized accounting for certain types of insurance;
- stimulating an increase in insurance savings at the expense of the insured’s own funds;
- exercising strict control over the expenditure of insurance funds;
- exemption of non-budgetary insurance funds from payments of non-insurance benefits.
The main objectives in the field of social protection of the population are:
- security state support needy population groups;
- increasing the level of state minimum social guarantees;
- optimization of assistance programs.
In the coming period, it is planned to complete the reform of the social protection system for citizens, aimed at implementing the principle of targeting, to ensure that state minimum social guarantees are brought to the level of cost of living standards, to continue to improve the system of social benefits and payments, and mechanisms for protecting household incomes from inflation.
In the forecast period further development will receive social services as a type of targeted assistance and an integral part of the state social protection system. The primary development of a network of non-stationary institutions is envisaged as the most economical and closest to the real needs of the population and the expansion of the practice of providing social services at home.
An important direction is the creation of comprehensive territorial social service centers that provide maximum and comprehensive assistance to elderly citizens, disabled people, families, children and other categories of the population. At the same time, approved social standards will be taken into account, which will increase the level, accessibility and quality of services provided to all citizens in need.
In a set of measures to ensure sustainable development, the importance of social support for veterans and disabled people should be significantly increased. The most important condition implementation of these measures should be coordination various types state social support for citizens and the creation of a unified information system social assistance.
CONCLUSION
On the one hand, a person is a biological being who has physiological needs given to him by nature, on the other hand, he is a member of society and has spiritual and social needs generated in the process of communicating with his own kind. Needs are closely related to the level and lifestyle of a person. Firstly, the very range of needs characterizes people’s lives from the standpoint of their desires, aspirations, and interests. They depend not only on the degree of development of production, natural and climatic conditions, but also to a large extent on the age, habits and taste of individual people.
The standard of living depends, firstly, on the actual consumption of material and spiritual goods, and secondly, on the development of needs.
In a broad sense, the standard of living includes the level and structure of consumption, working conditions, the structure and degree of satisfaction of socio-cultural needs, the degree of development of the service sector, the amount and structure of non-working and free time, the level of environmental safety, etc.
In a narrow sense, the standard of living is understood as the volume of real income that determines the volume and structure of actual consumption of final goods and services.
The system of indicators of living standards has its own specific characteristics in different countries of the world. For example, in stable economic systems special meaning attached to income indicators, the level and dynamics of wages, social transfers, the level and dynamics of unemployment. In transformational economies, on the contrary, indicators of per capita consumption of food products or the provision of families with durable goods are very important; their analysis helps to measure the depth of existing problems, which is important for the development of social policy.
Methods of data aggregation and the methodology for calculating the indicators themselves vary significantly in different countries of the world, which complicates their cross-country comparability. At the same time, the general trend in the study of living standards at the present stage is a shift in emphasis from indicators characterizing the growth of income and material consumption to indicators reflecting human health, education, and leisure.
Quality of life, combining many aspects of the standard of living, places emphasis on qualitative certainty.
So, if studies of the standard of living involve the use of objective indicators, then in the study of quality of life the emphasis is on qualitative differences, on satisfaction with the quality of life of the people themselves. In this regard, there is not yet a single point of view on the set of components characterizing the quality of life. Moreover, some scientists believe that it cannot be measured at all.
Assessments of both the level and quality of life change over time and space. A level that was considered high 30 to 40 years ago can now be classified as the “poverty line,” and a level that is considered high for some countries will be low for others.
LIST OF REFERENCES USED
1. Borisevich V.I. Sources of growth in income and living standards of the population in modern conditions of the country's development. Journal "Bulletin of BSEU", 2012, No. 4, pp. 11-16.
2. Myasnikovich M.V., Dedkov S.M. Macroeconomic aspects of improving the well-being and quality of life of the population. Journal of Economic Bulletin, 2009, pp. 45-58.
3. Science - education, production, economics. / Editorial Board: B.M. Khrustalev, F.A. Romanyuk, A.S. Kalinichenko. Mn. 2010 - 520 p.
4. Income policy and quality of life of the population. St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 652 p.
- Plotnitsky, M.I. Macroeconomics: Textbook. allowance / M.I. Plotnitsky, E.I. Lobkovich, M.G. Mutalimov and others; Ed. M.I. Plotnitsky. 2nd ed., erased. M.; New knowledge, 2011. 462 p. (Economic education)
- Kandaurova, G.A. Forecasting and economic planning: textbook / G.A. Kandaurova [and others]; under general Ed. G.A. Kandaurova, V.I. Borisevich. Mn.: Modern School, 2009. 476 p.
- Makhmudova, A. Assessments of labor force quality and competitive positions of the enterprise. /A.Makhmudova//Man and labor. 2010. - No. 5. p.50-53.
- Belova, Zh. Intersectoral differentiation of population incomes and their dynamics / Zh. Belova // Economist, 2011. No. 4, pp. 62-66.
9. Novoselsnit V. Changes in socio-economic processes.// Economist. - M., 20 1 1, No. 3, p. 39.
10. Rzhanitsyna L. Poverty in Russia: causes, features, ways to reduce.// Economist. - M., 20 1 1, No. 4, p. 71.
11. Sivelkin V.A. Households of the Orenburg region. // Questions of statistics. - M., 20 10, no. 6, p. 16.
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Annex 1
Rice. 1. The number of students in institutions providing secondary specialized and higher education
Appendix 2
Main socio-economic indicators of living standards
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
|
|
Cash income per capita, thousand rubles. |
6188 |
5571) |
1154 |
1722 |
2309 |
3009 |
3951 |
5002 |
6047 |
|
Real cash income of the population, as a percentage of the previous year |
66,4 |
114,1 |
128,1 |
104,1 |
103,9 |
109,8 |
118,4 |
117,8 |
113,2 |
|
Real disposable cash income of the population, as a percentage of the previous year |
65,1 |
113,8 |
128,1 |
104,0 |
100,7 |
109,3 |
118,1 |
115,9 |
113,1 |
|
Nominal accrued average monthly wages of employees, thousand rubles. |
755,1 |
58,91) |
123,0 |
189,2 |
250,7 |
347,5 |
463,7 |
582,2 |
694,0 |
|
Real accrued wages, as a percentage of the previous year |
95,0 |
112,0 |
129,6 |
107,9 |
103,2 |
117,4 |
120,9 |
117,3 |
110,0 |
|
Average amount of assigned pension (at the end of the year), thousand rubles. |
387,2 |
36,41) |
65,0 |
89,6 |
113,9 |
172,6 |
211,0 |
277,6 |
328,2 |
|
The real amount of the assigned pension, as a percentage of the previous year |
130,3 |
143,2 |
122,1 |
102,3 |
101,4 |
132,4 |
113,2 |
123,4 |
105,4 |
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