Development Agriculture Today it occupies one of the leading positions in the economy. Even during the crisis of 2015, agriculture continued to grow and develop successfully. This is evidenced by the growing indicators - 2.9% compared to 2014. However, this article will discuss not only the prospects for the development of agriculture, but also the problems associated with this sector of the economy.

Current state and prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Despite the fact that the development of agriculture in the 1990s. cannot boast of great achievements in the 2000s. the situation has changed radically since successful policies in this area have been resumed. It's connected with state support and the introduction of an agricultural insurance and lending system, which led to improved prospects for agricultural development.

2015 not only brought agriculture back to its feet, but also became an indicator of successful government policy, the results of which exceeded expectations: the agricultural productivity index in all categories was 103%. A total of 104.8 million tons of grain were collected, and this is 5% higher than the expected outcome of the State Program for the development of agriculture. Poultry and livestock production reached 13.5 million tons, which is 4.2% more than in 2014. At the same time, egg production improved by 1.6%.

In 2014, agricultural products worth $39.9 billion were imported, in 2015 - by 26.5 billion. At the end of the year, imports of fresh and frozen meat decreased by 30%, fish - by 44%, and cheese and cottage cheese - by 36.5%. Basically, agricultural products were imported from foreign countries and the CIS.

Also in 2015, agricultural exports increased due to improved prospects for agricultural development in Russia. Thus, exports of pork and poultry meat increased by 20%. The export figures for sunflower oil and wheat have improved. Again, cooperation took place, for the most part, with foreign countries and the CIS.

Today, the prospects for agricultural development in Russia continue to grow. In this regard, export support is provided by the institutions EXIAR, ROSEXIMBANK, Russian Export Center, etc. At the end of 2016, the most popular exported agricultural products were:

• pork and poultry;
• grain (wheat and barley);
• fresh and frozen fish, seafood;
• vegetable oil different categories.

The main trend in the development of agriculture in Russia is the modernization of agricultural equipment. Due to the devaluation of the ruble and increased prices for imported equipment, by the end of 2017 a slight decrease in the pace of modernization is expected. State support in the form of subsidies for the production of agricultural goods is an equally important prospect for the development of agriculture in Russia. In this case, greenhouse vegetable growing, pig breeding, development of parent herds, seed farming, etc. will be involved.

Government payments also attract very large investors to the agricultural market, who can also help in the development of agriculture. But even in the process of subsidizing, a lot of new problems arose, one of which is uneven distribution Money. For example, a sufficient number of subsidies are allocated for the development of the livestock industry, but payments for feed production are insignificant, which creates an imbalance. Agricultural producers also complain about a lack of funds for the modernization and reconstruction of storage facilities and greenhouses.

The government's issuance of loans for agricultural development is also growing. Thus, in 2015, the state allocated 263 billion rubles for the development of agricultural production. By May 2016, this amount of loans had doubled compared to May 2015.

However, official statistics do not provide a complete picture of the prospects for agricultural development in Russia. In fact, there are a lot of unresolved issues. Lending services concern only large agro-industrial complexes, while small agricultural lands suffer from a lack of financial resources due to a highly developed system of bureaucratization and other problems. To receive government support, small agricultural enterprises need to collect a lot of certificates, conduct a huge number of examinations, and face hidden conditions that are not mentioned in official documents.

Despite a lot of unresolved problems regarding the prospects for the development of agriculture, this sector of the state’s economy continues to develop successfully. Production figures are rising. However, in 2017 there is a high probability of a strong difference between supply and demand. In almost every market area in 2017, there was a drop in demand due to the unstable financial situation in the country. This fact may have a negative impact on the prospects for the development of agriculture and more.

Problems and prospects of agriculture in the world

Before moving on to considering the problems and prospects of agriculture in the world, let us examine its general characteristics at this stage of market relations between countries.

Scientific achievements (breeding, development of new hybrid varieties of grain) in the field of agricultural development provide improvement in agricultural productivity in many countries. This fact was facilitated by the so-called “green revolution”: the massive use of fertilizers, an increase in the scale of irrigation work, increased mechanization, etc. However, this affected only a small part of the countries that participated in the “green revolution”.

The main reason for the difficulties encountered in the development of agriculture is the backwardness of their agrarian relations. For example, in Latin America, the so-called latifundia, which are huge agricultural estates, are widely developed. And in Asia and Africa, in addition to large agricultural territories of local and foreign capital, feudal and semi-feudal estates are still popular. Agricultural development in these countries is hampered by remnants of the past associated with communal land ownership.

The motley and backward nature of agrarian relations is combined with remnants in the sphere of social organization, as well as the presence of existing tribal and intertribal relations, the enormous popularity of animism and faith of a different nature. When considering the prospects for the development of agriculture, it is important to pay attention to the socio-psychological aspects of the people, which includes the consumer mentality. Among other things, the history of local peoples with colonies in the past also has a huge influence.

All things considered, the agriculture of many developing countries cannot meet their food needs. In this regard, today there are a huge number of people living in these territories and suffering from hunger.

Even though hunger is gradually being eradicated, the number of people in need of food is still huge and reaches the 1 billion mark. Every year in developing countries, about 20 million people die from lack of food. And this is another problem of agricultural development.

The prospects for agricultural development in a number of developing countries are also unsatisfactory because many traditional dishes have low calorie content and an acute lack of proteins and fats. This fact negatively affects the physical endurance of people living in the countries of South and East Asia.

The difficult situation with the development of agriculture and difficulties in providing food determine the problem of food security for many developing countries. We are talking about getting a sufficient amount of food, which is important for ensuring normal human life. UN FAO specialists have set a food security threshold of 17% of global consumption of last harvest reserves, which is 2 months of food supply.

At the same time, UN experts found that in most developing countries there are a huge number of people suffering from a lack of vital resources, which was also a consequence of the emergence of problems in agricultural development. Violations of food security were observed in 24 countries at once, with 22 states located in Africa. In connection with the critical living conditions that arose, a number of measures were taken to eliminate food problems. We are talking about food aid: donations and provision of resources on preferential lending terms.

Food donations are made, for the most part, to countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. The United States ranks first in terms of supplies. Behind last years The role of EU states, which donate food to Asian and African countries, has been strengthened.

Prospects for agricultural development at the international level

We said above that much more food is produced today compared to previous years. However, the number of hungry people still leaves much to be desired. The population is busy with the problem of developing agriculture for the benefit of providing food to all those in need. So, for example, if you pay attention to the volume of food in the United States, you can conclude: by 2030, food reserves will be enough for only 2.5 billion people, although the global population at that time will be approximately 8.9 billion. From consumption calculations food at the beginning of the 21st century, it turns out that by 2030 we will fall to the level of India, which is 450 g of grain per person daily. In turn, this problem of agricultural development will cause numerous wars.

In no case should the process of agricultural development in the framework of production, consumption and redistribution be left to chance. It is important to develop a plan for the future of agricultural development at the international level. In this case, you can rely on 4 directions.

1. Expansion of the land fund

Today, approximately 0.34 hectares of land per person are allocated for agricultural land. In theory, the area can expand significantly to 4.69 hectares per person. Considering this fact, you involuntarily think about the problems of agricultural development in the world, because the planet’s land reserve allows for the expansion of plots. However, it is worth considering the fact that not every soil is suitable for the development of agriculture. In addition, to expand farming holdings, a huge amount of money will be needed.

2. Increasing the efficiency of agricultural production

Ultimately, it is this option that gains the greatest weight: improving the financial stability of the economy by increasing the efficiency of agricultural production. Experts in the field of agricultural development believed that with the use of latest technologies in the agricultural sector at the present stage it would be possible to easily provide food for at least 12 billion people. In addition, technological progress does not stand still and continues to develop even now. Therefore, the prospects for the development of agriculture would constantly grow for the better, and not only due to biotechnology, but also thanks to the successes of geneticists.

3. Social empowerment

However, the real way to improve the prospects for agricultural development follows from taking into account the social capabilities of citizens. This is another direction of the strategic plan for the development of agriculture. The goal at this stage is to implement global agricultural reforms in developing countries, based on the characteristic features of each country. The result should be overcoming the backwardness of existing agrarian structures. During the implementation of reforms, it is important to pay special attention to such problems of agricultural development in developing countries as the elimination of problems due to the widespread participation of primitive communal relations in many African states, latifundism in Latin America and the spread of fragmented small-peasant holdings in Asia.

During agricultural reforms, it is best to rely on the existing experience of developed countries. For example, increase the government’s role in the development of agriculture by issuing subsidies to replace old equipment with new ones, as well as in the field of financial support for small and medium-sized agricultural businesses. It is important to devote a special place to resolving issues related to voluntary cooperation, an abundance of forms and financial incentives for players.

The next task of carrying out social reform with increasing financial efficiency is to reduce the gap at the consumer level between different groups of states.

Undoubtedly, the improvement of government activities also concerns the area of ​​population reproduction, whose rise may be more controlled with the use of effective means.

4. International cooperation

In the end, the fourth stage of the strategic plan to improve the prospects for agricultural development may well be international cooperation, as well as assistance from developed countries to developing ones. The mission of such a project is, firstly, to overcome food shortages, and secondly, to identify the internal potential of developing countries. To reveal the entire hidden reserve, it is necessary to solve problems in all directions: economy, education, healthcare, etc.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in the world in the long term

The OECD and FAO are assessing the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world. Their forecasts are for 10 years ahead. In this way, you can learn about the development of agriculture in the world in the long term, but only taking into account the modern agricultural industry.

Based on the analyzed data, it was possible to establish several ways for the development of agriculture in the world economy. The prerequisites were 4 hypotheses.

1. The area under the main agricultural crops (wheat, corn, rice) will not decrease, but will even increase. Food crisis 2007-2009 allowed us to draw this conclusion. If a number of measures are not taken, then we are threatened with a repeat of the crisis of past years.
2. In all countries, more and more resources will be spent on introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress into agriculture. This fact will have a positive impact on the use of the benefits of nature. We are talking, first of all, about water and land resources.
3. Developing countries in many regions will increase their protein consumption from meat and dairy products. Hence the popularization of growing plants for the purpose of their further use as animal feed.
4. In most countries, the trend will continue to use agricultural resources primarily for food purposes. States with special natural and political conditions that make it possible to wisely use the benefits of the earth to create biofuel will remain on the sidelines. We are talking about the United States, Brazil, and some countries in Southeast Asia.

According to forecasts for 2020, wheat production will significantly improve - up to 806 million tons, which will be an increase of 18% compared to 2008, and by 2050 the wheat harvest will reach 950 million tons (an increase of 40% compared to 2008). . However, we should not forget that the planet’s population is constantly growing and by this time will increase by 30-35%. Hence the improvement in the average per capita supply of wheat.

Since wheat is actively used in livestock farming, in developing countries, an increase in imports of these grains is possible from 24-26% to 30%. Moreover, faster growth rates are expected in less developed countries. This prospect of agricultural development in less developed countries guarantees a reduction in the share of imports from 60% to 50%. But even this indicator cannot be considered successful. In any case, help from developed countries will be needed so that less developed countries can rise to a higher level in agricultural production.

There are also reports on forecasts for the prospects for agricultural development in the meat and dairy industries. It turned out that the rate of milk production is developing much faster than the planet's population is increasing. This could lead to the fact that by 2050 the volume of milk produced will be 1222 million tons, which is 80% more than in 2008.

Developing countries play a huge role in this process, since, based on the forecasts received, milk production in these countries will increase by 2.25 times. But these data cannot hide the fact that the difference in the volume of milk produced in developing and developed countries will be enormous. There is a possibility of a decrease in the number of cows in a number of developing countries despite their increased productivity. Such a step will help get rid of two problems of agricultural development at once: increase food production plant origin and increase the amount of milk protein in the food menu of the poor part of the population.

However, the problem of agricultural development in the meat industry still remains unresolved, because the nutrition of the world’s population largely depends on it.

According to projected data, improvements are expected in the meat industry by 2050: production and consumption of beef will increase by 60%, pork by 77%, poultry meat by 2.15 times. At the same time, the difference between the growth rate of the meat industry and the demographic situation on the planet will again remain. If developing countries begin to promote their own meat products on the domestic market, they will be able to improve efficiency in this area of ​​agricultural development. In less developed countries it is to be expected that most of The population will receive beef and pork through domestic production, but 40% of poultry meat will be imported.

Thus, based on the above data, we can conclude: by increasing the efficiency of agricultural production by replacing old equipment with innovative technologies, allowing significant savings in resources, it is quite possible to improve the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world with a 40-year program. It remains to solve one more problem in the development of agriculture in the world, related to hunger.

When forecasting food consumption, calculations are made per capita of the planet's population and are constantly growing. But over time, the growth will decrease significantly. In the period from 1970 to 2000. There was an increase in food consumption per capita per day of 16%. According to estimated data, from 2001 to 2030. food costs will increase to 2950 kcal. However, this is only a 9% increase over 30 years.

By 2050, consumption is expected to increase to 3130 kcal per capita, and the increase will be 3% over 20 years. These data take into account the fact that food consumption in developing countries will grow much faster than in developed countries. In this regard, there is a high probability of equalization of food consumption indicators in developed and developing countries, which also improves the prospects for agricultural development at the global level.

Today, only half of the total population of the planet can afford adequate nutrition. Literally 30 years ago the situation was different: only 4% were included in the circle of “fully wealthy”. By 2050, about 90% of the world's population will easily receive 2,700 kilocalories per capita per day.

All of these achievements constitute the prospects for the development of agriculture in the world for the long term and depend on a number of innovative changes in the agricultural sector of the economy.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

1. Import substitution in agriculture

Import substitution today helps solve a lot of problems in the development of agriculture in Russia. It’s no secret that in 2014 Russia came under a “distribution” of sanctions from European countries, the USA, Canada, Australia and Japan. As a result, the Government of the Russian Federation took a number of measures, banning the import of a certain list of food products, for the most part we are talking about agricultural products.

Thanks to import substitution, in modern stores in the Russian Federation, 80% of food is domestic product and only 20% is foreign. Work is underway to develop domestic agriculture. By the end of 2017, a significant increase in grain crops is expected (over 100 million tons). The buckwheat harvest will also exceed expectations. However, special attention should be paid to the meat, dairy and vegetable industries. Prospects for the development of agriculture in these sectors give forecasts for achieving the expected growth in 2-3 years, and only in the dairy sector - in 7-10 years. In 3-5 years, a complete transition to domestic trade in fruits and vegetables is expected.

2. Increasing the role of the state in the development of Russian agriculture

Over the past decade, the prospects for agriculture in Russia have improved significantly, thanks to the increasing role of the government in this sector of the economy. The agrarian reform of the State Program fixes the popularization of state actions to develop agriculture in the country:

1. Providing financial support for the agricultural industry with the participation of regions.
2. Distribution and redistribution of income received.
3. Issuance of loans for agricultural needs within the framework of state support.
4. Agricultural insurance.

Producers in the agricultural industry can thus receive more than thirty types of government support. The main emphasis is on subsidizing part of the interest on lending for the long term, as well as providing per-hectare assistance.

Among other things, the Government of the Russian Federation has developed a number of innovations for the development of agriculture for beginning farmers: a grant for the creation of farmland, which includes 1.5 million rubles and 300 thousand rubles for household improvements, as well as the issuance of subsidies for investment loans and part of the down payment for leasing of agricultural machinery.

Many banks, for example, Rosselkhozbank, also take an active part in supporting the development of agriculture in the country, developing new lines of financial products. If you are the owner of a small or medium-sized business, you can get an annual loan at a reduced rate - from 15.95%. At the same time, the loan portfolio of Rosselkhozbank in the period from 2014 to 2015. jumped by 13.2% and now amounts to more than 1.5 million rubles.

Prospects for agricultural development Russian Federation depend mainly on loans. At the present stage, the problem of lack of investment in the long term remains unresolved.

3. Attracting investments

As we mentioned above, the problem of attracting investment in the development of agriculture is the main one at the present stage of the work of the agro-industrial complex. Since most agricultural enterprises have low level There is very, very little income willing to invest in the development of agriculture in the Russian Federation. However, attracting investment can be positively influenced by the fact of subsidizing export enterprises and industries such as pig farming, greenhouse vegetable growing, and seed farming.

2017, according to experts, will be favorable for investing in dairy products (in particular cheese), pork, poultry, and fish. However, do not forget about the risks of financial investments.

The Russian government manages to attract investors to the development of agriculture through a number of active measures. For example, the investor is returned 20% of the amount spent on capital construction. Thus, investors in the vegetable growing industry will be able to return their 20% this year. In 2017, it is planned to allocate a sum of money in the amount of 16 billion rubles for the implementation of this idea.

The average payback period for investments in agricultural development in Russia is 5 years.

4. Development of the industry’s own scientific base and manufacturability

Perhaps one of the fundamental factors for improving the prospects for agricultural development in the country is the provision of highly qualified specialists to the agricultural sector. In this regard, the state is trying to actively support agricultural universities. Today, on the territory of the Russian Federation, 54 agricultural universities are engaged in educating specialists in the field of agricultural industry. Every year they produce 25 thousand ready-made personnel.

At the present stage of agricultural development in the country, the identification of necessary innovations in the agricultural sector is analyzed: experiments in the field of selection and genetic engineering. Completely new species of flora and fauna are also being created that have better vitality and productive qualities.

We should not forget about the development of the feed production and veterinary industries.

5. Farming development

According to statistics, there are 355 thousand agricultural producers operating in the Russian Federation, most of whom are individual entrepreneurs and small organizations. The Association of Peasant Farms and Agricultural Cooperatives of Russia found that 38% of all rural population very interested in the issue of farming development.

The question arises: is it possible for farmers to appear in our country? Of course available. And there is significant evidence of this. For example, the Oryol region is the most popular in this area at the present stage of agricultural development: 90% of the land is allocated to the agricultural sector. At the same time, more than 300 thousand people live in villages, which is 40% of the total population of the Oryol region. Private farms are the main target of agricultural development prospects in the country.

A practitioner tells

Tatiana Antipenko, Chief Editor portal Agro.ru, Moscow

On July 1, 2017, a law banning the cultivation and breeding of genetically modified plants and animals in our country comes into force. Exception: cases when this is done for scientific purposes.

On January 1, 2016, a new GOST came into force - “Organic products. Rules for production, storage, transportation." In addition, a new unified food labeling standard has emerged. This will change the population’s perception of the quality of domestic products for the better.

There is already a craving for Russian products; this can be considered one of the manifestations of the growth of patriotic sentiments. The desire to eat healthy food is gaining popularity. The growing demand is supported by the opening of online stores of farm products. However, in such a short period of time, consumers are unlikely to change their opinion about local producers.

Distrust of inspection systems is firmly embedded in the minds of Russians. In addition, we have not formed a clear idea of ​​the difference between organic products, the quality of which is confirmed by a certificate, and farm products. Agricultural producers will have to carry out serious propaganda work to convince buyers that Russian products are not inferior in quality to imported ones.

One of the leading industries in Russia is crop production. It is the main source for the production of vital products, as well as the raw material base for their manufacture. The quantity of products produced proportionally depends on the development of this industry. Thus, the production volumes of this industry must fully meet the needs of the population. At the same time, the amount of food transported from abroad should not exceed 34%. On this moment in our country this figure is 32.9%, indicating an unfavorable situation in the agricultural industries.

The crisis that arose at the end of the 20th century had a negative impact on the development of crop production. Investments and government support for all sectors of agriculture immediately decreased, which led to a decline in production not only in the field of crop production, which continues to this day.

In the process of economic modernization after the collapse of the USSR, production fell sharply and demand for food products decreased. At the same time, with the creation of free market relations, the market began to become saturated with products of inadequate quality imported from abroad. As a result, there was a significant decrease in the consumer needs of the population. At the end of 2005, the situation began to change in a positive direction due to government support and programs aimed at supporting agricultural producers. As a result, there is an increase in volume and improvement in the quality of products.
At this time in Russia there is a not very favorable situation in the field of growing agricultural products. What caused the shortage of certain types of products in some areas associated with a decrease in the income of the population. To make up for the shortage of products, it is necessary to increase production volumes.

To achieve this goal, a more thorough study of the climatic conditions of certain regions is necessary. Which, in turn, will allow for the zoning of high-yield crops. This will allow increasing the acreage due to lands located in the more northern regions of the country, where growing wheat, beets, sunflowers and flax will be more profitable. You should also pay special attention to land reclamation, and in winter, engage in snow retention. Optimization of crop rotations and renewal of the seed fund have a positive trend for the future harvest.

Along with this, it is necessary to modernize the machine-tractor fleet and agricultural equipment. At the same time, one should not forget that the application of organic and mineral fertilizers also has a positive effect on product productivity.

The food embargo played a certain role in the development of agriculture, including crop production. In this regard, the demand for domestic products has increased, which in turn stimulates an increase in production volumes. As a result, there is an increase in competition between domestic agricultural producers who are trying to make products more affordable and of higher quality.

The situation that has developed in the country in recent years can become a decisive factor in the development of all sectors of the national economy. And also, this can be a good incentive for the state to take the necessary measures for the further development of industries, and in particular crop production.

Introduction…………………………………………………………….…. 3

Chapter 1 The place and role of crop production in the national

economic complex of the Russian Federation………. 5

1.1 Structure of crop production…………………………………….

Chapter 2. Development and placement of crop production industries

Russian Federation……………………………………. 8

2.1. Characteristics of the main crops………8

2.2. Placement of crop production industries on the territory

Russian Federation…………………………..………………… 17

Chapter 3. Basic technical and economic indicators

development of crop production for 1995 – 2004 …………….. 24

Chapter 4. Problems of crop production development.

Industry development prospects………….………….…… 31

Conclusion……………………………………………………….. 34

Bibliography…………………………………………………………… 36

Applications……….…..……………….…..………….…..………… 38

Introduction

The main branches of agriculture are crop production and livestock production. Plant growing branches produce more than 40% of the country's total agricultural products. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of livestock farming in Russia also depends on its level of development.

The leading role in the structure of crop production belongs to grain farming. It is grain crops that occupy almost 55% of all sown areas in the country.

Average annual grain yield in Russia in 1994-2002. was at the level of 13.0 c/ha (3-4 times less than in Western European countries). However, the cost of producing 1 c. Our grains are relatively small, and they are of higher quality (particularly thanks to durum wheat varieties).

Russia ranks first in the world in the production of barley, oats and rye, and one of the first in the gross wheat harvest. In general, the country ranks fourth in the world in the production of grains and leguminous crops (following China, the USA and India).

Grain farming is one of the main branches of crop production. The wide distribution of grain crops throughout the agriculturally developed territory of Russia is due to the significant diversity of their biological characteristics, variety of species and varieties. Cereal grains are of great food value and also serve as valuable animal feed.

The natural basis of agriculture is land, and above all agricultural land.

Agricultural land is the portion of land used for agriculture. They have a complex structure; a significant part of them is arable land, hayfields and pastures. In Russia, agricultural lands occupy 220 million hectares (13% of the country's area), of which arable land - 120 million hectares (7% of the country's area), hayfields - about 20 and pastures - 60 million hectares. Their area is slowly and gradually decreasing due to the increasing demand for the territories of a variety of settlements, primarily cities, industrial and production construction, transport and other types of infrastructure construction. Compared to other countries in the world, Russia has a high supply of agricultural land, including arable land. At the same time, in different parts of the country, the specific indicators of the provision of residents with agricultural land, including arable land, vary significantly, as does their quality. The degree of agricultural development of the territory increases from north to south.

Chapter 1. The place and role of crop production in national

economic complex of the Russian Federation

The total area of ​​agricultural land in Russia in the mid-90s. exceeded 200 million hectares, or accounted for only 12% of the country's territory. The structure of agricultural land was dominated by arable land - 60%, 11% was hayfields and 29% was pastures.

During the years of Soviet power, until 1975, there was an increase in sown areas in Russia, largely due to the development of virgin and fallow lands in the eastern regions of the North Caucasus, Trans-Volga region, the Southern Urals and Western Siberia. By 1975, the cultivated areas of Russia had more than doubled compared to the pre-revolutionary period and reached 126.5 million hectares, and then they began to decline, which continues to this day (see Fig. 1). More than half of all cultivated areas in Russia (53%) are occupied by grain and leguminous crops (2/3 under spring crops and 1/3 under winter crops). However, due to the more than twofold increase in the average yield of winter grains compared to spring grains, winter crops predominate in the total volume of grain production in Russia.

Fig.1. Dynamics of cultivated areas in Russia

Bread and bakery products have always occupied a dominant position in the diet of Russian residents due to their high nutritional value, excellent taste, inedibility, good digestibility and satiety, ease of preparation, comparative stability in storage and low cost. According to biological nutrition standards, on average per capita per year in our conditions, 120-140 kg of bread products are needed. But, in addition to bread products, a person needs meat, milk and other products.

Crop production provides 40% of all Russian agricultural production: 43% in 1970, 42% in 1980, 37% in 1990, 55% in 2000. Livestock farming has always depended on its development, since Its food supply is largely provided by crop production.

A particularly tense situation in the grain economy of modern Russia occurred in the lean year of 1995, when grain production in the country fell to 428 kg per capita (see Fig. 2). This is the level of 1948 or Tsarist Russia at the beginning of the century. Experts say that if this figure drops to 400 kg, then rationed distribution of products will be inevitable. And 300 kg per capita will result in real hunger. Fortunately, for Russia the next year, 1996, was more productive, which made it possible to avoid serious supply difficulties population bakery products, and livestock - concentrated feed.

In recent decades, the area under barley has increased particularly rapidly and the gross harvest of this crop has increased, as a result of which today it has firmly taken second place among the country's grain crops after wheat. Next in terms of total harvest are oats and rye. All other grain crops (corn, millet, buckwheat, legumes and rice) do not play a significant role either in the sown area or in the overall grain yield in the country.

1928 1945 1960 1990

Fig.2. Gross grain harvest in Russia in 1928 – 1997

Of the industrial crops, fiber flax and hemp are of great economic importance. Their fiber is used in the textile and hemp industries for making linen, ropes and other products. From the seeds of these plants, flaxseed and hemp oils are produced, consumed as food, and also used in various branches of industrial production. Waste from processing fiber flax and hemp seeds is used as livestock feed. Industrial crops - fibrous, oilseeds, sugar plants - provide the production of raw materials for the light and food industries: textiles, oil extraction, sugar, etc. Industrial crops occupy only 5% of the total sown area (6 million hectares), but they are more expensive and their specific weight in gross agricultural output is much higher.

Chapter 2. Development and placement of crop production industries

Russian Federation.

2.1. Characteristics of the main crops.

Wheat - the most important grain crop in Russia, providing a significant part of the country's food grain basket. In recent years, its share has accounted for only slightly less than 1/2 of the total domestic grain production, and the acreage occupied by this crop exceeds the total area under all other grain and leguminous crops combined.

In Russia, two types of wheat are sown - spring and winter. Due to the fact that the yield of winter wheat is two or more times higher than the yield of spring wheat, winter wheat is cultivated wherever agroclimatic conditions allow. In general, in the western part of the country (with the exception of the northern regions) up to the Volga, winter wheat crops predominate, and to the east - spring wheat.

Winter wheat is sown in autumn and uses autumn and spring precipitation during the growing season. The provision of moisture promotes rapid vegetation and, consequently, early ripening of the crop and determines its higher yield than spring crops.

Compared to winter rye, winter wheat is more heat-loving and suffers more from cold weather. The total amount of active temperatures required during its growing season, depending on the variety, ranges from 1200-1500°C. Low winter temperatures with little snow cover make it difficult for winter wheat to move east, especially to the steppe regions of the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. The cultivation of winter wheat in the northern regions is hampered by long snow cover and late spring frosts.

The weak development of the root system determines the high demands of winter wheat on soil conditions. This crop develops best on structural chernozems with a high content of nutrients. Winter wheat does not tolerate acidic, peaty, swampy and highly saline soils. On acidic soils, crops can only be grown after liming.

Spring wheat is sown in early spring and takes advantage of late spring rainfall. Nai better conditions Its growth temperatures are 15-20 °C. The culture tolerates spring frosts well. The growing season is estimated to last 90-120 days. The sum of active temperatures is 1200-1700 °C. The soil requirements of spring wheat are similar to winter wheat. Among the varieties of spring wheat, durum wheat is especially valued, with a high protein content and high baking qualities. It is highly rated on the world market. It is from the flour of this wheat that the best tasting pasta, cakes, pastries and other confectionery products are made.

The growth of areas under wheat in Russia throughout the Soviet period was mainly due to the expansion of the area of ​​cultivation of spring wheat. Almost all areas of virgin and fallow lands allocated for wheat were occupied by spring wheat. The main disadvantage of spring wheat is its low yield (in Russian conditions on average 8-10 c/ha).

Barley - the second grain crop in terms of production volume, providing about 1/4 of the gross grain harvest in Russia. In our country, this is, first of all, a fodder crop, on the basis of which concentrated feed for livestock production is produced. As a food crop, it is used to make beer, cereals, concentrates and some other products.

A very important advantage of barley is its early ripening (the duration of the growing season is only 85-95 days). In addition, barley is characterized by a low temperature at which growth begins, low sensitivity to frost and tolerance to drought. In this regard, the cultivation area of ​​barley is extremely extensive: it penetrates further than other grain crops to the north, south and southeast. In the south and southeast, barley begins to ripen early, uses spring moisture reserves in the soil better than other grains and suffers less from summer droughts.

Rye - winter crop used both for food purposes and for feeding livestock. Winter rye represents one of the most important food crops in Russia since the founding of Russia. Already the first Russian chronicler Nestor, in the life of St. Theodosius of Pechora, mentions rye bread as the daily food of the Pechora monks. Holiday bread in Russia has always been wheat, and everyday bread - rye. Thus, Rye bread has long become a traditional food product of Great Russians. The culture spread to the breadth of Moldova and Ukraine only at the end of the 19th century.

Today, much less rye is harvested than before the revolution, and its share in total grain production has noticeably decreased. Nevertheless, Russia retains first place in the world in the gross grain harvest of this valuable crop.

Rye is relatively undemanding to agroclimatic conditions. It needs significantly less heat than winter wheat, and its growing season is much shorter. Amount of active

The temperature of this crop is only 1000-1250 °C. Compared to winter wheat, rye is less demanding of moisture and has a strong, well-developed root system, which allows it to be cultivated on a wide variety of soils. Rye, unlike wheat, tolerates acidic soils well, has greater frost resistance, and a lower growth temperature. It tolerates drought better than winter wheat.

The main distribution area of ​​rye is the Non-Black Earth zone of Russia. IN Lately From the black soil strip, which has the best agroclimatic conditions for its cultivation, rye is being pushed aside by the more valuable and high-yielding winter wheat.

Oats - primarily a forage crop, which in the past was used on a significant scale as horse feed. However, as the number of horses in Russia decreased and barley harvests increased, the area under cultivation of this crop decreased significantly.

Oats begin to grow at temperatures not as low as barley, grow longer and tolerate drought worse than other grains. The most important advantage of oats is their tolerance to acidic soils.

Corn - high-yielding grain crop. In terms of its yield in Russian conditions - 30-35 c/ha - it is second only to rice. The value of the crop lies in the fact that it allows you to replenish grain resources and obtain good silage and green feed for livestock.

Corn grain and flour, cereals, corn flakes and vegetable oil made from it are used for food purposes. In addition, corn can be used to make starch, molasses, alcohol, and many other products. The abundant green mass of this plant is an excellent succulent feed for livestock.

Corn is a heat-loving crop. To cultivate it for grain, the sum of active temperatures is required in the range of 2100-2900 °C, and for corn in the milky-waxy ripeness phase - 1800-2400 °C.

Corn is sown relatively late. The temperature at which growth begins is about 10-12 °C. The main growth period for the crop is mid-summer. Among the many varieties of corn, there are early ripening ones, but the highest yielding ones are late ripening varieties. Corn does not tolerate summer frosts and is a short-day plant, which prevents its movement to the north.

Corn places increased demands on moisture shortly before flowering and in the short period after it. The rest of the time it is a completely drought-resistant plant. In Russian conditions, the most favorable soils for cultivating corn are deep chernozems; on chestnut soils and degraded chernozems, yields are noticeably reduced. Corn for silage and green mass can also be cultivated on acidic soils when they are limed.

Millet - a low-yielding crop (in Russian conditions, the average yield is 8-10 c / ha), which is not widely used in our country.

Millet, like corn, begins its growing season at fairly high temperatures - 10-12°C, is sensitive to frost, and is a short-day plant. The main advantage of the crop is its greater ability to tolerate drought than all other grain crops, thanks to which it has advanced further into arid regions than other plant domesticates. Millet successfully uses moisture reserves created in the steppe zone by far from regular summer precipitation.

Buckwheat - valuable cereal crop, low-yielding (usually 6-7

c/ha). It has an extremely short growing season (70-85 days), but a fairly high temperature for the start of growth (6-8 °C); in case of frost, the plant does not die, but sharply reduces the yield. Buckwheat does not tolerate lack of moisture in the soil and dry winds, but is well adapted to acidic soils.

The main distribution area of ​​the culture is the southern part of the forest and northern forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia. The example of buckwheat clearly demonstrates the dependence of yield on the ecological state of the areas where this crop is cultivated. The productivity of buckwheat increases noticeably when it is pollinated by bees, and the main area of ​​its cultivation coincides with the location of the country's largest chemical industry enterprises, which has a detrimental effect on beekeeping. Hence the unjustifiably low buckwheat yields in Russia and its insignificant gross harvest.

Rice - a valuable food crop, the highest yielding of all grains cultivated in Russia (yields up to 40 c/ha or more). However, this is the most heat-loving of all grain crops (the temperature at which growth begins is at least 12-15 °C, and the sum of active temperatures for various varieties cultivated in our country ranges from 2200-3200 °C).

Leguminous crops have not become widespread in Russia. In the conditions of our country, of all the legumes, it is economically feasible to cultivate only two crops - peas and lentils. Even in the most productive years, the gross harvest of grain legumes in Russia never reached 5 million tons. To one degree or another, grain legumes are common in all economic regions of Russia, if only because they play a significant role in crop rotations as crops that accumulate nitrogen in the soil.

The main industrial crops in Russia are sunflower, sugar beet and fiber flax.

Sunflower - the most widespread technical culture in Russia. Almost all domestic vegetable oil Sunflower is demanding of soil conditions; this crop produces the greatest yields on well-structured chernozems, but it is much less demanding of moisture than sugar beets. An important condition for obtaining sunflower seeds with a high percentage of oil content is a large number of sunny days.

Sugar beet -

Modern Russia is not able to fully meet its sugar needs from domestic sugar beets, which is primarily due to the extremely limited area of ​​effective cultivation of technical varieties of this crop due to agroclimatic conditions.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beets, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems) and good and uniform soil moisture throughout the summer are required. Any temporary deterioration in the water supply of this crop reduces the sugar content in the tubers and reduces the yield. Technical varieties of sugar beets also place increased demands on sunlight. To increase the sugar content in tubers, a sufficiently large number of sunny days is necessary.

Flax flax - the most ancient industrial crop cultivated in Russia. It was sown back in the times of Kievan and Novgorod Rus. Homespun linen products were an integral product of domestic fairs and were highly valued abroad. Pre-revolutionary Russia, and then the Soviet Union, were the world's largest producers of fiber flax.

On the eve of the revolution, the total cultivated area under this valuable crop in the territory modern Russia reached 1 million hectares. Before the Great Patriotic War it increased to 1.5 million hectares, and the gross harvest of fiber flax in value terms exceeded the total production of all other industrial crops cultivated in our country combined. However, in the post-war period, a rapidly progressing decline in domestic flax growing began, which continues to this day. Compared to the pre-war period, the total sown area under fiber flax decreased by 6 times.

The main reason for the degradation of domestic flax growing is a sharp reduction in the rural population in the main flax-growing areas (southern forest zone). Mechanized crop cultivation technologies have not received much development in our country, which predetermined an acute labor shortage in this extremely labor-intensive branch of crop production and, as a consequence, a drop in production volumes.

Fiber flax begins to grow at low temperatures and has a short growing season. Because of this, its crops moved further north than other industrial crops. High-quality fiber and large yields are obtained only in areas with cool, rainy and cloudy summers, where fiber flax varieties with long, non-branching stems are cultivated. Flax is sown in crop rotations after favorable predecessors, enriching the soil with plant nitrogen on well-cultivated soils.

In areas with a dry, warm climate (in the steppe Trans-Volga region, in the south of the Urals and in the Kulunda steppe), curly flax is grown. The stem of such flax develops little in length, is highly branched and is not suitable for the production of textile fibers.

Curly flax is cultivated exclusively for seed to produce linseed oil, which is used mainly for technical and medicinal purposes.

Among other fiber crops, hemp is grown in our country. Hemp products can be replaced to a much greater extent by artificial fiber, which has led to a significant reduction in the area of ​​this crop in recent years.

Potato growing - an important branch of Russian crop production. The role of potatoes in the diet of Russians is especially significant. No wonder it is called the second bread. In addition to food purposes, potatoes are widely used as feed in livestock farming, especially in pig farming, and they are also used for technical purposes.

Vegetable and melon growing is one of the weakest links in Russian crop production. A significant part of the vegetables consumed in Russia is imported from abroad (mainly from the former Soviet republics).

The most common vegetables in Russia are cabbage, beets, carrots, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini and eggplants. Over the past decades, azonality in the production of most vegetables has sharply increased, expressed in their territorial concentration in the suburban areas of large cities and urban agglomerations. This was facilitated by the growth of the share of households, in particular city residents, in the production of vegetables (in 1995 - about 70% of all-Russian production), and the expansion of the greenhouse and hothouse production system of these crops.

2.2. Placement of crop production industries on the territory

Russian Federation

The nature of the distribution of agricultural crops throughout the country is determined both by their biological characteristics, corresponding to certain types of the natural environment, and by socio-economic factors. Degree of correspondence of biological characteristics cultivated plants certain types of natural environment must be considered in close connection with modern farming systems and the economic efficiency of production. This makes it possible to explain the differences between the current distribution of crops and the areas of their possible cultivation.

Each agricultural crop corresponds to a natural complex and its individual elements. For example:

growing season (rye - 100 days, corn - 160 - 180 days);

the required amount of positive temperatures required during the growing season (rye - 1000 - 1100 ° C, cotton - 4000 ° C);

soil quality (wheat - chernozem and chestnut; rye is less demanding, it tolerates podzolic and sod-podzolic soils well);

degree of moisture (rice, cotton - irrigated crops, millet - drought-resistant crop);

light requirements (flax is a long-day crop, corn is a short-day crop).

The main areas of distribution of winter wheat in Russia:

North Caucasus (Krasnodar region and the Rostov region in the first place), the Central Black Earth region, the right bank part of the Volga region.

The main areas of distribution of spring wheat: the Volga region, the Southern Urals (Bashkiria, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg and other regions), the south of Western Siberia (south of the Siberian railway), the south of Eastern Siberia (also south of the main line, including Khakassia), the Far East ( the southern part of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region).

Spring and winter wheat crops make up the “wheat belt”. To the south and north of it there are also wheat crops, but they occupy relatively small areas.

Barley crops are distributed from the Primorsky Territory in the east, the Arkhangelsk region in the north to the Caucasus in the south. Spring barley is sown in all economic regions of the country. Its crops are especially extensive in the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central Black Earth and other regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the south of Siberia. Winter barley crops are located mainly in the North Caucasus.

Currently, barley is grown primarily for feed purposes, although it also has food value, and the sprouted seeds (malt) are used in brewing.

Oats are common in forest zones in areas with a milder climate, often on poor sandy loam soils. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the importance of oats in the composition of grain crops decreases. In addition to the non-chernozem and forest-steppe regions of the European part of Russia, oats are sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Corn crops are small and concentrated mainly in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia whose natural conditions (in its western part) are comparable to the famous “corn belt” in the Midwest of the USA. In the central zone of the European part of Russia, in the south of Siberia Corn is also sown, but for green fodder and silage, which are valuable feeds, and not for grain.

Peas are most often cultivated in the Non-Black Earth zone, lentils in the northern zone of the Central Black Earth region, beans and soybeans as crops of tropical origin are cultivated in the more southern parts of Russia. Soybean is a more moisture-loving plant; significant areas of it are concentrated in the Far East (on the Zeya-Bureya Plain and in the Khanka Lowland).

Cereal crops (millet, buckwheat, rice) occupy a very small area. They have different distribution areas due to their biological characteristics.

Millet is cultivated mainly in the steppe zone, in areas of lighter soils within the European part of Russia. The main areas of distribution are the Volga region and the south of the Urals.

Buckwheat, unlike millet, does not tolerate drought well and is demanding on soil moisture. The yield of buckwheat is increasing due to the development of beekeeping in the areas where it is cultivated due to better pollination of flowers, which are valuable honey plants. The area for cultivating buckwheat is extensive: from the Arkhangelsk region to the North Caucasus and the Black Sea region in the European part of Russia, as well as Siberia and the Far East.

Rice crops in Russia are located in the floodplains of the Don and Kuban rivers in the North Caucasus, in the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain of the Astrakhan region, the Sarpinskaya lowland in Kalmykia and in the Far East in the Khanka lowland. (see Appendix 1)

The cultivation of industrial crops results in a much more intensive use of land compared to grain crops (the yield per hectare is much higher in value terms). However, the cultivation of industrial crops does not have such a wide geographical distribution as grains. Industrial crops are distributed in narrowed areas because: they are strictly limited to the region of natural conditions necessary for their cultivation compared to grain crops; growing most industrial crops is a very labor-intensive process; the high material intensity during their processing determines the territorial concentration of crops in close proximity to processing enterprises (for example, sugar beet crops gravitate towards sugar factories).

Unfortunately, due to climatic conditions, not all industrial crops can be grown in Russia. This is, first of all, cotton - an important industrial crop for complex use (textile fiber, vegetable oil, valuable cellulose, and raw materials for many chemical industries). The areas where sugar beets and soybeans can be effectively cultivated are also relatively small in Russia.

About 1/2 of all land allocated for industrial crops in Russia is occupied by sunflower crops. Its crops are predominantly located in the steppe and dry-steppe zones. There are significant areas of this culture in the forest-steppe. The main producer of sunflower seeds is the North Caucasus economic region. It accounts for more than 60% of the Russian sunflower seed harvest.

Large tracts of technical varieties of this crop outside the North Caucasus are located in the Central Black Earth and Volga economic regions. The area of ​​distribution of sunflower crops for silage is more extensive and somewhat shifted to the north of the main areas occupied by its technical varieties.

Of all the other oilseed crops cultivated in Russia, soybean stands out, grown mainly in the south of the Far East (Primorsky Territory and the south of Khabarovsk Territory).

Sugar beet - multi-purpose crop. In Russia, both technical (intended for sugar production) and fodder varieties are grown, but the former predominate. After processing industrial sugar beets into sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is valuable succulent feed for cattle and pig breeding.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beets, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems) and good and uniform soil moisture throughout the summer are required. The highest yield and maximum sugar yield per hectare of crops are achieved in the forest-steppe zone, especially in its western parts, where the frequency of droughts decreases. Sugar beets do not tolerate acidic soils well. An important condition of its agricultural technology is increased labor intensity, and therefore technical varieties of sugar beets can be cultivated only in areas with a good labor supply.

About 1/2 of the gross domestic sugar beet harvest comes from the Central Black Earth region, about 1/4 from the North Caucasus. Outside these main areas technical grades Sugar beets are cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, the Urals, and on a very small scale in the southeast of Western Siberia (Altai Territory).

Sugar beets occupy 1.5 million hectares, mainly in the steppe zone. About ½ of the gross harvest falls on the Central Black Earth region (where the first sugar factories in Russia arose in the last century), about ¼ - in the North Caucasus (mainly in the Krasnodar Territory). Along with these regions, sugar beets are cultivated in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, Povolzhsky, Ural and West Siberian regions, but their share in all-Russian production is low.

The question of the inexpediency of cultivating beets in the Central, Volga-Vyatka, partly in the Volga, Ural and especially in the West Siberian regions has been repeatedly raised. However, it should be taken into account that the former USSR satisfied more than 1/3 of its sugar needs by importing raw sugar (mainly Cuban), and within the USSR, about 60% of sugar was produced in Ukraine. Therefore, Russia is now struggling to meet its sugar needs, mostly through imports, the cost of which has risen sharply, while transport costs have also increased. That is why at this stage it has become necessary to grow sugar beets in all of the listed areas, without expanding the sown area for this crop

In the European part of Russia, sugar beets are also grown in the south of the forest zone, but there are fewer sunny days here, and therefore the sugar content of the tubers is lower. Therefore, fodder varieties of sugar beet predominate in these areas.

As already noted, sugar beets are a labor-intensive crop, therefore, at this stage, when unemployment has overwhelmed all sectors of the national economy and regions as a whole, the reduction or elimination of sugar beet crops will lead to a sharp increase in unemployment in the agro-industrial complex.

The main area of ​​flax growing is confined to the southern part of the Russian Non-Black Earth Region. In recent years, the Central economic region provides about 60% of the domestic gross flax fiber harvest, the Northern and Volgo-Vyatsky regions - approximately 10% each. And all eastern regions of Russia account for only 5-7% of the harvest of this crop.

Despite the deep decline in domestic flax growing, which intensified during the years of the socio-economic crisis, Russian flax growing has good prospects for further development. In recent decades, prices and demand on the world market for natural linen fabrics have sharply increased, and Russia, which has favorable agro-climatic conditions for this crop and has extensive production experience, could well not only fully meet its own needs for linen fabrics, but also produce them locally. export. However, this requires a radical reconstruction of the industry and, first of all, the widespread introduction of modern mechanized technologies into flax growing.

Curly flax (oilseed) crops are widespread in the central and eastern parts of the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Camelina, which differs from oil flax in its shorter growing season and drought resistance, is cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia.

Mustard, which has high drought resistance, is widespread in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.

The biological characteristics of potatoes allow it to be cultivated over vast areas. However, the territories of forest and forest-steppe zones are more favorable for its cultivation, especially in their western and central regions with a mild climate and better moisture conditions. The placement of potatoes as a very labor-intensive crop is also influenced by economic factors, in particular labor resources. Potato crops are 90% concentrated in the European part of Russia (Central region). Potato farms have been established near large cities and potato processing enterprises.

Due to its relatively low heat requirements, fiber flax crops are located in many economic regions of Russia: Central (Tver, Kostroma, Smolensk and Yaroslavl regions), Northwestern (Novgorod and Pskov regions), Northern (Vologda region), Volgo-Vyatka (Nizhny Novgorod region) , Kirov region). Ural (Udmurtia and Perm region), in Western Siberia (Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk regions).

Chapter 3. Basic technical and economic indicators

development of crop production for 1995 – 2004.

As reported by the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 2003, the production of agricultural products by all agricultural producers (agricultural organizations, peasant (farm) households and households) in current prices, according to calculations, amounted to 1134.5 billion rubles. - 1.5% more than in the previous year. (In 2002, compared to 2001, the growth in gross agricultural output was also 1.5%). The industry's share in the country's gross domestic product and gross value added in 2003 (January-September) decreased to 5.6% (for the same period in 2002 - 6.6%).

The gross grain harvest in the Russian Federation in 2003, according to preliminary data, amounted to 67.2 million tons (by weight after processing), which is 22.6% less than in 2002. The reduction in its production is due to a decrease in the yield of grain crops and a decrease in harvested areas (by 14.6%).

Last year, the gross yield of the main industrial crops increased - sugar beets (factory), sunflower seeds, as well as potatoes and vegetables. The increase in the production of sugar beets and sunflower seeds occurred as a result of increased yields and expansion of harvested areas (by 18.8 and 28%, respectively); gross harvests of potatoes and vegetables increased mainly due to increased yields. Flax fiber production increased due to increased yields and expansion of harvested areas (by 5.2%).

Data on gross yields and yields of the main agricultural crops are given in Table 1.

Table 1.

Dynamics of the main indicators of crop production in the Russian Federation

Compared to the average annual production in the pre-reform five-year period (1986-1990), in 2003 there was an increase in the gross harvest of sunflower seeds (by 58%), potatoes (by 1.9%) and vegetables (by 32.1%). At the same time, the gross production of grain (in mass after processing) was 35.6%, sugar beets (factory) - 41.9%, and flax fiber - 2.2 times less than the annual average in 1986- 1990

In 2003, with a decrease in the yield of most grain crops compared to the previous year, the gross harvest of corn for grain, buckwheat and millet increased. The dynamics of grain production by type of crop can be seen from Table 2.

Table 2.

Dynamics of grain production

From the data in Table 2 it follows that the gross harvests of virtually all major grain crops are still significantly less than the average annual yield in the last five years, which preceded the beginning of a radical change in agrarian relations in the country.

In the structure of grain production in 2003, compared with the pre-reform years, the share of wheat increased (from 41.8% on average per year in 1986-1990 to 50.8% in 2003) and barley (from 23.1 to 26.8%), the share of corn for grain remained stable (3.2%), the share of oats decreased (12.1 and 7.7%, respectively), rye (12 and 6.2%), and grain legumes (from 4.2 to 2.9%), as well as cereal crops (from 3.6 to 2.4%).

The main producers of grain and industrial crops are agricultural organizations. In 2003, they produced 84.2% of grain versus 86.9% in 2002 (in 1995 - 94.4%), sugar beets (factory) - 88.9% (in 2001 - 91, 9%, in 1995 - 95.9%), sunflower seeds - 76.9, 78.5 and 86.3%, respectively.

In the structure of production of these crops, the share of gross harvests from peasant (farm) farms has increased. In 2003, farmers received 14.4% of grain from the total harvest in farms of all categories (4.7% in 1995), sunflower seeds - 21.8% (12.3%), sugar beets - 10% ( 3.5%).

Potato production is concentrated in households. In 2003, they grew 92.8% of the total harvest of this crop (in 1995 - 89.9%). The largest share of vegetables is also produced in households (in 2002 - 80.1%, in 1995 - 73.4%).

The decrease in gross grain harvests last year to a certain extent caused a systematic increase in prices for food grains. If at the beginning of November 2003 the average price (purchase and sale) of class 3 wheat in Moscow and the region was 5000-5300 rubles/t, in the Central region - 4800, in the Southern Urals and Trans-Urals - 4325 rubles/t, then by at the end of December it was 5800-6000, 5400, 4843 rubles/t, respectively. In this regard, in order to stabilize prices on the grain market, the government, albeit belatedly, began commodity interventions on it.

The main results of 2002 characterize it as a period of relative stability in production and the adoption of a number of decisions that ensure further market transformations in the agricultural sector. Compared to 2001, the volume of agricultural production increased, but the relatively high growth rates that took place in 2000 and 2001 could not be maintained. Celebrated for the second year in a row good harvest grain crops. Thanks to a particularly favorable foreign trade environment, Russia emerged in 2002 as one of the largest net exporters of grain on the world market.

During 2002, prices for basic agricultural products fell and prices for industrial inputs increased, exacerbating the problem of price disparity. Continued to get worse financial condition agricultural producers, their debt obligations grew. Important events 2002 saw the practical completion of the first stage of land reform, including the cadastral valuation of agricultural land, government procurement interventions to regulate the grain market, subsidies from the federal budget of 2/3 of the Central Bank discount rate on loans received by enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex, including medium-term loans for up to three years.

In 2002, compared to 2001, the sown area and gross harvests of wheat, rye, and corn for grain increased, which led to an expansion of the acreage of all grains and leguminous crops by 1.6 million hectares and an increase in their gross harvests by 1.3 million tons. The entire increase in the gross harvest of grain crops occurred due to an increase in the production of winter grain crops and corn for grain. Gross yields of spring wheat, spring barley, cereals and leguminous crops decreased. The yield of all grain crops increased by only 0.2 c/ha. Thus, the main source of growth in grain production in 2002 was the expansion of sown areas in the main grain-producing regions. Relatively high grain yields and low domestic grain prices contributed to an increase in grain exports from 3.3 million tons in 2001 to 12-13 million tons in 2002 (according to the Center for Economic Studies). Grain exports, combined with low domestic prices, provided large profits for trading companies. The interests of trading companies do not always coincide with the interests of the state and manufacturers. It may turn out that, having sold grain abroad at relatively low prices in 2002, the country will be forced to purchase it at higher prices in 2003. The prerequisites for a decrease in grain production in 2003 already exist - the sown area of ​​winter grain crops for the 2003 harvest has decreased by 2 million hectares, wintering conditions have worsened in most of the European part of Russia, and due to low domestic grain prices, the motivation of producers to expand plantings has decreased areas and increasing the production of grain crops.

In 2002, compared to 2001, the sown area of ​​sugar beet (factory) and sunflower expanded, which, along with an increase in yield, led to an increase in the gross yield of these crops by 6.3% and 35.2%, respectively. The production of potatoes, vegetables, fodder crops and flax fiber.

Chapter 4. Problems of crop production development.

Industry development prospects

The formation and development of market relations in the agro-industrial complex require agrarian reforms. In different regions they have their own characteristics, proceed at different paces and with unequal success, but the main directions of agrarian reforms are the same for all regions.

The main steps taken in recent years to structurally restructure the agro-industrial complex of the country as a whole, as well as its regions, are aimed at implementing ways out of the crisis.

The main goals of the structural restructuring of the agricultural economy are: social reorientation of the economy, the formation of a highly developed consumer sector capable of ensuring a sufficient level of well-being for all segments of the population.

To achieve these goals, it is necessary, first of all, to stabilize agricultural production and create a modern base for processing and storing agricultural products.

The main directions of structural restructuring are carrying out land reform, forming market relations, diversity of forms of ownership, improving the sectoral structure of the timber industry at special attention to the priority development of the industry for processing agricultural raw materials, the creation of new small and joint enterprises in the food industry, especially in rural areas to solve the problem of employment of the rural population.

One of the most important forms of management in market conditions is creation of private farms. At the same time, the process of forming farms in crisis conditions is very complex. Creating a modern commercial, profitable farming enterprise requires huge financial costs and government support. Subsidies, tax and credit benefits for farmers are needed. The historical path of development of farms in developed countries shows that highly profitable and simply profitable farms did not appear as a result of decrees and decrees, but arose and strengthened as the market economy developed. It should be borne in mind that modern farms in these countries are integrated into complex system agribusiness and highly specialized.

Most of the remaining equipment (and sometimes all 70%) has reached or is reaching the end of its depreciation period and requires significant costs to restore and maintain in working order.

The need to develop the flax subcomplex of the agro-industrial complex is determined primarily by national economic feasibility. A reduction in the production of domestic flax fiber will create a need to import an appropriate amount of natural fiber raw materials, leading to a deterioration in the country’s trade balance and a decrease in the level of employment.

But the main thing is that intensifying the production of flax raw materials and transferring the industry to a more advanced technological basis requires significantly less time and money than, for example, in livestock farming. The profit received in flax farming can be used to improve and expand production in other industries. Unfortunately, the industry now cannot do without government subsidies, primarily because there has not yet been a large-scale replacement of traditional technology and production organization with more efficient ones. But it is necessary to ensure that budget subsidies are not a kind of bonus for the very fact of cultivating flax, but stimulate scientific and technological progress, pushing farms to introduce more advanced technologies

For this purpose, it is proposed to pay subsidies only for trusts of high quality (not lower than numbers 1 and 00), progressively increasing their size as the quality of flax products increases, which is the main factor in increasing the efficiency of the industry.

Conclusion

Crop production developed in Russia mainly in forest-steppe and steppe regions. This branch of agriculture includes the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops, fodder crops (sown grasses, root crops), vegetables and melons, potatoes, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops (which are processed at food and light industry enterprises) and perennial plantings - orchards and vineyards.

The area under grain crops in Russia has been declining in recent years and amounts to 54.8 million hectares (1995). Gross grain harvests are also declining. The main producers of commercial grain are the North Caucasus, the southern regions of Western Siberia, the Central Black Earth region and the southern steppe regions of the Urals.

Basic grain crops Russian Federation - rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, corn, and legumes - peas, beans, lentils, soybeans. Wheat ranks first in terms of area under crops (23.9 million hectares), but the most common crop is barley, as it is grown everywhere, but mainly as a fodder crop.

The main grain crop - wheat - is sown on fertile lands in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. In the Volga region, in the south of the Urals and in Siberia, spring wheat is sown only in the Central Black Earth region and the North Caucasus.

A heat-loving grain crop - corn - is grown in the southern regions of Russia (North Caucasus economic region, etc.) for grain, and in the Non-Black Earth Zone - for silage. In the latter region, rye crops are most significant, since this crop is more cold-resistant than wheat.

Buckwheat, millet, and rice are also important food crops for our country. The gross harvest of buckwheat grain is 0.8 million tons, and Russia is the largest producer of buckwheat in the world. The share of rice in the structure of areas under grain crops does not exceed 0.2-0.3%. The main rice growing areas are the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory), the Volga region (between the Volga and Akhtuba rivers) and the Primorsky Territory.

Industrial crops occupy a small share of the cultivated areas of Russia. Sunflower occupies the largest share in the production and purchase of oilseeds in our country. Its crops are even now expanding in all the main areas of its cultivation - the Central Black Earth, North Caucasus, Volga region, the Urals and Western Siberia (in the south). Soybeans are grown in small quantities in the Far East (Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories). The main area for flax cultivation is the Northwestern region of Russia, as well as some areas of the Northern (Vologda region) and Central (Kostroma, Yaroslavl regions) economic regions. Our country is the main producer of this crop in the world.

Potato plantings, the production of which Russia holds first place in the world (39.9 million tons, 1995), occupy over 3 million hectares (with a third of the area falling in the Central and Volga-Vyatka economic regions). But the average yield of this crop in all regions is below the world average.

The production of vegetables, fruits and berries is largely concentrated in the southern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation (North Caucasus, Volga region, Central Black Earth region). The fruit and vegetable and wine industries also gravitate to these areas. Vegetable growing has also developed in suburban areas near large cities (greenhouses), in gardens and vegetable plots of private households.

Bibliography:

1. Alekseev A.I., Nikolina V.V. Geography: population and economy of Russia. – M. 1996.

2. Bykov V.G. Grain complex of Russia during the period of market transformations // Storage and processing of agricultural raw materials. 2004. No. 5.

3. Gladkikh Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economical geography Russia. – M.: Gardarika. 1999.

4. Kuryerov V.G. Russian Economy: January – September 2002 // Eco. 2003.

5. Manella A.I. Agriculture in Russia in 2002 // Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises. No. 3. 2003. No. 1.

6. Ognivtsev S.B. Problems of the Russian agro-industrial complex and possible ways their solutions // Economics of agricultural and processing enterprises. 2004. No. 7.

7. Pozdnyakov B., Kovalev M. Current problems of Russian flax growing // AIC: economics and management. No. 3. 2000.

8. Polyubina I.B. Domestic agricultural complex: reality and prospects. // Agroinform. 2003. No. 4.

9. Polyubina I.B. Domestic agro-industrial complex: current state and development trends // Finance and credit. 2003. No. 1.

10. Crop production in Russia in 2003 // Russian Agricultural Economics. 2004. No. 3.

11. Rodionova I.A. Economic geography of the Russian Federation. – M.: Moscow Lyceum. 1998.

12. Rybalkin P., Nechaev V. Agriculture of the Russian Federation in 1991 – 1998. (economic review). // AIC: economics and management. No. 11. 1999

13. Economic geography of Russia. Textbook. / Ed. IN AND. Vidyapina - M.: Infra - M. Russian Economic Academy.

Submit your application indicating the topic right now to find out about the possibility of obtaining a consultation.

The state of development of the crop production industry characterizes the reliability of food supply, socio-economic and political stability in the country, and its food security.

However, over the years of reforms, the level of technical equipment in the crop production industry has sharply decreased.

As the results of the analysis showed, the volume of application of mineral and organic fertilizers and plant protection products has decreased, and the seed production system has been destroyed. Depending on the weather, the yield of the most important crops varies significantly from year to year, and these fluctuations are intensifying.

As Russian agriculture integrates into the global economy, the increasing degree of lag of the domestic agro-industrial complex from the world's leading food producers is becoming more and more tangible in all components of scientific and technological development. And this gap in technological development may increase without taking emergency measures.

Currently, a great deal of world experience has been accumulated in “public” management of technological development processes. The achievement of significant successes in the technological breakthrough of a number of countries was facilitated by the development of long-term target forecasts and their use as guidelines for organizing mutually agreed upon activities of government bodies, science and business.

Research shows that long-term forecasting of technological development of crop-growing industries is advisable to carry out using a regulatory-target approach. This approach is most acceptable during periods of transition economy, during crises, transformations of technological structures.

Historically, Russia is an agricultural country, but despite this, today there are a number of unresolved problems in this sector of the economy that limit its development.

The country's land is quite large, but only a small part of it is used for crops and livestock development. The reason for this is that most of Russia's land lies in the zone of risky agriculture. Crop yields fluctuate greatly under the influence of weather conditions.

In many countries, both developed and developing, agriculture accounts for a significant portion of GDP. In our country, although this figure is increasing every year, it still remains low.

The main role in the development of crop production belongs to grain crops. Russia has excellent conditions for grain production durum varieties wheat in the Volga region, the Southern Urals, and the Northern Caucasus. Grain production is decisive in the development of the country's agriculture. The rate of effective and stable growth of all industries largely depends on the level of its production. High level mechanization of production processes ensures low labor intensity of grains in relation to other crops.

The country's food security depends on the development of this industry. It is these crops that occupy almost half of all cultivated areas in Russia. The sown area in all categories of farms in 2014 amounted to 855.4 thousand hectares, compared to 2012 this is an increase of 8.2%. Russia ranks fourth in the world in the production of grain crops.

Promotion economic efficiency grain production is associated with an increase in the level of intensification and the introduction of progressive technologies, providing for optimal application of fertilizers, the use of high-yielding zoned varieties, timely and high-quality implementation of all agrotechnical techniques in the optimal time frame.

In Russia, agriculture accounts for about 4.7% of gross domestic product and about 6% of the value of national income. Moreover, more than 60% of gross agricultural output is produced in crop production. Therefore, today the pressing problems of agricultural development are issues related to increasing the volume of crop production, and therefore increasing the acreage and yield of agricultural crops.

In recent years, positive trends have emerged in the production of crop products in our country. Thus, over the past years, the harvest of grain products has increased at an average rate of 5% per year. Moreover, in 2011, a record harvest of grain (94.2 million tons) and sunflower (9.7 million tons) was collected in the history of modern Russia. Yield indicators in the republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, Oryol, Lipetsk, Rostov regions, Krasnodar and Stavropol territories exceeded those of previous years. Consequently, Russian agriculture has sufficient resource potential in short time increase grain production. At the same time, despite the long-term dynamics, the gross grain harvest still lags behind the indicators achieved in the RSFSR.

Sunflower grain production has increased significantly in the Southern and Volga Federal Districts.

An important sub-sector of crop production is beet growing - one of the effective and highly profitable branches of the agro-industrial complex. In recent years, due to the increase in world prices for raw sugar, the profitability of beet sugar production in our country has increased. The consequence of this was a reduction in the volume of raw sugar imports from 6.5 to 3 million tons per year.

Consequently, the soil and climatic potential of our region allows us to achieve an increase in agricultural yields and thanks to this, crop production remains profitable, despite the economic difficulties in agriculture. In addition, today the region is taking a number of measures to reduce the costs of commodity producers for the production of agricultural products, in particular, subsidizing part of the interest on bank loans, part of the costs of insurance premiums, as well as the cost of fuels and lubricants, etc. However, this volume of subsidies is not enough; it requires further development tools and directions for subsidizing the expenses of rural producers of all forms of ownership and management, including peasant (farmer) and personal subsidiary plots.

Thus, the emerging positive trends cannot be considered sustainable. Further work is needed to consolidate the achieved results, solve existing problems in the industry and further improve the efficiency of crop production. The situation is aggravated by the fact that Russia cannot take Western countries as a model and blindly adopt their experience. It is necessary to go largely blind and to deduce your own optimal reform paths based on trial and error. This is inevitable, since otherwise, domestic agriculture could be lost forever.

In particular, in recent years the problem of rational use and protection of land resources has become more acute. This is a multifaceted, complex problem and the approach to solving it should also be ambiguous and comprehensive. One of the most important conditions ensuring an increase in soil fertility and, accordingly, an increase in crop production is correct use arable land, improving the structure of crops.

The rational use mechanism is characterized by a set of measures to improve the efficiency of land use, including the use of highly efficient and low-waste technologies. This is a promotion general culture agriculture, improving the structure (composition) of crop areas, combating pests, diseases and weeds, improving agricultural technology for cultivating crops, rational use of agricultural machinery.

The goal of the development and use of low-waste and resource-saving technologies is to create closed technological cycles with full use of incoming raw materials and waste. Resource-saving technologies ensure, for example, the production of agricultural products with the lowest possible consumption of fuel and other energy sources, as well as raw materials, materials and other resources. These include the use of recycled resources and waste disposal. Thus, low-waste technology solves two main problems: effective use natural raw materials and products of their processing, on the one hand, and environmental protection from various types of pollution and waste, on the other. A gradual transition to low-waste and resource-saving production complexes will significantly reduce the load on environment, especially at the regional level.

In order to preserve and increase soil fertility, the widespread use of organic and mineral fertilizers and the sowing of perennial grasses, especially legumes, are also important. The application of fertilizers allows you to optimize the mineral nutrition of cultivated crops, increase the content of nutrients in the soil and improve it physical properties, which leads to an increase in crop yields and an increase in the quality of the resulting products.

Unfortunately, at present, work on these measures to improve the efficiency of land use is being carried out very ineffectively.

Chemicalization of crop production makes it possible to use land resources most rationally, and also plays a significant role in increasing soil fertility and crop yields. In the total number of factors determining the increase in agricultural production, the share of chemicals currently accounts for 50-60%.

The main indicators characterizing the level and efficiency of chemicalization of agriculture are: supply and application of mineral fertilizers in total, by type per unit area, for individual crops; the use of chemical and biological means of protecting plants from diseases, pests and weeds. Thus, the level of use of mineral fertilizers remains extremely low due to the low material security of agricultural enterprises. In recent years, the volume of fertilizer application in the country does not exceed 1.3-1.4 million tons. The same situation is observed in the volume of supply and application of organic fertilizers. As a result of an ineffective solution to this problem in agriculture, soil fertility continues to decline, which leads to difficulties in obtaining high yields and increasing the gross yield of agricultural crops.

The use of special sowing methods (strip, side-by-side and stubble sowing) is also important.

To protect soils from water erosion, deep plowing and various methods of regulating snowmelt should be used - seeding, rolling snow, swathing and others. To combat wind erosion, flat tillage instead of plowing, leaving stubble, strip planting of crops, widespread use of perennial grasses, and grassing of heavily eroded lands are required.

In relation to the current stage of development, the problem of increasing the efficiency of crop production cannot be successfully solved in isolation from the problems of updating the machine and tractor fleet, allocating funds for the variety renewal of agricultural seeds, timely acquisition of fuel, chemicals and fertilizers. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues remains the lack of funds for the purchase of equipment, technological equipment and the necessary material resources for the accelerated implementation of highly efficient technologies. But adherence to scientifically based cultivation technology is the basis for obtaining high-quality crop products.

The level of development of agriculture as a whole can be judged by the technical equipment of agricultural production. The technical equipment of the farm depends on the availability of agricultural machinery and equipment, as well as on the quantity and quality of purchased agricultural machinery. Due to mistakes made during the reform of the country's economy in general and the agro-industrial complex in particular, there is a reduction in the machine and tractor fleet, as well as moral and physical aging and deterioration of technical condition. In recent years, there has been a significant reduction in the number of agricultural machinery and equipment supplied to rural areas: the purchase of tractors decreased by 16.3 times, trucks- 25.7 times, grain combines - 14.1 times. The purchase of seeders, plows and harrows has been practically suspended, which has an extremely negative impact on the development of agricultural production. Despite the fact that at present the equipment renewal rates at enterprises are gradually increasing, they still remain very low (3-4%) compared to the retirement rates (8-11%). In order to achieve optimal level provision of agriculture and the agro-industrial complex in general with machinery and equipment, it is necessary to increase the existing fleet by 3 - 3.5 times. The fleet of machines for applying mineral and organic fertilizers requires almost complete restoration.

The technical re-equipment of agriculture today should have a clear focus on automation. To achieve price competitiveness on the world market, it is necessary to achieve high efficiency of sowing and harvesting work, which can be achieved, among other things, by avoiding manual labor. However, agricultural enterprises whose purchasing power sharply decreased, unable to purchase the necessary technical means. At the same time, machines and equipment in use become unusable. As a result, the technical base of Russian agriculture has changed in recent years not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. The modern machine and tractor fleet is represented by agricultural machines that have reached the end of their service life and require additional costs to maintain them in working condition.

In turn, a reduction in the size of the machine and tractor fleet leads to an annual reduction in the acreage of agricultural crops, production volumes and sales of crop products and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the profit margin of farms. Due to a decrease in the level of mechanization of agricultural production compared to the pre-reform period, Russia has been losing at least 30% of its crop yield in recent years. Losses from non-compliance with agrotechnical deadlines for spring sowing, sowing winter crops, harvesting, as well as violations of cultivation technology are especially significant. Extension of harvesting time due to shortcomings of combine harvesters in some regions leads to the fact that, in addition to significant losses during harvesting, the grown crop does not have time to be harvested before snow falls and autumn storms.

From the above it follows that the state of the material and technical base of the agro-industrial complex is at a critical level, requiring drastic measures to be taken with the support of government authorities. And yet, in the current situation, no concrete steps have been taken in this area recently.

In addition, among the unresolved problems hampering the development of agriculture in Russia, increasing price disparity occupies a special place. This problem in agriculture arose due to the difference in the growth in the cost of industrial and agricultural products. This causes a complication in the financial situation of agricultural enterprises, which ultimately leads to a reduction in the volume of purchases of agricultural machinery and equipment, petroleum products (the price of which usually increases sharply during the sowing and harvesting period), mineral fertilizers and plant protection products. There is a constant rise in prices for energy and other resources consumed by agricultural producers. The problem of disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products is one of the most pressing in Russian agriculture.

Another traditional problem in modern agricultural production is the low level of wages. For this reason there is no update currently taking place. staffing agricultural production. Young qualified personnel do not return to rural areas after training due to the lack of necessary working and living conditions. Incomes are low due to low labor productivity. Labor productivity, in turn, is low due to the dilapidation of the equipment in use. Accordingly, we can conclude that low salaries are only a consequence of the previous points.

One of the most pressing issues remains the provision of agricultural enterprises with fuels and lubricants. Due to the lack of financial capacity to pay for fuel, since the price of fuel and lubricants increases especially sharply during the period of sowing and harvesting, agricultural producers lose some or receive low-quality products. It should be noted that this problem has been actively solved in recent years. Reducing the financial burden on agricultural enterprises was achieved as a result of the active work of the Russian Ministry of Agriculture together with the Russian Ministry of Energy and leading oil companies with the support of the Government of the Russian Federation. From this we can conclude that the Government is taking steps towards improving the state of agriculture in the field of supply of fuels and lubricants

From the above, we can conclude that in recent years there has been an increase in the production of grain products, sunflowers, and vegetables due to the measures taken by the Government and agricultural management authorities to provide financial support to agricultural producers, expand the scope of insurance of sown areas, and develop the leasing of agricultural equipment. However, taking into account the listed problems in agriculture, it can be argued that more active government support is necessary for the transition of the crop production industry to the stage of sustainable development.

Currently in Russia the level of state support for domestic agricultural producers and, in particular, producers of crop products is significantly less than in countries with developed agriculture. European countries actively use various government instruments to stimulate exports, maintain an acceptable level of domestic prices and reduce production costs. At the same time, Russia’s agricultural policy is not only ineffective, but also sometimes contradicts trends emerging in the world market:

1) while the United States and European countries in every possible way support the demand for the products of their agricultural producers, in Russia not only there is no systematic support for grain exporters, but also high export duties are periodically introduced;

2) due to the policy of the leadership of the domestic financial system, preferential leasing contracts and loans for the purchase of agricultural machinery cover the annual need for updating the machine and tractor fleet by only 65%. In addition, these benefits are not government support, since they only reduce the cost of loans to the level of developed countries.

Consequently, there is currently a need to implement additional measures to support and develop agricultural production. The competitiveness of domestic agricultural producers on the world market depends on how fully and effectively they can use internal reserves to improve the organization of production and increase its efficiency.

Today, the indicators in agriculture are not the best: there is a high decline in production, there is no scientifically based concept of the legal framework for implementing market reforms, as well as a financial and credit mechanism that creates economic conditions for expanded reproduction.

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